PREFACE...XIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...XV

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1 Contents PREFACE...XIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...XV 1. MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS OVERVIEW OF MPEG-2 SYSTEMS...1 SYSTEMS AND SYNCHRONIZATION...1 TRANSPORT SYNCHRONIZATION...2 INTER-MEDIA SYNCHRONIZATION WITH PTS...5 RESOURCE SYNCHRONIZATION WITH DTS...6 DTS/ PTS LOCKING MECHANISM TO PCR...7 GENERAL MPEG SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE...8 PROCESSOR MAPPING OF MPEG SYSTEM...9 DISPLAY AND DECODER INTERLOCKING MECHANISM SYSTEM TARGET DECODERS AND ENCAPSULATIONS...12 TS-SYSTEM TARGET DECODER VS. PS-SYSTEM TARGET DECODER...12 ELEMENTARY STREAMS AND PACKETIZED ELEMENTARY STREAMS...20 PROGRAM STREAM MAP PES...22 PROGRAM STREAM DIRECTORY PES...25 TRANSPORT STREAM...27 PROGRAM SPECIFIC INFORMATION...30 PROGRAM STREAM VIDEO CODEC INTERNAL AND DATA FLOW...38 VC-1 ENCODER...38 VC-1 DECODER...40 H.264 ENCODER...41 H.264 DECODER INDEPENDENT SLICE DECODER...43 SLICES AND ERRORS...43 SLICES IN MPEG SLICES IN VC SLICES IN H IMPLEMENTATION OF SLICE DECODER AND ERROR CONCEALMENT SYNTAX HIERARCHIES AND ENCAPSULATION VC-1 SYNTAX HIERARCHY IN BITSTREAMS...53 WMV-9 AND VC-1 STANDARDS...53 KEY COMPRESSION TOOLS FOR WMV-9 VIDEO...53 WMV-9 VIDEO SPECIFIC SEMANTICS AND SYNTAX...56

2 VI CONTENTS SIMPLE AND MAIN PROFILES FOR VC-1 VIDEO...57 ADVANCED PROFILE FOR VC-1 VIDEO...57 VC-1 VIDEO SPECIFIC SEMANTICS AND THE SYNTAX...59 VC-1 PROFILES/ TOOLS VC-1 ENCAPSULATION IN MPEG-2 SYSTEMS...66 ENTRY POINT AND ACCESS UNIT IN VC ENCAPSULATION OF VC-1 IN PES...67 ENCAPSULATION OF VC-1 IN TS...71 ENCAPSULATION OF VC-1 IN PS H.264 SYNTAX HIERARCHY IN BITSTREAMS...78 H.264 STANDARD...78 KEY COMPRESSION TOOLS FOR H.264 VIDEO...78 H.264 VIDEO SPECIFIC SEMANTICS AND THE SYNTAX...84 H.264 PROFILES/ TOOLS H.264 ENCAPSULATION IN MPEG-2 SYSTEMS...88 NAL AND VCL...88 ACCESS UNIT AND SEI IN H HRD PARAMETERS IN H DERIVATION OF DTS/ PTS IN H DTS DERIVATION PTS DERIVATION ARTIFICIAL GENERATION OF PTS FOR SPECIAL PIC_STRUCT TYPE CONSTRAINTS OF BYTE-STREAM NAL UNIT FORMAT FOR MPEG-2 SYSTEMS..104 ENCAPSULATION OF H.264 IN MPEG-2 SYSTEMS EXTENDED T-STD EXTENDED P-STD DTS/ PTS CARRIAGE IN PES PACKETS FOR AVC PICTURES COMPARISONS BETWEEN VC-1 AND H TOOL COMPARISON AND COMPLEXITY OBJECTIVE TESTS SUBJECTIVE TESTS HRD MODELS AND RATE CONTROL VIDEO BUFFER VERIFIER (VBV) MODEL VBV MODEL IN MPEG HRD MODEL IN VC-1 VIDEO CONSTANT DELAY CBR HRD IN VC CONSTANT DELAY VBR HRD IN VC VARIABLE DELAY HRD IN VC MULTIPLE HRD IN VC DISPLAY ORDER AND BUFFER MANAGEMENT IN VC

