Raspberry Pi Raspberry Pi 3 User Guide. By Ted Lebowski

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2 Raspberry Pi Raspberry Pi 3 User Guide By Ted Lebowski

3 Copyright 2016 Ted Lebowski - All rights reserved. This document is geared towards providing exact and reliable information in regards to the topic and issue covered. The publication is sold with the idea that the publisher is not required to render accounting, officially permitted, or otherwise, qualified services. If advice is necessary, legal or professional, a practiced individual in the profession should be ordered. - From a Declaration of Principles which was accepted and approved equally by a Committee of the American Bar Association and a Committee of Publishers and Associations. In no way is it legal to reproduce, duplicate, or transmit any part of this document in either electronic means or in printed format. Recording of this publication is strictly prohibited and any storage of this document is not allowed unless with written permission from the publisher. All rights reserved. The information provided herein is stated to be truthful and consistent, in that any liability, in terms of inattention or otherwise, by any usage or abuse of any policies, processes, or directions contained within is the solitary and utter responsibility of the recipient reader. Under no circumstances will any legal responsibility or blame be held against the publisher for any reparation, damages, or monetary loss due to the information herein, either directly or indirectly. Respective authors own all copyrights not held by the publisher. The information herein is offered for informational purposes solely, and is universal as so. The presentation of the information is without contract or any type of guarantee assurance. The trademarks that are used are without any consent, and the publication of the trademark is without permission or backing by the trademark owner. All trademarks and brands within this book are for clarifying purposes only and are the owned by the owners themselves, not affiliated with this document.

4 Contents Introduction Raspberry Pi 3 Accessories HDMI to VGA Adapter Raspberry Pi 3 Case Wireless Keyboard and Mouse Touchpad Raspberry Pi Heatsink Raspberry Pi Camera Module Raspberry Pi Touchscreen Raspberry Pi SD card Setting it up Prerequisite: Installation Installation of NOOBS in SD card Steps to Format your SD Card (Class 4 minimum) User Guide Basic configuration via raspi-config command Introduction of Terminal utility Effective use of Terminal commands Auto-detect command Sudo privilege Install Software or other utilities using apt-get Other useful commands Finding the manual of command Raspberry Pi: GPIO Interrupts Other Functions of GPIO Camera Module Configuration Connect Raspberry Pi through VNC and SSH VNC (Virtual Network Computing) SSH (Secure Shell) Difference from another raspberries 1. Cost 2. Performance

5 3. CPU 4.RAM 5. Networking 6. Peripherals 7. Video 8. GPU 9. Hardware 10. Memory 11. Processor Conclusion: Frequently asked questions for raspberry pi 3 What is Raspberry Pi 3? How much Raspberry Pi costs? What are the User login details when we login into Raspberry Pi 3 system? What are the major difference between the raspberry pi models? How to connect the Mouse and Keyboard into raspberry pi? Why NOOBS Os? What are the dimensions of raspberry pi? What is an SoC? How does the OS boot? What is its strength? Does it need a Heatsink? Which type of hardware interface does it have? Why there is no RTC? Can we add extra memory? What is its operating temperature? Does it blend? What is the camera board interface? What are the camera models that camera models can use? What is the camera resolution? What is the format of image taken from camera? How to use the camera? How much power is being consumed by the camera? What kind of display can i use Why there is no VGA support? Can we interface the touchscreen? Can we power the raspberry pi from USB? Which programming language we should use?

6 What kind of Linux flavour it support? What is the maximum size of SD card it can support? Is there built in wi-fi? Is there built in Bluetooth?

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8 Introduction This book will tell you how raspberry pi 3 is replacing the older version of raspberries. I am assuming that you have basic knowledge of older versions of raspberries. What Raspberry Pi 3 is? As the name suggests, It is 3rd generation development board of Raspberry Pi community which is launched in February It has many advantages compare to Raspberry Pi 2 Model B in terms of RAM and Processor. If we talk about compatibility, then it is equally compatible with Raspberry Pi Model 1 and 2. Key Features 1GB RAM Bluetooth GHz 64-bit quad-core processor Inbuilt n Wireless LAN Network The other common features include: Very low cost. 4 pole Stereo output and Composite video port Full-size HDMI Camera port for connecting the Raspberry Pi camera It s an open computer that can be given to kids of make experiments and learn new technology. Can connect with TV, USB keyboard-mouse. OS is Linux so it is easy to use and learn. Inbuilt GPIO that can be used for projects and Robotics.

