CIE 272. Laboratory #6 EXCEL BASICS

Transcription

1 Objectives CIE 272 Laboratory #6 EXCEL BASICS Students will gain familiarity with Microsoft Excel. This exercise will introduce students to basic operations, built-in functions, equations, and graphing in this important software program. A. Basic Spreadsheet Operations 1. Log into your account. Before starting Excel, create a CIE 272 folder in your H:\ drive. 2. Open Excel. 3. Type your name in the upper left corner of the worksheet. Make it bold-face. 4. Type CIE 272 in the cell below your name. Make it italic. 5. In the next cell to the right, type your laboratory day (Monday, Tuesday, etc.). 6. Type Age in cell A4 and Strength in cell B4. Type (days) in cell A5 and (psi) in cell B5. The unit psi is pounds per square inch. 7. Starting in cell A6 type the following values of age in a column: Starting in cell B6 type the following values of concrete strength in a column: Format the table you have just made so that the titles and data are centered in each cell. Add a line under (days) and (psi) to separate the headings from the data. 10. A kip is 1000 pounds, and a foot is 12 inches. Type Strength in C4 and (ksf) in C5. In cell C6 type =b6*144/1000. You have just converted the strength from psi to ksf (kips per square foot). Remember that you always type = to begin a formula. 11. Copy the formula in cell C6 and paste it to C7-C13. Note how the formula automatically changes the b6 to b7, b8, etc. Format the cells in column C as you did in step Rename the worksheet Basic Ops by double-clicking on the sheet1 tab at the bottom of the screen, and then typing the new name. 13. Save your workbook to the CIE 272 folder on your H:\ drive. B. Built-in Functions 1. Click on the tab marked Sheet 2 at the bottom of the screen. This takes you to a new, clean worksheet.

2 2. The data in the table below are concentrations of trace metals in topsoil from the Jura region of Switzerland. Enter the headings and data into your worksheet, and check your worksheet to make sure there are no errors. Land Use Bedrock Cadmium (mg/kg) Nickel (mg/kg) Lead (mg/kg) Meadow Argovian Meadow Argovian Meadow Sequanian Meadow Argovian Meadow Sequanian Meadow Argovian Meadow Kimmeridgian Meadow Sequanian Meadow Argovian Meadow Sequanian Meadow Sequanian Pasture Kimmeridgian Meadow Sequanian Pasture Kimmeridgian Pasture Kimmeridgian Pasture Kimmeridgian Pasture Kimmeridgian Meadow Sequanian Pasture Kimmeridgian Meadow Kimmeridgian Meadow Argovian Add a blank row above the first line of data. To insert a row, right-click the row number above which you want the empty row. The whole row will be highlighted. From the options, select Insert. A new row will appear above the highlighted row. 4. In the column next to Lead type logpb. Use the log function to compute the logarithm of the first lead value. Type =log( then click on the cell with the lead value. The address of this cell will go inside the parentheses. Complete the parentheses and press Enter. The log(pb) value will appear in the cell. 5. Copy the formula to compute the logarithm of the other lead values. 6. At the bottom of each column of numerical data, use the built-in Excel functions to compute the sum, average, median, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum of the cadmium, nickel, lead, and logpb values. The Excel functions are sum(array), average(array), median(array), stdev(array), min(array), and max(array). For the sum function, type =sum( then use the mouse to highlight the data you want to sum, and close the parentheses. The other functions can be entered the same way. If you prefer, you can click on the function button f x on the toolbar above the sheet. This will open a box that you can use to search for the function you want. When you find the function, Excel will prompt you for the data.

3 Next to these statistics, in the column that contains the bedrock types, enter labels for the each of the statistics: Sum, Mean, Median, etc. 7. Highlight the data and headings (but not the statistics) with the mouse. Click on the Copy Icon (Upper Left hand corner). Paste the data a few lines below the statistics computed above. 8. Highlight all of the data (including the land use and bedrock types, but not the headings) in the new copy you just made. Click on the Data Tab and select Sort. This will open a box with sorting options. In the selection box marked sort by choose the column that contains the bedrock names and leave the defaults (Sort on: Values and, Order: A to Z). Click OK. The data should now be sorted in alphabetical order according the different bedrock types. 9. Separate the bedrock types by inserting two empty rows after each subset of data. 10. Use the average function to compute the average cadmium, nickel, lead, and logpb for each of the bedrock types. Add labels as you did in step 6. Take a second to note any differences among the rock types. 11. Rename the worksheet Excel Functions. 12. Save the workbook. Do not change the name. When you save, all of the sheets in the workbook are saved, not just the one you that is on the screen. C. Entering Equations 1. Click on the tab marked Sheet 3 at the bottom of the screen. This takes you to a new, clean worksheet. 2. To illustrate how to enter equations in Excel we will do a calculation involving the financing of a flood-control dam project. Major public works projects like this are normally financed through the sale of bonds. Investors who buy these bonds are guaranteed a specific rate of interest. This interest may be paid at the end of each year in one lump sum; this is called simple interest. So if an investor buys a bond for $100 at 5% interest, he/she is paid $5 at the end of the first year. The interest at the end of the second year is 5% of the new total of $105. The general formula for the value of the bond (principal + interest) is: t o ( 1 i) N Value = Value + [1] where: Value o is initial investment; Value t is the value of the bond after N years; and i is the interest rate, expressed as a fraction (example: i=0.05 for 5% interest). In our problem, the cost of the dam ($125M) is Value o. Value t is the total amount that will have to be paid back to the bond-holders. We want to calculate Value t for various combinations of time (N) and interest rate (i). 3. In cell A4 type Bond Period. In cell B4 type Interest Rate. In cell C4 type Total Payments. In cell D4 type Annual Payments 4. Adjust the width of columns A-D so that the headings are fully displayed.