3 CONTENTS VII 3.3 HRD MODEL IN H.264 VIDEO HRD BUFFER MODEL IN H MULTIPLE HRD IN H DISPLAY ORDER AND BUFFER MANAGEMENT IN H DISPLAY ORDER AND POC IN H REFERENCE PICTURE LIST ORDERING REFERENCE PICTURE LIST RE-ORDERING REFERENCE PICTURE MARKING CONSTANT DELAY CBR HRD MIRRORING IN ENCODER BUFFER RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACTUAL BUFFER AND VIRTUAL BUFFER RATE CONTROL BASED ON ENCODER ACTUAL BUFFER RATE CONTROL BASED ON ENCODER VIRTUAL BUFFER RATE CONTROL ALGORITHMS IN STANDARD TEST MODELS H H.263 (MPEG-4 PART 2 BASELINE) MPEG MPEG-4 PART VC MPEG-4 PART 10 (H.264) BANDWIDTH PANIC MODE IN VC RANGE REDUCTION (OR PREPROC) MULTI-RESOLUTION TRANSFORM AND QUANTIZATION TRANSFORM CODING SIGNAL DECOMPOSITION AND CONTRAST SENSITIVITY BASIS AND EXTRACTION OF FREQUENCY COMPONENTS DISCRETE COSINE TRANSFORM QUANTIZATION AND VISUAL WEIGHTING DCT AND IDCT IN MPEG FAST IMPLEMENTATION OF DCT AND IDCT ENCODER AND DECODER DRIFT ZIG-ZAG SCAN AND INVERSE ZIG-ZAG SCAN QUANTIZATION AND INVERSE QUANTIZATION PROCESS INVERSE QUANTIZATION IN MPEG VC-1 TRANSFORM AND QUANTIZATION VC-1 TRANSFORM INVERSE QUANTIZATION IN VC INVERSE ZIG-ZAG SCAN IN VC H.264 TRANSFORM AND QUANTIZATION...222

4 VIII CONTENTS TRANSFORM AND QUANTIZATION IN H X4 TRANSFORM OF H VISUAL WEIGHTING OF H QUANTIZATION OF 4X4 TRANSFORM X8 TRANSFORM OF H QUANTIZATION OF 8X8 TRANSFORM X4 DC TRANSFORM OF H QUANTIZATION OF 4X4 DC TRANSFORM X2 DC TRANSFORM OF U OR V IN YCBCR 4:2: QUANTIZATION OF 2X2 DC TRANSFORM OF U OR V IN YCBCR 4:2: INVERSE ZIG-ZAG SCAN IN H RESIDUAL COLOR TRANSFORM AND ITS STATUS IN THE STANDARD INTRA PREDICTION EFFECT OF INTRA PREDICTION DCT DECOMPOSITION WAVELET DECOMPOSITION INTRA PREDICTION ADAPTIVE INTRA PREDICTION INTRA DC PREDICTION IN MPEG VC-1 INTRA PREDICTION DC/ AC PREDICTION H.264 INTRA PREDICTION LUMA PREDICTION CHROMA PREDICTION INTER PREDICTION INTER PREDICTION INTER PREDICTION AND TEMPORAL MASKING EFFECT FRACTIONAL-PEL MOTION ESTIMATION AND COMPENSATION INTERPOLATION FILTERS AND ADAPTATION UNIDIRECTIONAL PREDICTION AND BIDIRECTIONAL PREDICTION DIRECT MODE IN BIDIRECTIONAL PREDICTION DISPLAY ORDER AND CODING ORDER CHROMA MOTION VECTORS TRANSFORM CODING OF RESIDUAL SIGNALS VISUAL WEIGHTING AND QUANTIZATION MOTION VECTOR PREDICTOR AND MOTION VECTOR DIFFERENTIAL INTER PREDICTION IN MPEG VC-1 INTER PREDICTION MC BLOCK PARTITIONS LUMA INTERPOLATION CHROMA INTERPOLATION...296