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10 Raspberry Pi 3 Accessories You can increase the performance of your own raspberry pi by adding the accessories. I have listed accessories below to convert your raspberry pi 3 into a real computer. Though raspberry pi is a cheap single board computer, but if you add all the accessories then you have to spend something for making the complete computer.

11 HDMI to VGA Adapter Simply, it is used for converting digital HDMI video signals into an analog signal which is required for VGA displays. It is designed in a form of USB Adapter. There is no need of external power. It can handle any resolution like 720p/1080i/1080p. If you want to connect this HDMI to VGA female adapter then you should care about these two following lines. #hdmi_force_hotplug=1 #hdmi_drive=2

12 Raspberry Pi 3 Case The case is a very important accessory for your raspberry pi. Best cases will give cool look and protection to your beloved Raspberry pi model 3. Zebra Case is too famous for pi 3 model. It gives the best cooling when you use raspberry pi out of the limits. Two types of cases are available like active and passive. Some cases come with extraordinary features like a fan, cooler, heatsink etc.

13 Wireless Keyboard and Mouse Touchpad Pi doesn t come with any input device like a keyboard. In the market. Many standard QWERTY keyboards are available for raspberry pi 3. It also comes with the touchpad so, you do not need to buy the mouse. The keyboard uses the single USB port so, you may need USB hub. ipazzport gives the best and quality wireless keyboards.

14 Raspberry Pi Heatsink Mainly. Raspberry pi 3 model is faster than any other models. Obviously, it will produce more heat. If you want to keep your beloved raspberry pi super cool then use a heatsink for avoiding overheating. It gives you relief from the noise of fans. You must use this to avoid any failure. Heat sinks come with the perfect size of Pi CPU.

15 Raspberry Pi Camera Module Nowadays, if you want to make an innovative project then camera must be needed. But, Pi doesn t come with the camera. You should choose the camera module according to your need like robot, photography, recognition etc. There are two types of Pi camera: camera board, USB camera. The Board is directly connected to GPU while another one is connected using the port.

16 Raspberry Pi Touchscreen You can connect touchscreen display to your pi with two connection. One is power from GPIO port and another one is DSI port. If you are hobbyist person and want to create IOT device than touchscreen will help you more. The best thing you need knows that some display comes with an on-screen keyboard.

17 Raspberry Pi SD card SD card gives the storage to your beloved pi system. It comes in three physical sizes like mini, micro and large. You should choose the SD card according to the best speed and money. SanDisk and Samsung SD cards are also compatible with raspberry pi. Class 10 micro SD card is a best for video operating projects.

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19 Setting it up This chapter will teach you how to download and install the raspbian OS on raspberry pi 3.

20 Prerequisite: SD card 8GB with minimum class 4 is recommended. Display parameters HDMI monitor should work as a display device for the raspberry pi. Keyboard and mouse USB keyboard and mouse will work with raspberry PI. You can also use wireless keyboard and mouse. For the configuration of keyboard please use raspi-config Power Supply Pi is powered by 5V USB adapter with minimum 700mA current. Low current power supplies will work for small uses, but for the high level application it may reboot or harm the Pi where large current is drawing from Pi. LAN Cable An Ethernet cable is used to connect Pi with the local network.

21 Installation Beginners should start with NOOBS which is very user-friendly and easy to learn. NOOBS is directly available for download at

22 Installation of NOOBS in SD card Once the NOOBS is downloaded, You have to copy the content of that zip file on the SD card which should be formatted. SD card should be formatted as FAT file system.

23 Steps to Format your SD Card (Class 4 minimum) Windows Windows users counseled to format the sd card exploitation SDcard formatter. that is well on the market on-line atwww.sdcard.org. you have got choose Size Adjustment possibility On to make sure that the complete sd card is formatted not simply one partition. Mac OS The sd Association s data format Tool is additionally on the market for macintosh users, though the default OS X Disk Utility is additionally capable of data format the complete disk. To do this, choose the sd card volume and select Erase with DOS format.

