Guide to the Harris Automatic Press Company Records

Transcription

1 Guide to the Harris Automatic Press Company Records Alison Oswald 2017 Archives Center, National Museum of American History P.O. Box Suite 1100, MRC 601 Washington, D.C

2 Table of Contents Collection Overview... 1 Administrative Information... 1 Arrangement... 2 Scope and Contents... 2 Biographical / Historical... 2 Names and Subjects... 3 Container Listing... 4 Series 1: Background Materials, Series 2: Drawings, Series 3: Photographs,

3 Collection Overview Repository: Title: Identifier: Archives Center, National Museum of American History Date: Extent: Creator: Language: 6.5 cubic feet (13 boxes and 5 oversize folders) GSS Printing Equipment Company. Graphic Arts Collection (NMAH, SI) Information Technology and Communications, Div. of (NMAH, SI). Harris Automatic Press Company, Dayton, Ohio English Collection is in English. Summary: Collection documents the Harris Automatic Press Company, manufacturers of a printing press with an automatic feed primarily through drawings and photographs. Administrative Information Acquisition Information Collection donated by GSS Printing Equipment. Provenance Transferred to the Archives Center from the Division of Information, Technology and Communications, Graphic Arts Collection. Processing Information Collection is processed by Alison Oswald. Historical background documentation provided by Richard Foley, Preferred Citation, ; 2003 Archives Center, National Museum of American History. Restrictions Collection is open for research. Page 1 of 19

4 Conditions Governing Use Copyright transferred to Smithsonian Institution in Deed of Gift? Biographical / Historical In 1890 jewelers and tinkerers Alfred and Charles G. Harris developed a new printing press with an automatic feeder. Their first press was a revolutionary breakthrough, delivering ten times what a pressman could feed by hand. The Harris Automatic Press Company was responsible for many printing innovations during the early 1900s including the first commercially successful offset lithographic press and the first two-color offset press. The company became one of the world's largest and most successful manufacturers of printing equipment. Harris-Seybold Company (later Harris Intertype) of Cleveland, Ohio manufactured high-quality sheetfed offset lithographic printing presses. The Harris Automatic Press Co. of Niles, Ohio (the original company name) designed and built the first commercially successful sheetfed offset lithographic printing press in It was sold to the Republic Banknote Company (later became part of U.S. Banknote Corporation) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, shipped on July 26, This printing press was retired in August 1940, rebuilt by Harris and donated to the Smithsonian Institution. From 1906 to 1976, Harris manufactured thousands of lithographic printing presses in various models and sizes along with various designs of bindery equipment. They were leaders in offset lithography technology. Many of the sheetfed offset lithographic presses presently being manufactured use some form of the early Harris innovations. In 1957, the company name was changed to Harris Intertype Corporation and in 1974 the name was changed to Harris Corporation. At this time the company was comprised of several electronic divisions in addition to the printing equipment divisions. The company stopped production of sheetfed lithographic printing presses in The corporate offices moved from Cleveland, Ohio to Melbourne, Florida in 1978 where Harris Corporation is still located. Harris Corporation disposed of its printing equipment plants in 1984 in a leverage buyout. Heidelberg (Germany) purchased some of the printing manufacturing plants in the late 1990s. Scope and Contents The collection contains photographs of the presses, factory and employees; a scrapbook of presses, 1915; drawings; trade literature and catalogs; the Harris Impressions newsletter; blueprints of the presses; and histories of the company. Arrangement Collection is arranged into three series. Series 1: Background Materials, Series 2: Drawings, Series 3: Photographs, ; 2003 Page 2 of 19

5 Names and Subject Terms This collection is indexed in the online catalog of the Smithsonian Institution under the following terms: Subjects: Inventors Offset printing Printing Printing -- History Printing -- Instruments Printing industry Printing machinery and supplies Printing presses Types of Materials: Blueprints Catalogs Newsletters Photograph albums -- 20th century Photographs Scrapbooks -- 20th century Page 3 of 19