5 CONTENTS IX EXTENDED PADDING AND MOTION VECTOR PULLBACK HYBRID MOTION VECTOR PREDICTION MOTION VECTOR PREDICTORS SEQUENCE OF PICTURE TYPES INTENSITY MOTION COMPENSATION DIRECT MODE AND INTERPOLATIVE MODE H.264 INTER PREDICTION MC BLOCK PARTITIONS LUMA INTERPOLATION CHROMA INTERPOLATION EXTENDED MOTION VECTOR HANDLING MOTION VECTOR PREDICTORS SEQUENCE OF PICTURE TYPES TEMPORAL DIRECT MODE AND WEIGHTED PREDICTION SPATIAL DIRECT MODE IN-LOOP AND OUT-LOOP FILTERS DEBLOCKING PROCESS BLOCKY EFFECT AND COMPRESSION EFFICIENCY OVERLAPPED BLOCK MOTION COMPENSATION (OBMC) IN-LOOP DEBLOCKING FILTER VC-1 IN-LOOP FILTERING OVERLAPPED TRANSFORM (OLT) SMOOTHING FILTER DETAILED ALGORITHM IN-LOOP FILTER (ILF) DETAILED ALGORITHM H.264 IN-LOOP DEBLOCKING FILTERING IN-LOOP DEBLOCKING FILTER DETAILED ALGORITHM OUT-LOOP FILTERING DEBLOCKING FILTER DERINGING FILTER INTERLACE HANDLING MPEG-2 INTERLACE HANDLING PROGRESSIVE, INTERLACE, FRAME- AND FIELD-PICTURE REPEAT FIRST FIELD (RFF) AND TOP FIELD FIRST (TFF) PREDICTION MODES FOR FRAME-PICTURES PREDICTION MODES FOR FIELD-PICTURES DUAL PRIME PREDICTION X8 MOTION COMPENSATION (16X8 MC)...377

6 X CONTENTS PREDICTION DEFINED IN MPEG FIELD/FRAME ADAPTIVE DCT ZIG-ZAG SCAN PATTERN FOR INTERLACE VIDEO IN MPEG VC-1 INTERLACE HANDLING PROGRESSIVE SEGMENTED FRAME, PULLDOWN AND INTERLACE BFRACTION AND REFDIST PREDICTION MODES FOR P FRAME-PICTURES PREDICTION MODES FOR B FRAME-PICTURES PREDICTION MODES FOR P FIELD-PICTURES PREDICTION MODES FOR B FIELD-PICTURES MOTION VECTOR PREDICTOR PREDICTION DEFINED IN VC FIELD/FRAME ADAPTIVE TRANSFORM OLT WITH INTERLACE VIDEO ILF WITH INTERLACE VIDEO ZIG-ZAG SCAN PATTERN FOR INTERLACE VIDEO IN VC H.264 INTERLACE HANDLING PIC_STRUCT AND RFF/ TFF ADAPTIVE FRAME/ FIELD CODING ILF WITH INTERLACED VIDEO ZIG-ZAG SCAN PATTERN FOR INTERLACE VIDEO IN H REFERENCE LISTS DEVELOPMENT FOR INTERLACE VIDEO IN H SYNTAX AND PARSING TABLE-BASED AND COMPUTATION-BASED CODES BITSTREAM PARSING, SYNTAX FLOW AND POPULAR CODES HUFFMAN CODES EXPONENTIAL GOLOMB CODES SIGNED EXPONENTIAL GOLOMB CODES MAPPED EXPONENTIAL GOLOMB CODES TRUNCATED EXPONENTIAL GOLOMB CODES SHANNON-FANO-ELIAS CODES ARITHMETIC CODES A PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION FOR ARITHMETIC CODING CODES IN MPEG CODES ABOVE MB-LEVEL CODES BELOW MB-LEVEL CODES IN VC CODES ABOVE MB-LEVEL CODES BELOW MB-LEVEL BITPLANE CODING CODES IN H

7 CONTENTS XI CODES ABOVE MB-LEVEL CA-BAC REFERENCES INDEX...491

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