Learning PHP, MySQL & JavaScript WithjQuery, CSS & HTML5

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1 FOURTH EDITION Learning PHP, MySQL & JavaScript WithjQuery, CSS & HTML5 Robin Nixon Beijing Cambridge Farnham Koln Sebastopol Tokyo O'REILLY

2 Table of Contents Preface xxiii 1. Introduction to Dynamic Web Content 1 HTTP and HTML: Berners-Lee's Basics 2 The Request/Response Procedure 2 The Benefits of PHP, MySQL, JavaScript, CSS, and HTML5 5 Using PHP 6 Using MySQL 7 Using JavaScript 8 Using CSS 9 And Then There's HTML5 10 The Apache Web Server 11 About Open Source 12 Bringing It All Together 12 Questions Setting Up a Development Server 15 What Is a WAMP, MAMP, or LAMP? 16 Installing XAMPP on Windows 16 Testing the Installation 24 Installing XAMPP on Mac OS X 27 Accessing the Document Root 27 Installing a LAMP on Linux 28 Working Remotely 28 Logging In 28 Using FTP 29 Using a Program Editor 30 Using an IDE 31

3 Questions Introduction to PHP 35 Incorporating PHP Within HTML 35 This Book's Examples 37 The Structure of PHP 38 Using Comments 38 Basic Syntax 39 Variables 40 Operators 45 Variable Assignment 48 Multiple-Line Commands 50 Variable Typing 52 Constants 53 Predefined Constants 54 The Difference Between the echo and print Commands 55 Functions 55 Variable Scope 56 Questions Expressions and Control Flow in PHP 63 Expressions 63 TRUE or FALSE? 63 Literals and Variables 65 Operators 66 Operator Precedence 67 Associativity 69 Relational Operators 70 Conditionals 74 The if Statement 75 The else Statement 76 The elseifstatement 78 The switch Statement 79 The? Operator 82 Looping 83 while Loops 84 do...while Loops 86 for Loops 86 Breaking Out of a Loop 88 The continue Statement 89 Implicit and Explicit Casting 90 PHP Dynamic Linking 91 vi Table of Contents

4 Dynamic Linking in Action 92 Questions PHP Functions and Objects 95 PHP Functions 96 Defining a Function 98 Returning a Value 98 Returning an Array 100 Do Not Pass Arguments by Reference 100 Returning Global Variables 102 Recap of Variable Scope 103 Including and Requiring Files 103 The include Statement 104 Using include_once 104 Using require and require_once 105 PHP Version Compatibility 105 PHP Objects 106 Terminology 106 Declaring a Class 107 Creating an Object 108 Accessing Objects 109 Cloning Objects 110 Constructors 111 PHP 5 Destructors 112 Writing Methods 112 Static Methods in PHP Declaring Properties 114 Declaring Constants 115 Property and Method Scope in PHP Static Properties and Methods 116 Inheritance 118 Questions PHP Arrays 123 Basic Access 123 Numerically Indexed Arrays 12 3 Associative Arrays 125 Assignment Using the array Keyword 126 The foreach...as Loop 127 Multidimensional Arrays 129 Using Array Functions 132 is_array 132 Table of Contents vii

5 count 132 sort 133 shuffle 133 explode 133 extract 134 compact 135 reset 136 end 136 Questions Practical PHP 139 Using printf 139 Precision Setting 140 String Padding 142 Using sprintf 143 Date and Time Functions 143 Date Constants 146 Using checkdate 146 File Handling 147 Checking Whether a File Exists 147 Creating a File 147 Reading from Files 149 Copying Files 150 Moving a File 150 Deleting a File 151 Updating Files 151 Locking Files for Multiple Accesses 152 Reading an Entire File 154 Uploading Files 155 System Calls 160 XHTML or HTML5? 162 Questions Introduction to MySQL 165 MySQL Basics 165 Summary of Database Terms 166 Accessing MySQL via the Command Line 166 Starting the Command-Line Interface 167 Using the Command-Line Interface 171 MySQL Commands 172 Data Types 177 Indexes 186 viii Table of Contents