6 Series 1: Background Materials Container Listing Series 1: Background Materials, Box 1, Folder 1-3 Company history Box 1, Folder 4 The Harris Story, 1972 Box 1, Folder 5 Box 1, Folder 6 Box 1, Folder 7A History of Harris-Seybold, undated Biographical (A.F. Harris and Harry A. Porter), undated Biographical (Alfred S. Harris) Box 13, Folder 3 Alfred F. Harris scrapbook, scrapbook Box 1, Folder 7 Articles of Incorporation, 1895 Box 1, Folder 8 Union dues cards and Falcon Iron & Nail Company account, Box 1, Folder 9 List of patents for printing presses, Box 1, Folder 10 Product literature and price lists, , Box 1, Folder 11 Sales Indoctrination and Training School, Box 1, Folder 12 Letterhead typeface samples Box 2, Folder 1 Harris Impressions, Box 2, Folder 2 Harris Impressions, Box 2, Folder 3 Harris Impressions, Box 2, Folder 4 Harris Impressions, Box 2, Folder 5 Harris Impressions, Box 2, Folder 6 Harris Impressions, Box 2, Folder 7 Harris Magazine of Technology of Work, 1995 Box 2, Folder 8 Graphically Speaking, 1983 Box 2, Folder 9 A Short Story of the Printing Press, 1902 Box 2, Folder 10 The Story of Lithography, 1940 Box 2, Folder 11 The Offset Process, Harris LSB and LSN, the Technical Trade School, 1942 Page 4 of 19

7 Series 1: Background Materials Box 2, Folder 12 A Look at Management and Profits in the Printing Industry, 1963 Box 2, Folder 13 Lithographic Press, Harris LTE Mobile Reproduction Unit, undated Box 2, Folder Years of Lithography, 1957 Box 13, Folder 1 Cartoons of Harris employees, undated Box 2, Folder 15 Instructions for Operating S5L Press, [1942?] Box 2, Folder 16 Box 2, Folder 17 Description of and Instructions for Operating the Harris Numbering Press, undated Feed roll registering mechanism manual, undated Box 2, Folder 18 Duplex Printing Press Company, 1915 Box 3, Folder 1 Hall Printing Press Company, 1916, Box 3, Folder 2 Potter Printing press Company, Box 3, Folder 3 Ode, randolph T. (Providence Lithograph Company), , , Box 3, Folder 4 Rubel, Nathan W., Box 3, Folder 5 Inventory notebook (S4L and CL presses), Box 3, Folder 6 Inventory notebook (for S4 press), Box 3, Folder 7 Box 3, Folder 8 Press run (sample letterhead) on S4L, undated Bill of Material, E1 card feed and feed table, undated Box 3, Folder 9 Bill of Material, E1 type box 4, 1919 Box 3, Folder 10 Box 3, Folder 11 Box 3, Folder 12 Box 4, Folder 1 Box 4, Folder 2 Box 4, Folder 3 Box 4, Folder 4 Bill of Material, E1, undated Bill of Material, E1 main Bill of Material, E1-2, color delivery Bill of Material, E1-2, advanced [del?] table Bill of Material, E1, single color sheet feed assembly Bill of Material, E1, two color sheet feed assembly, undated Bill of Material, E1, card and envelope feed, undated Box 4, Folder 5 Bill of Material, S4L feeder, 1956 Page 5 of 19

8 Series 1: Background Materials Box 4, Folder 6 Box 4, Folder 7 Bill of Material, S4L list, undated Bill of Material, S4L main, undatefd Box 4, Folder 8 Bill of Material, S4/S4L pile feeder, 1956 Box 4, Folder 9 Bill of Material, S4L friction feed, undated Box 4, Folder 10 Bill of Material, S4L main, 1956 Return to Table of Contents Page 6 of 19

9 Series 2: Drawings Series 2: Drawings, Box 5, Folder 1A Model E1, sheets #27-#781, Box 5, Folder 1B Model E1, sheets #797-#1754, Box 5, Folder 1 Model E1, sheets #1-#1000, Box 5, Folder 2 Model E1, sheets #1001-#1287, Box 5, Folder 2A Model E1, sheets # , Box 5, Folder 3 Model E1, sheets #3252-#8443, Box 5, Folder 3A Model E1, sheets # , Box 5, Folder 4 Model E1, sheets #11457-#18775, Box 5, Folder 5 Model E1, sheets #18996-#29022, Box 5, Folder 1 Model S4L, sheets #6-#575, Box 5, Folder 2 Model S4L, sheets #577-#1045, Box 5, Folder 3 Model S4L, sheets #1051-#1593, Box 5, Folder 4 Model S4L, sheets #4-#10180, 1906 Box 5, Folder 5 Model S4L, sheets #10189-#11806, Box 5, Folder 6 Model S4L, sheets #11807-#29902, Map-folder 5 More perfect register (diagram and drawing), undated Includes documentation for the No. 45 clt 2 color Harris automatic offset press. Map-folder 1 Model S4L/3, Map-folder 2 Model S4L, Map-folder 3 Model S4L, Map-folder 4 Model E1, Return to Table of Contents Page 7 of 19