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25 User Guide Basic configuration via raspi-config command Plug the SD card into Raspberry Pi and connect with keyboard and monitor If there is a device driver installed (e.g., Wi-Fi), connect to the internet via Ethernet (using the plug connector) or WiFi (which will need to be configured). Raspbian starts the GUI automatically and uses pi as the default user. If this does not happen, start GUI with startx and click on WiFi config. The default login is: pi and password is: raspberry.

26 Introduction of Terminal utility The terminal or command-line on a computer allows a user a great deal of control over their Raspberry Pi. Windows Users may already have come across Command Prompt and Mac OS users may be familiar with Terminal. All these tools allow the user to directly communicate their system by using different commands. These commands can be chained together and combined together into complex scripts that can work more efficiently than much larger traditional software packages available. Demo of Terminal window: pi@raspberrypi ~ $ This shows your username and the hostname of the Pi. Here the username is pi and the hostname is raspberry pi.

27 Effective use of Terminal commands One of the key aspects of using a terminal is being able to navigate your file system. Firstly, run the following command: ls -la. You should see something similar to: The ls command lists the contents of the directory that you are currently in or your present working directory. The -la component of the command is what s known as a flag. Flags modify the command that s being run. In order to navigate to other directories the change directory command, cd can be used. You can specify the directory that you want to go to by either the absolute or the relative path. So if you wanted to navigate to the /pi directory, you could either do cd /home/pi/ or just cd pi if you are currently in /home. There are some special cases that may be useful: ~ acts as an alias for your home directory, so ~/Desktop is the same as /home/pi/desktop;. and.. are aliases for the current directory and the parent directory respectively, e.g. if you were in /home/pi/desktop, cd.. would take you to /home/pi.

28 Auto-detect command Rather than type every command, the terminal allows you to scroll through previous commands that you ve run by pressing the up or down keys on your keyboard. If you are writing the name of a file or directory as part of a command then the pressing tab will attempt to autocomplete the name of what you are typing. For example, if you have a file in a directory called TestFileName then pressing tab after typing T will allow you to choose from all file and directory names beginning with an in the current directory, allowing you to choose TestFileName.

29 Sudo privilege Some command that make permanent changes to the state of your system require you to have root privileges to run. The command sudo temporarily gives your account (if you re not already logged in as root) the ability to run these commands, provided your username is in a list of users ( sudoers ). When you append sudo to the start of a command and press enter you will be asked for your password, if that is entered correctly then the command you want to run will be run using root privileges. Be careful, though some commands that require sudo to run can irreparably damage your system so be careful!

30 Install Software or other utilities using apt-get Rather than using the Pi Store to download new software you can use the command apt-get, this is the package manager that is included with any Debian based Linux distributions (including Raspbian). It allows you to install and manage new software packages on your Pi. In order to install a new package you would type sudo apt-get install <package-name> (where <package-name> is the package that you want to install). Running sudo apt-get update updates a list of software packages that are available on your system. If a new version of a package is available then sudo apt-get upgrade will update any old packages to the new version. Finally, sudo apt-get remove <package-name> removes or uninstalls a package from your system.

31 Other useful commands There are a few other commands that you may find useful, these are listed below: cp makes a copy of a file and places it at the specified location (essentially doing a copy-paste ), for example -cp file_a /home/other_user/ would copy the file file_a from your home directory to that of the user other_user (assuming you have permission to copy it there). Note that if the target is a folder, the filename will remain the same, but if the target is a filename, it will give the file the new name. mv moves a file and places it at the specified location (so where cp performs a copy-paste, mv performs a cut-paste ). The usage is similar to cp, so mv file_a /home/other_user/ would move the file file_afrom your home directory to that of the specified user. mv is also used to rename a file, i.e. move it to a new location, e.g. mv test1.txt test2.txt. rm removes the specified file (or directory when used with -r). Warning:Files deleted in this way are generally not restorable. mkdir: This makes a new directory, e.g. mkdir test_dir would create the directory test_dir in the present working directory. cat lists the contents of files, e.g. cat test.txt will display the contents of test.txt. SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol) SFTP is SSH File Transfer Protocol which is used to copy and edit the file using remote login. FileZilla client is used to transferring the file by using remote login. To make a remote login, we have to enter IP, Port and password to access the Pi remotely. SFTP will only work if the SSH is enabled on the server side. In Raspberry pi, SSH is enabled by default. However, user can also use the FTP which is File Transfer Protocol. You can use both SFTP and FTP alternatively based on your requirements. Secure Copy - SCP SCP command is used to copy files or directories from one system to another without login into it. Syntax :

32 SCP hello.txt We can also copy from another server to our local machine by using : SCP root@ xx:/home/hello.txt./

33 Finding the manual of command To find out more information about a particular command then you can run the man followed by the command you want to know more about (e.g. man ls). The man-page (or manual page) for that command will be displayed, including information about the flags for that program and what effect they have. Some man-pages will give example usage.