6 Creating an Index 186 Querying a MySQL Database 192 Joining Tables Together 202 Using Logical Operators 204 MySQL Functions 204 Accessing MySQL via phpmyadmin 205 Questions Mastering MySQL 209 Database Design 209 Primary Keys: The Keys to Relational Databases 210 Normalization 211 First Normal Form 212 Second Normal Form 214 Third Normal Form 217 When Not to Use Normalization 219 Relationships 219 One-to-One 219 One-to-Many 220 Many-to-Many 221 Databases and Anonymity 222 Transactions 223 Transaction Storage Engines 223 Using BEGIN 224 Using COMMIT 225 Using ROLLBACK 225 Using EXPLAIN 226 Backing Up and Restoring 227 Using mysqldump 227 Creating a Backup File 229 Restoring from a Backup File 231 Dumping Data in CSV Format 231 Planning Your Backups 232 Questions Accessing MySQL Using PHP 233 Querying a MySQL Database with PHP 233 The Process 233 Creating a Login File 234 Connecting to a MySQL Database 235 A Practical Example 240 The $_POST Array 243 Table of Contents ix

7 Deleting a Record 244 Displaying the Form 245 Querying the Database 246 Running the Program 247 Practical MySQL 248 Creating a Table 248 Describing a Table 249 Dropping a Table 250 Adding Data 250 Retrieving Data 251 Updating Data 251 Deleting Data 252 Using AUTOJNCREMENT 252 Performing Additional Queries 254 Preventing Hacking Attempts 255 Steps You Can Take 256 Using Placeholders 257 Preventing HTML Injection 259 Using mysqli Procedurally 261 Questions Form Handling 265 Building Forms 265 Retrieving Submitted Data 267 register_globals: An Old Solution Hangs On 268 Default Values 269 Input Types 270 Sanitizing Input 277 An Example Program 279 What's New in HTML5? 281 The autocomplete Attribute 282 The autofocus Attribute 282 The placeholder Attribute 282 The required Attribute 282 Override Attributes 283 The width and height Attributes 283 Features Awaiting Full Implementation 283 The form Attribute 283 The list Attribute 284 The min and max Attributes 284 The step Attribute 284 The color Input Type 285 x Table ofcontents

8 The number and range Input Types 285 Date and Time Pickers 285 Questions Cookies, Sessions, and Authentication 287 Using Cookies in PHP 287 Setting a Cookie 289 Accessing a Cookie 290 Destroying a Cookie 290 HTTP Authentication 290 Storing Usernames and Passwords 294 Salting 294 Using Sessions 298 Starting a Session 299 Ending a Session 302 Setting a Time-Out 303 Session Security 303 Questions Exploring JavaScript 309 JavaScript and HTML Text 310 Using Scripts Within a Document Head 311 Older and Nonstandard Browsers 311 Including JavaScript Files 312 Debugging JavaScript Errors 313 Using Comments 315 Semicolons 315 Variables 316 String Variables 316 Numeric Variables 317 Arrays 317 Operators 318 Arithmetic Operators 318 Assignment Operators 318 Comparison Operators 319 Logical Operators 319 Variable Incrementing and Decrementing 320 String Concatenation 320 Escaping Characters 320 Variable Typing 321 Functions 322 Global Variables 322 Table of Contents xi

9 Local Variables 3/3 The Document Object Model 324 But Its Not That Simple 326 the DOM 327 Using About document.write 328 Using console.log 328 Using alert 328 Writing into Elements 329 Using document.write 329 Questions Expressions and Control Flow in JavaScript 331 Expressions 331 Literals and Variables 332 Operators 333 Operator Precedence 334 Associativity 334 Relational Operators 335 The with Statement 338 Using onerror 339 Using try...catch 340 Conditionals 341 The if Statement 341 The else Statement 341 The switch Statement 342 The? Operator 344 Looping 344 while Loops 344 do...while Loops 345 for Loops 346 Breaking Out of a Loop 346 The continue Statement 347 Explicit Casting 348 Questions JavaScript Functions, Objects, and Arrays 351 JavaScript Functions 351 Defining a Function 351 Returning a Value 353 Returning an Array 355 JavaScript Objects 356 Declaring a Class 356 xii I Table of Contents >