10 Series 3: Photographs, Box 8, Folder 11 Indices for photographs, 1952 Box 4, Folder 11 Box 4, Folder 12 Box 6, Folder 1 Box 6, Folder 2 Box 6, Folder 4-5 Box 6, Folder 6 Box 6, Folder 7 Box 8, Folder 1 Box 8, Folder 2 Box 8, Folder 3 Box 8, Folder 4-5 Box 8, Folder 6 Box 8, Folder 7 Map-folder 5; Box 8, Folder 8 Product history 70 slides Press and factory, #2087 and #3000, undated 3 glass negatives Presses and factory, #3003 and #3010, undated 2 glass plate negatives Presses and factory, #3011 and #3012, undated 2 glass plate negatives EG-E1, undated F-T erecting photos, undated HS erecting photos, undated LB erecting photos, undated L-T erecting photos, undated SL5 erecting photos, undated S4L/S5L erecting photos, undated S8L erecting photos, undated Miscellaneous printing presses, undated Harris Company Executives, undated Box 8, Folder 9 Employee conventions and interior plant views, 1927 Box 8, Folder 10 Graphic Arts Expositions, Box 13, Folder 2 Seybold Cutters and trimmers and die presses Box 12, Folder 54 Harris-Seybold calendar images for and company catalog 1902, cd-r In the 1940, the Sales Department at Harris-Seybold Company printed a very high quality calendar on Harris presses that was given to customers and Harris employees. At this time in the industry, this was a new idea. The normal calendars that companies supplied were not of high quality. Harris hired the services of a well-known illustrator/artist to create an original piece of artwork. A printing company using Harris presses would then duplicate this artwork using Page 8 of 19

11 the sheetfed offset lithographic process. The first calendar was for the year and the last calendar was Box 12, Folder 55 Harris Intertype slideshow of 1968, cd-rs Assembled by Rich Foley, the disk contains a slideshow which includes 35mm slides, a ¼" audio tape and a script copy for a slideshow that Harris Company originally created on April 23, The slideshow presentation summarizes the company's equipment and the new electronic designs. Box 9, Folder 1 Box 9, Folder 2 Box 9, Folder 3 Box 9, Folder 4 Box 9, Folder 5 Box 9, Folder 6 Box 9, Folder 7 Box 9, Folder 8 Box 9, Folder 9 Box 9, Folder 10 Box 9, Folder 11 Box 9, Folder 12 Box 9, Folder 13 Box 9, Folder 14 Box 9, Folder 15 Box 9, Folder 16 Box 9, Folder 17 Box 9, Folder 18 Box 9, Folder 19 Box 9, Folder 20 # 1, Model N2 # 7, Model B1 #12, Model A4 #21, MS and Charles Harris, bag press #32, Model S1 #39, Model E1 #88, Model S1H #99, Model S1 #101, Model E1 #110, Harris Factory, Nile, Ohio #111, Model S1F #113, Model E1 (original) #115, Model S1 (original) #118, Model S1F (orginal) #184, Inker, R.H. view #198, Model B1, feeder taking a bag #208, Model E1 #218, Model B1 #226, Cotton cutter #236, "P" Box 9, Folder 21 #286 Page 9 of 19