34 Raspberry Pi: GPIO GPIO is one of the powerful tools of Raspberry Pi. You can interface various hardware with these Raspberry Pi. you can think of them as switches that you can turn on or off or that the Pi can turn on or off. 26 pins are GPIO pins, the others are power or ground pins. You can program the pins to interact in amazing ways with the real world. Inputs don t have to come from a physical switch; it could be input from a sensor or a signal from another computer or device, for example. The output can also do anything, from turning on a LED to sending a signal or data to another device. If the Raspberry Pi is on a network, you can control devices that are attached to it from anywhere and those devices can send data back. Connectivity and control of physical devices over the internet is a powerful and exciting thing, and the Raspberry Pi is ideal for this. Working of GPIO If you are aware of the functionality of GPIO and how it is working then messing about with the GPIO is safe and fun.gpio pins can be configured as either general-purpose input, general-purpose output or as one of up to 6 special alternate settings, the functions of which are pin-dependant. There are 3 GPIO banks on Raspberry Pi 3. Each of the 3 banks has its own VDD input pin. On Raspberry Pi 3, all GPIO banks are supplied from 3.3V. The connection of a GPIO to a voltage higher than 3.3V will likely destroy or damage the GPIO block within board or SoC. GPIO Power States All GPIOs are set to input pin on the power-on reset. Most of the GPIOs have the pullup applied by default.

35 Interrupts Interrupts are the main features of any GPIO Pin which will enable the pin for functioning in a multiple way. Basically, it will stop the execution of a program and do the other high priority task. There are mainly 3 types of interrupts available which are as follows : (high/low) Level-sensitive, Rising edge and falling edge, Asynchronous rising edge and Asynchronous falling edge. The interrupt will work its task until the level is cleared by the system or the task of that interrupt is completed. The rising and falling edge detection will work as the detection or transition from high to low or low to high voltage. After this transition, the interrupt will occur and the compiler will jump into that particular interrupt service routine. What is Interrupt Service Routine (ISR)? It is the routine or program that will be executed when the interrupt will occur. Each interrupt must have its ISR to make its task complete.

36 Other Functions of GPIO All the GPIO has the alternate function as well. Raspberry pi s GPIO has also such function available. Pins can act as General Purpose Input/Output, I2C protocol which is used for the serial communication with external peripherals like EEPROM, other devices etc. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) is another serial communication protocol which is available in Raspberry PI. Randomly plugging wires and power sources into your Pi, however, may damage the Raspberry Pi. Damage can also happen if you try to connect things to your Pi that use a lot of power. You can connect LED or simple switches with Raspberry Pi, But Motors having high current and other high voltage devices may harm your board.

37 Camera Module To capture the photos and videos we can interface the Camera with raspberry pi. You can use raspi-config command to enable the camera module. Below is the different types of camera that can be an interface with raspberry Pi. Camera V1 Camera V2 Net price $25 $25 Size around 25 x 24 x 9 mm Weight 3g Still resolution 5 Megapixels 8 Megapixels Video modes 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p60/ p30, 720p60 and 640x480p60/90 Linux integration V4L2 driver available V4L2 driver available C programming API OpenMAX IL and others available OpenMAX IL and others available Sensor OmniVision OV5647 Sony IMX219 Sensor resolution 2592 x 1944 pixels 3280 x 2464 pixels Sensor image area 3.76 x 2.74 mm Pixel size 1.4 µm x 1.4 µm Optical size 1/4 Full-frame SLR lens equivalent 35 mm S/N ratio 36 db Dynamic range 67 8x gain

38 Sensitivity 680 mv/lux-sec Dark current C Well capacity 4.3 Ke- Fixed focus 1 m to infinity Focal length 3.60 mm +/ Horizontal field of view / degrees Vertical field of view / degrees Focal ratio (F-Stop) 2.9