10 Creating an Object 357 Accessing Objects 358 The prototype Keyword 358 JavaScript Arrays 361 Numeric Arrays 361 Associative Arrays 362 Multidimensional Arrays 363 Using Array Methods 364 Questions JavaScript and PHP Validation and Error Handling 371 Validating User Input with JavaScript 371 The validate.html Document (Part 1) 372 The validate.html Document (Part 2) 374 Regular Expressions 377 Matching Through Metacharacters 378 Fuzzy Character Matching 378 Grouping Through Parentheses 379 Character Classes 380 Indicating a Range 380 Negation 380 Some More-Complicated Examples 381 Summary of Metacharacters 383 General Modifiers 385 Using Regular Expressions in JavaScript 386 Using Regular Expressions in PHP 386 Redisplaying a Form After PHP Validation 387 Questions Using Ajax 395 What Is Ajax? 395 Using XMLHttpRequest 396 Your First Ajax Program 398 Using Get Instead of Post 403 Sending XML Requests 406 Using Frameworks for Ajax 411 Questions Introduction to CSS 413 Importing a Style Sheet 414 Importing CSS from Within HTML 414 Embedded Style Settings 415 Table of Contents xiii

11 Using IDs 415 Using Classes 415 Using Semicolons 416 CSS Rules 416 Multiple Assignments 416 Using Comments 417 Style Types 418 Default Styles 418 User Styles 418 External Style Sheets 419 Internal Styles 419 Inline Styles 420 CSS Selectors 420 The Type Selector 420 The Descendant Selector 420 The Child Selector 421 The ID Selector 422 The Class Selector 423 The Attribute Selector 423 The Universal Selector 424 Selecting by Group 425 The CSS Cascade 425 Style Sheet Creators 426 Style Sheet Methods 426 Style Sheet Selectors 426 Calculating Specificity 427 The Difference Between Div and Span Elements 429 Measurements 431 Fonts and Typography 432 font-family 433 font-style 433 font-size 434 font-weight 434 Managing Text Styles 435 Decoration 435 Spacing 435 Alignment 436 Transformation 436 Indenting 436 CSS Colors 437 Short Color Strings 438 Gradients 438 xiv Table of Contents

12 Positioning Elements 439 Absolute Positioning 440 Relative Positioning 440 Fixed Positioning 440 Pseudoclasses 442 Shorthand Rules 444 The Box Model and Layout 445 Setting Margins 445 Applying Borders 447 Adjusting Padding 448 Object Contents 450 Questions Attribute Selectors 451 Matching Parts of Strings 452 The box-sizing Property CSS3 Backgrounds 453 The background-clip Property 454 The background-origin Property 456 The background-size Property 456 Using the auto Value 457 Multiple Backgrounds 457 CSS3 Borders 459 The border-color Property 459 The border-radius Property 459 Box Shadows 462 Element Overflow 463 Multicolumn Layout 463 Colors and Opacity 465 HSL Colors 465 HSLA Colors 466 RGB Colors 466 RGBA Colors 467 The opacity Property 467 Text Effects 467 The text-shadow Property 467 The text-overflow Property 468 The word-wrap Property Web Fonts Google Web Fonts 470 Transformations 472 Table ofcontents xv

13 3D Transformations 473 Transitions 474 Properties to Transition 474 Transition Duration 475 Transition Delay 475 Transition Timing 475 Shorthand Syntax 476 Questions Accessing CSS from JavaScript 479 Revisiting the getelementbyld Function 479 The O function 479 The S Function 480 The C Function 481 Including the Functions 482 Accessing CSS Properties from JavaScript 482 Some Common Properties 483 Other Properties 484 Inline JavaScript 486 The this Keyword 486 Attaching Events to Objects in a Script 487 Attaching to Other Events 488 Adding New Elements 489 Removing Elements 490 Alternatives to Adding and Removing Elements 491 Using Interrupts 492 Using settimeout 492 Cancelling a Time-Out 493 Using setlnterval 493 Using Interrupts for Animation 495 Questions Introduction tojquery 499 Why jquery? 500 Including jquery 500 Choosing the Right Version 500 Downloading 501 Using a Content Delivery Network 502 Always Using the Latest Version 503 Customizing jquery 503 jquery Syntax 503 A Simple Example 504 xvi Table of Contents

14 Avoiding Library Conflict 505 Selectors 505 The ess Method 506 The Element Selector 506 The ID Selector 507 The Class Selector 507 Combining Selectors 507 Handling Events 508 Waiting Until the Document Is Ready 509 Event Functions and Properties 510 The blur and focus Events 511 The this Keyword 512 The click and dblclick Events 512 The keypress Event 513 Considerate Programming 515 The mousemove Event 515 Other Mouse Events 518 Alternative Mouse Methods 519 The submit Event 520 Special Effects 521 Hiding and Showing 522 The toggle Method 523 Fading In and Out 524 Sliding Elements Up and Down 525 Animations 526 Stopping Animations 529 Manipulating the DOM 530 The Difference Between The text and html Methods 531 The val and attr Methods 531 Adding and Removing Elements 533 Dynamically Applying Classes 535 Modifying Dimensions 535 The width and height Methods 536 The innerwidth and innerheight Methods 538 The outerwidth and OuterHeight Methods 538 DOM Traversal 539 Parent Elements 539 Child Elements 543 Sibling Elements 543 Selecting the Next and Previous Elements 545 Traversing jquery Selections 546 The is Method 548 Table ofcontents xvii

