When and how do children decide who s he? A visual world eye-tracking study of information structure in pronoun resolution
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1 When and how do children decide who s he? A visual world eye-tracking study of information structure in pronoun resolution Sarah Schimke 1, Pirita Pyykkönen 2, Juhani Järvikivi 3, Caroline Ott 3, Saveria Colonna 1 & Barbara Hemforth 4 1 University of Paris 8, 2 Saarland University, 3 MPI, Nijmegen 4 University Rene Descartes & CNRS
2 Background: Child pronoun resolution The dragon scratches the lion when he is -> who is he?
3 Background: Child pronoun resolution The dragon scratches the lion when he is -> who is he? Discourse and structural factors (Arnold et al., 25, 27; Pyykkönen et al., in press; Song & Fischer, 25, 27) Grammatical role -> preference for subject/agent Order-of-mention -> preference for 1st mentioned
4 Background: Child pronoun resolution The dragon scratches the lion when he is -> who is he? Discourse and structural factors (Arnold et al., 25, 27; Pyykkönen et al., in press; Song & Fischer, 25, 27) Grammatical role -> preference for subject/agent Order-of-mention -> preference for 1st mentioned Semantic factors (Pyykkönen et al., in press; Serratrice & Kidd, in prep.)
5 Background: Child pronoun resolution The dragon scratches the lion when he is -> who is he? Discourse and structural factors (Arnold et al., 25, 27; Pyykkönen et al., in press; Song & Fischer, 25, 27) Grammatical role -> preference for subject/agent Order-of-mention -> preference for 1st mentioned Semantic factors (Pyykkönen et al., in press; Serratrice & Kidd, in prep.) General conclusion: (at least some) salience-increasing factors have similar effects in adults and children
6 Background: Information structure Another way of making referents salient in discourse: explicit information structural markings Experimental evidence from the influence of focusing (cleftconstructions) on adult pronoun resolution (Foraker & McElree, 27): Higher probability of successful retrieval, but No influence on the speed of the resolution process (see also Colonna, Schimke, Hemforth, Konieczny and Pynte, 25)
7 The current study Are German children aged 4 sensitive to grammatical role and order-of-mention? Which of the factors is of (more) influence when the two can be disentangled? How do additional information-structural markings interact with these factors? Is there an influence on the time course or the preferences? Method: Visual World eye-tracking
8 Linguistic stimuli Introductory sentence: Da sind der Drache/Löwe und der Löwe/Drache 'There are the dragon/lion and the lion/dragon' Der Löwe kratzt den Drachen 'The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) in der Nähe von dem Blatt, als er near the leaf, when he...
9 Linguistic stimuli: Grammatical role + order of mention Introductory sentence: Da sind der Drache/Löwe und der Löwe/Drache 'There are the dragon/lion and the lion/dragon' SVO Der Löwe kratzt den Drachen 'The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) OVS Den Drachen kratzt der Löwe 'The dragon (OBJ) scratches the lion (SUBJ) in der Nähe von dem Blatt, als er near the leaf, when he...
10 Linguistic stimuli: Dislocation Introductory sentence: Da sind der Drache/Löwe und der Löwe/Drache 'There are the dragon/lion and the lion/dragon' SVO, no SVO, OVS, no OVS, Der Löwe kratzt den Drachen 'The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) Der Löwe, der kratzt den Drachen 'The lion (SUBJ), he scratches the dragon (OBJ) Den Drachen kratzt der Löwe 'The dragon (OBJ) scratches the lion (SUBJ) Den Drachen, den kratzt der Löwe 'The dragon (OBJ), him scratches the lion (SUBJ) in der Nähe von dem Blatt, als er near the leaf, when he...