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40 Configuration Some basic guides to configuring your Raspberry Pi. How to find your Raspberry Pi s IP address in order to connect to it? Ifconfig command is used to check the IP address of the current machine. It will also show the MAC address, IP address if the Pi is connected via wireless LAN. The sample output is given below. Link encap:ethernet HWaddr XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX inet addr: x.xx Bcast: Mask: inet6 addr: XXXX::XXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX Scope:Link eth0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:54071 errors:1 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:48515 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes: (20.9 MiB) TX bytes: (24.5 MiB) Interrupt:10 Base address:0xd020 Link encap:local Loopback

41 inet addr: Mask: inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 lo RX packets:83 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:83 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:7766 (7.5 KiB) TX bytes:7766 (7.5 KiB) Link encap:ethernet HWaddr 58:a2:c2:93:27:36 inet addr: x.xx Bcast: Mask: inet6 addr: XXXX::XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX Scope:Link wlan0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets: errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets: errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes: (110.5 MiB) TX bytes: (79.4 MiB)

42 Here eth0 is the ethernet connection, lo is the loopback connection, wlan0 is the wireless connection.

43 Connect Raspberry Pi through VNC and SSH VNC (Virtual Network Computing) Sometimes we have to connect the raspberry Pi with another Computer. VNC is used in such case where we can connect using the remote IP. SSH (Secure Shell) To access the command line of raspberry pi, you can use the ssh tool. SSH is already available in Linux and MAC operating systems. To access the command line of raspberry pi from a windows machine, you have to download PUTTY.

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45 Difference from another raspberries 1. Cost All three models of Raspberry Pi cost around $35. Model B+ was launched in July 2014 where Pi 2 and 3 was launched in February 2015 and 2016 (a year apart). Although the Pi is cheaper there are some hidden costs with involved when you buy one. You need a Micro SD Card for loading the Raspbian Image, Keyboard, Mouse (Can be wired or wireless) for controlling the pi, HDMI cable for display and a wifi dongle or Ethernet Cable for internet connectivity. For Raspberry Pi 3, there in an onboard wifi module and Bluetooth module. This is an advantage of buying the Pi 3 compared to previous versions of Raspberry Pi.

46 2. Performance While operating at 700 MHz by default, the first generation Raspberry Pi provided a real-world performance roughly equivalent to GFLOPS. On the CPU level the performance is similar to a 300 MHz Pentium II of The GPU provides 1 Gpixel/s or 1.5 Gtexel/s of graphics processing or 24 GFLOPS of general purpose computing performance. The graphics abilities of the Raspberry Pi are roughly equivalent to the performance of the Xbox of The LINPACK single node compute benchmark results in a mean single precision performance of GFLOPS and a mean double precision performance of GFLOPS for one Raspberry Pi Model-B board. A cluster of 64 Raspberry Pi Model-B computers, labeled Iridis-pi, achieved a LINPACK HPL suite result of 1.14 GFLOPS (n=10240) at 216 watts for c US$. Raspberry Pi 2 includes a quad-core Cortex-A7 CPU running at 900 MHz and 1 GB RAM. It is described as 4 6 times more powerful than its predecessor. The GPU is identical to the original. In parallelized benchmarks, the Raspberry Pi 2 could be up to 14 times faster than a Raspberry Pi 1B+. The Raspberry Pi 3, with a Quad core Cortex-A53 processor, is described as 10 times the performance of a Raspberry Pi 1. This was suggested to be highly dependent upon task threading and instruction set use. Benchmarks showed the Raspberry Pi 3 to be approximately 80% faster than the Raspberry Pi 2 in parallelized tasks.

47 3. CPU Model B+ have a 700 MHz single-core ARM1176JZF-S processor. In the later model, Raspberry Pi 2 have a 900 MHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 processor. Compared to the Model B+, Pi2 have more speed and much more suitable for multitasking because of its quad-core processor. In the recent version, Raspberry Pi 3, the CPU is a 1.2 Ghz 64- bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 processor. Pi 3 has more processing power compared to Pi 2 and Model B+ and also it is capable to run 64-bit systems. However, the current version of the operating systems are still 32 bit. In the coming days there might be availability of 64 bit operating systems for Raspberry Pi 3. Compared to the Raspberry Pi 2, Raspberry Pi 3 delivers percent higher performance.