15 Using jquery Without Selectors The $.each Method 550 The $.map Method 551 Using Ajax 551 Using the Post Method 551 Using the Get Method 552 Plug-Ins 553 The jquery User Interface 553 Other Plug-Ins 553 jquery Mobile 554 Questions My ccc 3J3 22. Introduction to HTML5 557 The Canvas 558 Geolocation 559 Audio and Video 561 Forms 562 Local Storage 563 Web Workers 563 Web Applications 563 Microdata 564 Summary 564 Questions The HTML5 Canvas 565 Creating and Accessing a Canvas 565 The todataurl Function 567 Specifying an Image Type 569 The fillrect Method 569 The clearrect Method 569 The strokerect Method 570 Combining These Commands 570 The createlineargradient Method 571 The addcolorstop Method in Detail 573 The createradialgradient Method 574 Using Patterns for Fills Writing Text to the Canvas 578 The stroketext Method 578 The textbaseline Property 579 The font Property 579 The textalign Property 579 The filltext Method xviii Table of Contents

16 The measuretext Method 581 Drawing Lines 581 The linewidth Property 581 The HneCap and linejoin Properties 581 The miterlimit Property 584 Using Paths 584 The moveto and LineTo Methods 584 The stroke Method 585 The rect Method 585 Filling Areas 586 The clip Method 587 The ispointlnpath Method 590 Working with Curves 591 The arc Method 591 The arcto Method 594 The quadraticcurveto Method 595 The beziercurveto Method 596 Manipulating Images 597 The drawlmage Method 597 Resizing an Image 598 Selecting an Image Area 598 Copying from a Canvas 600 Adding Shadows 600 Editing at the Pixel Level 602 The getlmagedata Method 602 The data Array 603 The putlmagedata Method 605 The createlmagedata Method 605 Advanced Graphical Effects 606 The globalcompositeoperation Property 606 The globalalpha Property 609 Transformations 609 The scale Method 609 The save and restore Methods 610 The rotate Method 611 The translate Method 612 The transform Method 613 The settransform Method 615 Summary 615 Questions 616 Table ofcontents xix

17 24. HTML5 Audio and Video 617 About Codecs 618 The <audk» Element 619 Supporting Non-HTML5 Browsers 621 The <video Element 623 The Video Codecs 623 Supporting Older Browsers 627 Summary 629 Questions Other HTML5 Features 631 Geolocation and the GPS Service 631 Other Location Methods 632 Geolocation and HTML5 632 Local Storage 636 Using Local Storage 637 The localstorage Object 637 Web Workers 639 Offline Web Applications 641 Drag and Drop 643 Cross-Document Messaging 645 Microdata 648 Other HTML5 Tags 651 Summary 652 Questions Bringing It All Together 653 Designing a Social Networking Site 653 On the Website 654 functions.php 654 The Functions 654 header.php 656 setup.php 658 index.php 660 signup.php 661 Checking for Username Availability 661 Logging In 662 checkuser.php 665 login.php 665 profile.php 667 Adding the "About Me" Text 668 Adding a Profile Image 668 xx Tableof Contents

18 Processing the Image 668 Displaying the Current Profile 669 members.php 672 Viewing a User's Profile 672 Adding and Dropping Friends 672 Listing All Members 672 friends.php 675 messages.php 678 logout.php 681 styles.css 682 javascript.js 685 A. Solutions to the Chapter Questions 687 B. Online Resources 707 C. MySQL's FULLTEXT Stopwords 711 D. MySQL Functions 715 E. jquery Selectors, Objects, and Methods 725 Index 747 Table of Contents xxi

Setting Up a Development Server What Is a WAMP, MAMP, or LAMP? Installing a WAMP on Windows Testing the InstallationAlternative WAMPs Installing a

Setting Up a Development Server What Is a WAMP, MAMP, or LAMP? Installing a WAMP on Windows Testing the InstallationAlternative WAMPs Installing a LAMP on Linux Working Remotely Introduction to web programming