11
12 Experimental details 32 children / 24 adults 2 experimental stories (5/condition), 1 fillers Animated videos Cross-spliced spoken stimuli /pronoun onsets measured from the videos Tobii T12 Passive task Loglinear analyses from onset of pronoun
13 Predictions SVO, no Der Löwe kratzt den Drachen 'The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) SVO, Der Löwe, der kratzt den Drachen 'The lion (SUBJ), he scratches the dragon (OBJ) OVS, no Den Drachen kratzt der Löwe The dragon (OBJ) scratches the lion (SUBJ) OVS, Den Drachen, den kratzt der Löwe The dragon (OBJ), him scratches the lion (SUBJ)
14 Predictions: Subject-preference Subject SVO, no Der Löwe kratzt den Drachen 'The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) SVO, Der Löwe, der kratzt den Drachen 'The lion (SUBJ), he scratches the dragon (OBJ) OVS, no Den Drachen kratzt der Löwe The dragon (OBJ) scratches the lion (SUBJ) OVS, Den Drachen, den kratzt der Löwe The dragon (OBJ), him scratches the lion (SUBJ) Lion (SUBJ) Lion (SUBJ) Lion (SUBJ) Lion (SUBJ)
15 Predictions: First-mention-preference SVO, no Der Löwe kratzt den Drachen 'The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) SVO, Der Löwe, der kratzt den Drachen 'The lion (SUBJ), he scratches the dragon (OBJ) OVS, no Den Drachen kratzt der Löwe The dragon (OBJ) scratches the lion (SUBJ) OVS, Den Drachen, den kratzt der Löwe The dragon (OBJ), him scratches the lion (SUBJ) Subject Lion (SUBJ) Lion (SUBJ) Lion (SUBJ) Lion (SUBJ) First-mention Lion (SUBJ) Lion (SUBJ) Dragon (Obj) Dragon (Obj)
16 Predictions: Dislocation Subject First-mention Dislocation SVO, no Lion (SUBJ) Lion (SUBJ) Der Löwe kratzt den Drachen 'The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) SVO, Der Löwe, der kratzt den Drachen 'The lion (SUBJ), he scratches the dragon (OBJ) Lion (SUBJ) Lion (SUBJ) Different timing/ preferences? OVS, no Lion (SUBJ) Dragon (Obj) Den Drachen kratzt der Löwe The dragon (OBJ) scratches the lion (SUBJ) OVS, Den Drachen, den kratzt der Löwe The dragon (OBJ), him scratches the lion (SUBJ) Lion (SUBJ) Dragon (Obj) Different timing/ preferences?
17 SVO Results children: Subject advantage scores, 28 msec,2,15,1,5 no The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) -,5 The lion (SUBJ), he scratches the dragon (OBJ) -,1 OVS,2,15,1,5 -,5 -,1 -,15 -,2 no The dragon (OBJ) scratches the lion (SUBJ) The dragon (Obj), him scratches the lion (SUBJ)
18 Time windows SVO,2,15,1,5 no The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) -,5 The lion (SUBJ), he scratches the dragon (OBJ) -,1 OVS,2,15,1,5 -,5 -,1 -,15 -,2 no The dragon (OBJ) scratches the lion (SUBJ) The dragon (Obj), him scratches the lion (SUBJ) 8 msec 2 msec
19 SVO,2,15,1,5 -,5 -,1 Average subject advantage scores: 8 msec no The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) The lion (SUBJ), he scratches the dragon (OBJ),2,15,1,5 -,5 -,1 -,15 -,2 OVS no The dragon (OBJ) scratches the lion (SUBJ) The dragon (Obj), him scratches the lion (SUBJ)
20 SVO,2,15,1,5 -,5 -,1 Average subject advantage scores: 8 msec no The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) The lion (SUBJ), he scratches the dragon (OBJ),2,15,1,5 -,5 -,1 -,15 -,2 OVS no The dragon (OBJ) scratches the lion (SUBJ) The dragon (Obj), him scratches the lion (SUBJ),8,6,4,2 -,2 -,4 SVO OVS First mention effect: Subject-preference in SVO Object-preference in OVS -,6 -,8 -,1
21 SVO,2,15,1,5 -,5 -,1 Average subject advantage scores: 8 2 msec no The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) The lion (SUBJ), he scratches the dragon (OBJ),2,15,1,5 -,5 -,1 -,15 -,2 OVS no The dragon (OBJ) scratches the lion (SUBJ) The dragon (Obj), him scratches the lion (SUBJ),1,8,6,4,2 -,2 -,4 SVO OVS Interaction effect: Dislocation highlights 2nd referent: weakens subjectpreference in SVO facilitates subjectpreference in OVS -,6
22 SVO,2,15,1,5 -,5 -,1 Average subject advantage scores: 2-28 msec no The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) The lion (SUBJ), he scratches the dragon (OBJ),2,15,1,5 -,5 -,1 -,15 -,2 OVS no The dragon (OBJ) scratches the lion (SUBJ) The dragon (Obj), him scratches the lion (SUBJ),1,8,6,4,2 Subject effect: Subject preferred in SVO and OVS -,2 -,4 -,6 svo ovs
23 Summary children Early first-mention preference Effect of : highlights second-mentioned referent Inhibites subject-preference in SVO Facilitates subject-preference in OVS Late subject/agent-preference -> children are sensitive to both order-of-mention and grammatical role, but at different times. Process of switching is influenced by.