12 Box 9, Folder 22 #290 Box 9, Folder 23 #327 Box 9, Folder 24 #328 Box 9, Folder 25 #329 Box 9, Folder 26 #335 Box 9, Folder 27 #344 Box 9, Folder 28 #348, new style counter Model S1 Box 9, Folder 29 #349 Box 9, Folder 30 Box 9, Folder 31 Box 9, Folder 32 Box 9, Folder 33 Box 9, Folder 33 Box 9, Folder 34 Box 9, Folder 35 Box 9, Folder 36 Box 9, Folder 37 Box 9, Folder 38 Box 9, Folder 39 Box 9, Folder 40 Box 9, Folder 41 Box 9, Folder 42 Box 9, Folder 43 #354, Model E1 #356, Model S4 #361, Model E1 #365, Model S4 #376, Model S1 #390, Model S1 #391, transfer machine, Model S1L #392, Stone cycle and shaft, Model S1L #393, seed bag feed, Model E1 #404, parallel perforator, Model S1 #405, Model S4L #414, bag press suction feed, Model W #417, open Model E1 #426, Model S4 #435, Model S4L Box 9, Folder 44 #436, Card & Env. Dely. Model E-1 Box 9, Folder 45 #442 Model S4L Box 9, Folder 46 #445 Model E-1 Page 10 of 19

13 Box 9, Folder 47 #473 Model S1-C Box 9, Folder 48 #484 Rear, Model S-10 Box 9, Folder 49 #486, Model S-10 Box 9, Folder 50 Box 9, Folder 51 Box 9, Folder 52 Box 9, Folder 53 Box 9, Folder 54 Box 9, Folder 55 Box 9, Folder 56 Box 9, Folder 57 Box 9, Folder 58 Box 9, Folder 59 Box 9, Folder 60 Box 9, Folder 61 Box 9, Folder 62 Box 9, Folder 63 Box 9, Folder 64 Box 9, Folder 65 Box 9, Folder 66 #504, Front - Without Change Gear, Model S1 #506, Model S10 #551, Rubber Cyl. with Reel Rod, Model S4L #513, Blamket in Reel Rod, Model S4L #518, 3-Color Open, Model W #528, Sheet Feed - for Gov. P. O., Model E1F #532, Grainer Box with Motor, Model G-G #539 U.S. Gov. Nat'l. Currency, Model S1 #540, U.s. Gov. Nat'l Currency, Model S1 #551, Right Perf. on Press, Model S1 #552, Model S6L #556 2-Color Open, Model S1 #568, Sucker Feed, Model P2 #570, L.H., Model P2 #571, R.H., Model P2 #572, Rear, Model P2 #576, Model S10 Box 9, Folder 67 #589 Box 10, Folder 1 #597, Model S1 Box 10, Folder 2 #600, Model E-1 Box 10, Folder 3 Box 10, Folder 4 Box 10, Folder 5 #602, Ext. Rotary Dely, Model S4 #605, Model S1 #612, Model S6L Page 11 of 19

14 Box 10, Folder 6 Box 10, Folder 7 Box 10, Folder 8 Box 10, Folder 9 Box 10, Folder 10 Box 10, Folder 11 Box 10, Folder 12 #618, Model S6L #620, #16 SIO #624, PI-OS-Blanker, #15-2 col, 14-1 col #625, "P" #627, Model S4 #630, Bag Feed #641, Model S4L Box 10, Folder 13 #642 Box 10, Folder 14 Box 10, Folder 15 Box 10, Folder 16 #643, Model S4L #644, Model 6E1 #646, Model P2 Box 10, Folder 17 #649 Box 10, Folder 18 Box 10, Folder 19 Box 10, Folder 20 Box 10, Folder 21 Box 10, Folder 22 #658, Model S8L #659, Rear, Model S8L #660, Model S4 #663, Whittlock Flat Bed #668, 2 col.open, Model P2 Box 10, Folder 23 #681 Box 10, Folder 24 Box 10, Folder 25 Box 10, Folder 26 Box 10, Folder 27 Box 10, Folder 28 Box 10, Folder 29 Box 10, Folder 30 #685, TA Rotary #692, Bag Feed, Model B1 #693, Model S8L #694, Model P2 #699, 2 col.open, TA Rotary #704, Model S5L #707, Model S1 Box 10, Folder 31 #715 Page 12 of 19

