Basics of Low Power Radio Data Transmission
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1 asics of Low Power Radio Data Transmission October 2015 Low Power Radio Solutions (LPRS) Originally written by Michael Schröttle. Low Power Radio Solutions Two Rivers Industrial Estate Station Lane Witney OX28 4H United Kingdom T: +44 (0) F: +44 (0) E:
2 1. Radio-Data Transmission - for what? Communication (transmitting digital data): Task: transport information package X from place to place through a defined communication channel. X
3 1. Radio-Data Transmission - for what? Communication (transmitting digital data): Task: transport information package X from place to place through a defined communication channel. X X Condition: Information shall arrive at place unchanged no errors (ER) during transmission process.
4 1. Radio-Data Transmission - for what? Communication (transmitting digital data): Task: transport information package X from place to place through a defined communication channel. X X Condition: Information shall arrive at place unchanged. no errors (ER) during transmission process. The Transmission Process: Chose appropriate communication channel (medium).
5 1. Radio-Data Transmission - for what? Communication (transmitting digital data): Task: transport information package X from place to place through a defined communication channel. X X Condition: Information shall arrive at place unchanged no errors (ER) during transmission process. The Transmission Process: Chose appropriate communication channel (medium). Prepare information package, (= optimal match to communication channel).
6 1. Radio-Data Transmission - for what? Communication (transmitting digital data): Task: transport information package X from place to place through a defined communication channel. X X Condition: Information shall arrive at place unchanged no errors (ER) during transmission process. The Transmission Process: Chose appropriate communication channel (medium). Prepare information package, (= optimal match to communication channel). Send information package.
7 1. Radio-Data Transmission - for what? Communication (transmitting digital data): Task: transport information package X from place to place through a defined communication channel. X X Condition: Information shall arrive at place unchanged no errors (ER) during transmission process. The Transmission Process: Chose appropriate communication channel (medium). Prepare information package (1) (= optimal match to communication channel). Send information package (2). Receive and unpack information (3).
8 1. Radio-Data Transmission - dvantages & Disadvantages Motivation advantages radio vs. wires: X X convenience (freedom of movement), more choices New possibilities for communication Problems: Communication medium with different characteristics (air instead of wires) Correlation of Communication partners no longer implicit (-> addressing, network, security issues)
9 2. ISO/ OSI - Layer Model for Data Radio 7 Communication Layers (from bottom up): 7 pplication Layer: data-interpretation, meaning of data in view of the communication, application specific. X X 6 Presentation Layer: presentation of data (figures, bars, charts, colors, etc.) application specific. 5 Session Layer: logical communication channel, application specific, independent of medium. (1) packaging (3) unpacking 4 Transport Layer: packet protocol, packet acknowledgements. 3 Network Layer: addressing communication partners. 2 Data Link Layer: CRC for bit-error detection. 1 Physical Layer: bit-coding for matching to radio channel (Manchester code, etc). (2) send (medium = radio) Purpose of communication: transmit data from sender to receiver. Technical approach: split task into 7 layers for physical transmission (red).
10 3. Transmission Layers in Detail: 1 - Physical Layer Matching to channel characteristics: Coupling capacitor size determined by maximum signal pulse width. DC-balanced code: Manchester, 8-in-12, etc. up to 12 d coding gain (range) can be achieved. RX Gain Detector Low-Pass Filter Low-pass filter bandwidth determined by minimum signal pulse width and threshold setting. Data Slicer Threshold Data Out Sending a preamble before data for training the coupling capacitor. Reception with Heavy Noise (expanded scale) Comparator Input Matching to channel characteristics: it-sampling necessary due to fading ( jitter) and glitches, (no URT operation possible). Receiver Data Output Software Recovered Data
11 3. Transmission Layers in Detail: Data Link Layer (2) and Network Layer (3) Data Link Layer (2): for purpose of error detection- Header and CRC (T) added to telegram. it-error recognition and evtl. Correction. Redundancy. Network Layer (3): ddressing source and target: Source and target ID s are added to telegram. Define correlation of sender(s) and receiver(s).
12 3. Transmission Layers in Detail: 4 -Transport Layer Transport Layer (4): establish transmission security Combine telegrams into packets Transmit packets and receive acknowledgement Transmission retry if CK has not arrived within a predefined time period. Typical protocol scheme (Layers 2 4): /ss/pre/to/fr/pn/cmd/siz/dt/fc1/fc2/ Layer 1 telegram Ss: Start symbol Pre: Preamble To: Target address Fr: Source address Pn: Packet number Cmd: Command Siz: Length of data package Data: Data Fc1: Frame-Check 1 Fc2: Frame-Check 2
13 3. Transmission Layers in Detail: Layers 5-7 application specific. Layer 5: Session Layer Logical communication channel for access of the above layer Media independent access from application point of view Layer 6: Presentation Layer Presentation of data in appropriate form for the application (figures, bars, lines, colours, etc.) Rules for operations on data (syntax) Layer 7: pplication Layer Interpretation of data viewed from the application Meaning of the communication (make sense)
14 4. Setup of a Typical Low Power Radio Project. Tasks during the realisation of a data radio solution: Ia: RF-hardware design: based on a chip (semiconductor) or in a discrete way the required RF-function (transmitter, receiver or transceiver) needs to be designed (Layer 0). Problem: RF-Design knowhow is a must. Ib: aseband-hardware design: the required baseband-functionalities (modulator and demodulator) need to be designed as well (Layer 0). IIa: Firmware design for clock and data-bit recovery (receiver Layer 1) IIb: Firmware design for bit coding (transmitter Layer 1) III: Firmware design for bit-error detection (Layer 2) VI: Firmware design for addressing (Network - Layer 3) Layer 2 4 = Protocol V: Firmware design for transmission security (Layer 4) Integration in target application (= Definition of Interface between Layers 4 and 5)
15 5. dvantages of Radio Modules. Depending on the type of radio module the designer can skip certain development tasks (I V): Simple radio modules provide the hardware for RF- and baseband functions (Layer 0) More complex modules also provide the necessary firmware for Layers 1, 2 (and partly 4) and can be used with URTs (i.e. Easy- Radio) Complex modules provide complete firmware for Layers 1 4 and can be directly addressed from the Session Layer (i.e. erocomm; all types of radio modems, T modules, WLN...) Radio modules help save development time and development cost (for tasks I V); their per unit cost is higher than parts cost in own developments. dvantage: Faster to market: saves months ( rapid prototyping) dvantage: Lower development cost: saves ca. 100 k ( Major factor for low volume projects < 10 k pieces per year)
16 6. Product Matrix. ISO/OSI Layer Function Products L3 Network Layer (ddressing) ll radio modems: RS232 or WLN (CTWLN), all erocomm-modules (C4486, C4424, C5124), T. L4 Transport Layer (Protocol w/ CK) easyradio from LPRS (partly). L2 Data Link Layer (Detection of bit-errors) easyradio from LPRS. L1 Physical Layer (it-coding scheme) L0 RFM, Circuit Design from LPRS, etc. below Zero RF-chip sets or discrete designs.
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