24 SVO Results adults: Subject advantage scores, 28 msec,4,35,3,25,2,15,1,5 -,5 -,1 no The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) The lion (SUBJ), he scratches the dragon (OBJ) OVS,5,4,3,2,1 -,1 no The dragon (OBJ) scratches the lion (SUBJ) The dragon (Obj), him scratches the lion (SUBJ) -,2
25 SVO Time windows,4,35,3,25,2,15,1,5 no The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) The lion (SUBJ), he scratches the dragon (OBJ) -,5 -,1 OVS,5,4,3,2,1 -,1 no The dragon (OBJ) scratches the lion (SUBJ) The dragon (Obj), him scratches the lion (SUBJ) -,2 8 msec 2 msec
26 SVO,4,35,3,25,2,15,1,5 -,5 -,1 Average subject advantage scores: 8 msec no The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) The lion (SUBJ), he scratches the dragon (OBJ) OVS,5,4,3,2,1 -,1 -,2 no The dragon (OBJ) scratches the lion (SUBJ) The dragon (Obj), him scratches the lion (SUBJ),25,2,15,1 Subject effect: Subject preferred in SVO and OVS,5 -,5 svo ovs -,1
27 SVO,4,35,3,25,2,15,1,5 -,5 -,1 Average subject advantage scores: 8 2 msec no The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) The lion (SUBJ), he scratches the dragon (OBJ) OVS,5,4,3,2,1 -,1 -,2 no The dragon (OBJ) scratches the lion (SUBJ) The dragon (Obj), him scratches the lion (SUBJ),25,2,15,1,5 -,5 svo ovs Interaction effect: Inhibition of subjectpreference in SVO Clear facilitation in OVS -,1
28 SVO,4,35,3,25,2,15,1,5 -,5 -,1,3,25,2,15,1 Average subject advantage scores: 2 28 msec no The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) The lion (SUBJ), he scratches the dragon (OBJ) OVS,5,4,3,2,1 -,1 -,2 no The dragon (OBJ) scratches the lion (SUBJ) The dragon (Obj), him scratches the lion (SUBJ) Subject-preference: Subject preferred in SVO and OVS,5 -,5 -,1 svo ovs
29 Summary: adults No effect of order of mention Strong subject/agent preference Similar effect of, but less stable and strong than in children
30 Comparison children/adults First mention preference in children, but not in adults Similar subject/agent preference but stronger and earlier in adults Similar effect of, but stronger and longer lasting in children -> children are similar to adults in many respects, but the relative weight of factors differs
31 Conclusions Are German children aged 4 sensitive to grammatical role and order-of-mention? -> Yes How do additional information-structural markings interact with these factors? -> Dislocation highlights the second referent, modulating the observed preferences
32 Acknowledgements MPI Nijmegen Laura de Ruiter Johanna Tewes Tilman Harpe Saarbrücken Carolin Schmid Maria Staudte Pictures: Siu-Lin Rawlinson
33 BACK-UP SLIDES
34 Effect of SVO, no Der Löwe kratzt den Drachen 'The lion (SUBJ) scratches the dragon (OBJ) SVO, Der Löwe, der kratzt den Drachen 'The lion (SUBJ), he scratches the dragon (OBJ) OVS, no Den Drachen kratzt der Löwe The dragon (OBJ) scratches the lion (SUBJ) OVS, Den Drachen, den kratzt der Löwe The dragon (OBJ), he scratches the lion (SUBJ) Subject-preference is weakened Subject-preference is facilitated
35 Results children: overall pattern subj/obj svo subj/obj ovs location svo location ovs t+2 t+18 t+34 t+5 t+66 t+82 t+98 t+114 t+13 t+146 t+162 t+178 t+194 t+21 t+226 t+242 t+258 t+274 Total number of looks from pronoun onset
36 t+ 2 t+ 18 t+ 34 t+ 5 t+ 66 t+ 82 t+ 98 t+ 114 t+ 13 t+ 146 t+ 162 t+ 178 t+ 194 t+ 21 t+ 226 t+ 242 t+ 258 t Results adults: overall pattern subj/obj svo subj/obj ovs location svo location ovs Total number of looks from pronoun onset
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