15 Box 10, Folder 32 #721 Box 10, Folder 33 Box 10, Folder 34 #726, Model S1L #731, Model S4 Box 10, Folder 35 #733 Box 10, Folder 36 #734, Model S10 Box 10, Folder 37 #738 Box 10, Folder 38 #743 Box 10, Folder 39 Box 10, Folder 40 Box 10, Folder 41 Box 10, Folder 42 Box 10, Folder 43 #763, Model-S1 #763, Model- S8L #764, Model- S5L #769, Model- EG #771, Model- E1 & LE Box 10, Folder 44 #773 Box 10, Folder 45 Box 10, Folder 46 Box 10, Folder 47 Box 10, Folder 48 Box 10, Folder 49 Box 10, Folder 50 Box 10, Folder 51 #777, Model - S7L #778, Model - TB #800, Model - EG #804, Model- E1 #811, Model- E1 #816, Model- S7L #817, Model- S1 Box 10, Folder 52 #825 Box 10, Folder 53 Box 10, Folder 54 #839, Model - TC, E1, S7L #833, Model- EG Box 10, Folder 55 #838 Box 10, Folder 56 Box 10, Folder 57 #863, Model- EG #865, Model- TC Page 13 of 19

16 Box 11, Folder 1 Box 11, Folder 2 Box 11, Folder 3 Box 11, Folder 4 Box 11, Folder 5 Box 11, Folder 6 Box 11, Folder 6 Box 11, Folder 7 Box 11, Folder 8 Box 11, Folder 9 #869, Model- S1 #872, Model-E1 #892, Model-W #904, Model-TB #919, Direct Prtg. on Aluminum #930, Press #101, Model-LE #930, Press #101, Model-LE #931, 4 Pocket Feeder, Model- EG #941, Model of Perfecting Press Front View #944, Office Bldg. H.A.P. Co. Niles, Ohio Box 11, Folder 10 #947 Box 11, Folder 11 Box 11, Folder 12 Box 11, Folder 13 Box 11, Folder 14 Box 11, Folder 15 Box 11, Folder 16 Box 11, Folder 17 Box 11, Folder 18 Box 11, Folder 19 Box 11, Folder 20 Box 11, Folder 21 Box 11, Folder 22 Box 11, Folder 23 Box 11, Folder 24 Box 11, Folder 25 #953, Art Delivery, Model- TC #956, Currency Feeder B.E. & P., U.s. Gov. #1018, Model LE #1034, Model S7L #1056, Model P2 #1073, Model LT-101 #1086, Model EG #1088, Model LT #1112, Model G.P. #1126, Model LF #1136, Cleve. Factory, S7L Presses #1143, Model LF ##1147, Pos. Delivery, , S7L #1150, Model P2 #1159, , S7L Page 14 of 19

17 Box 11, Folder 26 Box 11, Folder 27 Box 11, Folder 28 #1161, Model S1L #1169, Pile Delivery, , S7L #1173, Front, Model P2 Box 11, Folder 29 #1178 Box 11, Folder 30 Box 11, Folder 31 Box 11, Folder 32 Box 11, Folder 33 Box 11, Folder 34 Box 11, Folder 35 Box 11, Folder 36 Box 11, Folder 37 Box 11, Folder 38 Box 11, Folder 39 #1180, R.H. Front Friction Feed, Model #30, S4L #907, Niles Plant #1181, Harris Offset Litho. Press-with POs. Dely., #33 S8L, 28"x42" #1188, Model E1 #1189, E1 #1193, Method for Grinding 42" Cyl , Model PC #1195, Model LT #1205, Annual Lithog. Assn. Convention Harris Factory Visitation Luncheon In tent-south of bldg. #1220, Model S5L #1224, Playing Card Press, Model PC Box 11, Folder 40 #1275 Box 11, Folder 41 #1276 Box 11, Folder 42 #1279, L.H.Side, Model LT Box 11, Folder 43 #1280 Box 11, Folder 44 #1281 Box 11, Folder 45 Box 11, Folder 46 Box 11, Folder 47 #1317, Model LB #1319, Drafting Room - Engineering Dept. #1320, First Harris E-1, Card and envelope press Box 11, Folder 48 #1322 Box 11, Folder 49 Box 11, Folder 50 Box 11, Folder 51 #1360, Model S5L #1366 Model L.B. #1369, Model P2 Page 15 of 19