48 4.RAM On the older beta model B boards, 128 MB was allocated by default to the GPU, leaving 128 MB for the CPU. On the first 256 MB release model B (and model A), three different splits were possible. The default split was 192 MB (RAM for CPU), which should be sufficient for standalone 1080p video decoding, or for simple 3D, but probably not for both together. 224 MB was for Linux only, with only a 1080p framebuffer, and was likely to fail for any video or 3D. 128 MB was for heavy 3D, possibly also with video decoding (e.g. XBMC). Comparatively the Nokia 701 uses 128 MB for the Broadcom VideoCore IV. [29] For the new model B with 512 MB RAM initially there were new standard memory split files released( arm256_start.elf, arm384_start.elf, arm496_start.elf) for 256 MB, 384 MB and 496 MB CPU RAM (and 256 MB, 128 MB and 16 MB video RAM). But a week or so later the RPF released a new version of start.elf that could read a new entry in config.txt (gpu_mem=xx) and could dynamically assign an amount of RAM (from 16 to 256 MB in 8 MB steps) to the GPU, so the older method of memory splits became obsolete, and a single start.elf worked the same for 256 and 512 MB Raspberry Pis. The Raspberry Pi 2 and the Raspberry Pi 3 have 1 GB of RAM. The Raspberry Pi Zero has 512 MB of RAM.

49 5. Networking The model A, A+ and Zero have no Ethernet circuitry and are commonly connected to a network using an external user-supplied USB Ethernet or Wi-Fi adapter. On the model B and B+ the Ethernet port is provided by a built-in USB Ethernet adapter using the SMSC LAN9514 chip. The Raspberry Pi 3 is equipped with 2.4 GHz WiFi n(150 Mbit/s) and Bluetooth 4.1 (24 Mbit/s) in addition to the 10/100 Ethernet port.

50 6. Peripherals The Raspberry Pi may be operated with any generic USB computer keyboard and mouse.

51 7. Video The video controller can emit standard modern TV resolutions, such as HD and Full HD, and higher or lower monitor resolutions and older standard CRT TV resolutions. As shipped (i.e., without custom overclocking) it can emit these: EGA; VGA; SVGA; XGA; p HDTV; WXGA variant; WXGA variant; SXGA; WXGAvariant; SXGA+; UXGA; WXGA+; p HDTV; WUXGA. Higher resolutions, such as, up to , may work or even at 15 Hz (too low a framerate for convincing video). Note also that allowing the highest resolutions does not imply that the GPU can decode video formats at those; in fact, the Pis are known to not work reliably for H.265 (at those high resolution, at least), commonly used for very high resolutions (most formats, commonly used, up to full HD, do work).

52 8. GPU All the hardware versions of Raspberry Pi uses Broadcom VideoCore IV GPU, except the latest Pi 3 is clocked at 400 MHz.There are certain limitations of the GPU applications and usage of the Raspberry Pi compared to the high end smart phone GPU s. It has a theoretical maximum processing power of 24GFLOPs. You can learn more about Raspberry VideoCore API s here at elinux.org

53 9. Hardware The Raspberry Pi hardware has evolved through several versions that feature variations in memory capacity and peripheral-device support. This block diagram depicts models A, B, A+, and B+. Model A, A+, and Zero lack the Ethernet and USB hub components. The Ethernet adapter is connected to an additional USB port. In model A, A+, and Zero the USB port is connected directly to the system on a chip (SoC). On model B+ and later models the USB/Ethernet chip contains a five-point USB hub, of which four ports are available, while model B only provides two. On the model Zero, the USB port is also connected directly to the SoC, but it uses a micro USB (OTG) port.

54 10. Memory Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+ uses 512 Mb (as of 15 October) of SDRAM whereas 2 and 3 uses 1 GB of SDRAM (DDR2). One important difference between 2 and 3 is that, Model 2 has 450 MHz of RAM whereas Pi 3 has 900 MHz of RAM. It s obvious from the above considerations, Pi 3 has more leverage than Raspberry Pi 2 in terms of performance and speed.