4 5. The possible interest rates are 4%, 5%, and 6%. The possible bond periods are 10, 20, and 30 years. Therefore, there are nine combinations of interest rate and bond period to consider. Under Bond Period enter in a column: Under Interest Rate enter: This should give you all the possible combinations. 6. In cell C5 type the formula for equation [1]. Using 125 ($M) for Value o, type =125*(1+b5)^a5. Instead of typing b5 and a5 you can simply click on those cells. Remember that = always starts a formula. The caret ^ is used to raise a number to a power. 7. Copy this formula down in column C for the other combinations of bond period and interest rate. Round the values to one decimal place and center them in the cells. To round the values, highlight the column and look for these buttons: Click on the right button, and the values will round down by one decimal place. Take a moment to try both buttons and see what they do. 8. In cell D5 compute the average annual payment by dividing the total payment by the bond period ( =c5/a5 ). Copy this formula for the other combinations of bond period and interest rate. Round the values to two decimal places and center them in the cells. 9. In similar fashion, complete the following calculations. You will need to pay special attention to the use of parentheses so that the calculations are made correctly. These are difficult, and you will probably not get them right the first time! Use your calculator to check your answer before copying your formula. a. Normal Distribution Function: f Z ( z ) o = σ ( µ ) 2 1 z 1 o 2 σ e 2π Compute f Z (z o ) for µ = 1.15, σ = 0.13, and z o ranging from 0.75 to 1.55 in intervals of 0.05 (in other words, z o = 0.75, 0.80, 0.85, 0.90,..., 1.50, 1.55). Place these calculations in columns F and G of your spreadsheet. Note: To compute e x in Excel, use the exp function: exp(--). The square root function is sqrt(--) and π can be entered by typing pi() with nothing in the parentheses. b. Streeter-Phelps Equation: D x k BOD = k1x k2x k2x 1 o v v v e e + Doe k2 k1 The Streeter-Phelps equation is used to compute the dissolved oxygen deficit (D) in a river downstream from a pollution source. The DO deficit is the amount of oxygen that would be required to raise the concentration to saturation level. D x is the DO deficit at a distance x from the pollution source. D o is the DO deficit at the pollution source, BOD o is the initial biochemical oxygen demand, v is the velocity of the river, k 1 is a decay constant, and k 2 is a re-oxygenation constant.

5 Determine D x for x ranging from 0, 2, 4,..., 40 miles if BOD o is 10.9 mg/l, D o is 2 mg/l, v = 10 miles/day, k 1 =0.20 day -1, and k 2 =0.41 day -1. Place these calculations in columns I and J of your spreadsheet. Round your values to two decimal places. 10. Rename the worksheet Equations. 11. Save the workbook. Do not change the name. D. Making a Graph 1. Click on the tab marked Sheet 4 at the bottom of the screen. 2. Type CIE 272 in cell A1. Make it bold-face. 3. Type Aging of Lightweight Concrete in cell A2. 4. Change the font size of cells A1 and A2 to 14 point. 5. Click on the tab marked Basic Ops at the bottom of the screen. This will take you back to the worksheet you created in part A. 6. Use the mouse to highlight the age and concrete strength data. Include the headings and units. 7. Copy the highlighted cells. 8. Click on the Sheet 4 tab. Click on cell A4. 9. Paste the copied cells. Note that the cell you pasted the data to is the upper left cell in the block. 10. Highlight the data in columns A and B. Do not include the headings and units. 11. Click on the Insert tab at the top of the worksheet. 12. Highlight the image labeled Scatter. Choose the plot type Scatter with Straight Lines and Markers. 13. A graph will automatically appear with the numbers from your highlighted data. However, there are no labels for your chart or axes. 14. Locate Chart Layouts in the toolbar. Select the first image labeled Layout Notice the graph now contains Axes Titles, Chart Title, and a legend with Series 1. Click on the Chart Title and rename it Strength of Lightweight Concrete (Make the font size smaller if the chart title does not fit on one line). Repeat with the axes titles where the y axis should be labeled Strength (psi) and the x axis labeled Age (days). 16. Click the Layout tab at the top of the worksheet. Select the image labeled Legend. Click None, Turn off Legend from the drop down menu. The Legend will disappear from the graph. 17. Move and re-size the graph so that it occupies/covers cells D4-I Rename the worksheet Concrete Graph. 19. Save the workbook. Do not change the name.

6 E. Printing Your Work 1. Print each worksheet on a single 8.5 x 11 sheet. To limit the printing to one page, click on the Page Layout tab, then click on the small arrow in the lower right corner of the Page Setup area. This will take you to the Page Setup dialog box. In the Page tab, click the option Fit to 1 page(s) wide and 1 tall. Click OK to leave the dialog. Print the sheet. Print the Equations sheet with landscape orientation, and the other three in portrait orientation. 2. Staple your worksheets together in order: Basic Ops, Excel Functions, Equations, Concrete Graph. 3. This assignment is due at your next laboratory session.