18 Box 11, Folder 52 #1375 Box 11, Folder 53 #1378 Box 11, Folder 54 Box 11, Folder 55 Box 11, Folder 56 #1379, Model S81 #1381, Model EG #1390, Model H.S. Box 11, Folder 57 #1397 Box 11, Folder 58 Box 11, Folder 59 #1412, Harris-Claybourn Rotary, Inker in Position, Model HS 2 Color #1428, Swing Feed mechanism, Model LF Box 11, Folder 60 #1435 Box 11, Folder 61 Box 11, Folder 62 Box 11, Folder 63 Box 11, Folder 64 #1441, Model CL #1485, Model #25 CL #1488, Model HC #1502, Model HK Box 11, Folder 65 #1511 Box 11, Folder 66 #1533, First FT demonstration, #1533 Box 11, Folder 67 #1536 Box 11, Folder 68 #1582, Model TFC Box 11, Folder 69 #1597 Box 11, Folder 70 #1600 Box 11, Folder 71 Box 11, Folder 72 Box 11, Folder 73 Box 11, Folder 74 Box 11, Folder 75 Box 11, Folder 76 #1608, Model LB #1619 Model JT #1625, Old Style Base Model LSB, 17x22 #1641 A #1671, Model LSC #1724, High Inker, Model LSG Box 11, Folder 77 #1752 Page 16 of 19

19 Box 11, Folder 78 Box 11, Folder 79 #1755, Model LSF #1756, No. 3 Gravure with serrated cut news folder and double magazine folder, W-1 Box 11, Folder 80 #1758, W-2 Box 12, Folder 1 #1759, No. 3 gravure with serrated cut news folder and double magazine folder, W-3 Box 12, Folder 2 #1827 Box 12, Folder 3 #1831 Box 12, Folder 4 #1836, Harris Lithographic Model EL Press, 22 x 34 single color Box 12, Folder 5 #1840 Box 12, Folder 6 #1843, Adolph Greenstein Box 12, Folder 7 #1847 Box 12, Folder 8 Box 12, Folder 9 Box 12, Folder 10 Box 12, Folder 11 Box 12, Folder 12 Box 12, Folder 13 #1847, Model LSD #1849, Model LSF #1851, Used for LSB illustration, Model LSN #1853, 1859, 1856, Model LSK #1867, 1869, Traung varnish, Model KMB machine #1871, 1872, 1873, Model LSJ Box 12, Folder 14 #1884 Box 12, Folder 15 Box 12, Folder 16 #1886, Imp Cyl., Models E1 and LSH #1887, 1888, Harris 22 x 28, Model LSN, single color offset press Box 12, Folder 17 #1900 Box 12, Folder 18 #1910, Model LSK Box 12, Folder 19 #1922 Box 12, Folder 20 Box 12, Folder 21 Box 12, Folder 22 #1925, Model TFC, 20 x 26, two color #1928, Cleveland Ad Art #1942, LSM Page 17 of 19

20 Box 12, Folder 23 Box 12, Folder 24 Box 12, Folder 25 Box 12, Folder 26 Box 12, Folder 27 Box 12, Folder 28 Box 12, Folder 29 Box 12, Folder 30 Box 12, Folder 31 Box 12, Folder 32 Box 12, Folder 33 Box 12, Folder 34 #1942, Model LSQ #1972, Model LSH #1978, Feed side delivery end, Model LSH #1981, 19982, Models LAD and LAE #1983, Traung tip press, Models LAE and LAD #1984, Model LSR #1987, Model LST #1991, Model LASB processes #1993, Cleveland Plant #2006, Interior of office, Atlanta #2019, Model LSF #2022, Model LSH Box 12, Folder 35 #2025, The first Potter offset press deigned and built in 1906 Box 12, Folder 36 #2029, First harris offset press, Model S4L Box 12, Folder 37 #2049 Box 12, Folder 38 #2050 Box 12, Folder 39 #2051, Model LSK Box 12, Folder 40 #2054 Box 12, Folder 41 Box 12, Folder 42 #2057, Gene Kment, Harris Chemical Laboratory #2061, Four color gravure press Box 12, Folder 43 #2075 Box 12, Folder 44 #2077, Model LSJ Box 12, Folder 45 #3002 Box 12, Folder 46 Box 12, Folder 47 Box 12, Folder 48 #3006, 3010, LTE photos Miscellaneous photo #1728, LSB negative at Caxtom Company Page 18 of 19

21 Box 12, Folder 49 Box 12, Folder 50 Box 12, Folder 51 Box 12, Folder 52 Box 12, Folder 53 # , negatives at Cleveland Ad Art S5L photos S3 photos S6L photos TFC Press Return to Table of Contents Page 19 of 19