55 11. Processor The SoC used in the first generation Raspberry Pi is somewhat equivalent to the chip used in older smartphones. The Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 SoC, which includes an 700 MHz ARM1176JZF-S processor, VideoCore IVgraphics processing unit (GPU), and RAM. It has a Level 1 cache of 16 KB and a Level 2 cache of 128 KB. The Level 2 cache is used primarily by the GPU. The SoC is stacked underneath the RAM chip, so only its edge is visible. The Raspberry Pi 2 uses a Broadcom BCM2836 SoC with a 900 MHz 32-bit quadcore ARM Cortex-A7 processor, with 256 KB shared L2 cache. The Raspberry Pi 3 uses a Broadcom BCM2837 SoC with a 1.2 GHz 64-bit quadcore ARM Cortex-A53 processor, with 512 KB shared L2 cache.

56 Conclusion: Raspberry Pi 3 has more leverage compared to the previous versions. As it costs the same price, there is no clear reason why someone should go for Raspberry Pi 2 or Model B+. Also it has an onboard Wifi and Bluetooth modules. This give more access to connectivity and more use for your IoT Project applications. All these three versions have same number of GPIOs.

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58 Frequently asked questions for raspberry pi 3 What is Raspberry Pi 3? The Raspberry Pi 3 is a credit card-sized computer that plugs into your TV and a keyboard. It is a capable little computer which can be used in electronics projects, and for many of the things that your desktop PC does, like spreadsheets, word processing, browsing the internet, and playing games. It also plays high-definition video. We want to see it being used by kids all over the world to learn programming.

59 How much Raspberry Pi costs? The Model A+ costs $20, the Model B+ costs $25, the Pi 2 costs $35, the Pi 3 costs $35, and the Pi Zero costs $5, plus local taxes and shipping/handling fees.

60 What are the User login details when we login into Raspberry Pi 3 system? The default username for Raspbian is pi and the default password is raspberry.

61 What are the major difference between the raspberry pi models? These are the current models of the Raspberry Pi available: the Pi 2 Model B, the Pi 3 Model B, the Pi Zero, and the Pi 1 Model B+ and A+. The Model A+ is the low-cost variant of the Raspberry Pi. It has 256MB RAM, one USB port, 40 GPIO pins and no Ethernet port. The Model B+ is the final revision of the original Raspberry Pi. It has 512MB RAM (twice as much as the A+), four USB ports, 40 GPIO pins, and an Ethernet port. In February 2015, it was superseded by the Pi 2 Model B, the second generation of the Raspberry Pi. The Pi 2 shares many specs with the Pi 1 B+, but it uses a 900MHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 CPU and has 1GB RAM. The Pi 2 is completely compatible with first generation boards, and is the model we recommend for use in schools, due to its flexibility for the learner. The Pi 3 Model B was launched in February 2016; it uses a 1.2GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 CPU, has 1GB RAM, integrated n wireless LAN, and Bluetooth 4.1. Finally, the Pi Zero is half the size of a Model A+, with a 1Ghz single-core CPU and 512MB RAM, and mini-hdmi and USB On-The-Go ports.

62 How to connect the Mouse and Keyboard into raspberry pi? The Model A/A+ has one USB port, the Model B has two ports, and the Model B+, 2B and 3B have four ports. These can be used to connect most USB 2.0 devices. Additional USB devices such as mice, keyboards, network adapters and external storage can be connected via a USB hub.

63 Why NOOBS Os? NOOBS stands for New Out of Box Software. It is our recommended installation method. It allows you to install the distro of your choice, even if you have little to no computing or Linux experience.

64 What are the dimensions of raspberry pi? The Raspberry Pi measures 85.60mm x 56mm x 21mm (or roughly 3.37 x 2.21 x 0.83 ), with a little overlap for the SD card and connectors which project over the edges. It weighs 45g. The Pi Zero measures 65mm x 30mm x 5.4mm (or roughly 2.56 x 1.18 x 0.20 ).

65 What is an SoC? A System on a Chip (SoC) is a method of placing all necessary electronics for running a computer on a single chip. Instead of having an individual chip for the CPU, GPU, USB controller, RAM and so on, everything is compressed down into one tidy package.

66 How does the OS boot? All the files necessary for booting are installed in a FAT32 partition of the SD card. The Raspberry Pi has to have an SD card installed to boot from, but a USB HD can take over after the initial boot. You cannot boot without an SD card.

67 What is its strength? The GPU provides OpenGL ES 2.0, hardware-accelerated OpenVG, and 1080p30 H.264 high-profile encode and decode. The GPU is capable of 1Gpixel/s, 1.5Gtexel/s or 24 GFLOPs of general purpose compute and features a bunch of texture filtering and DMA infrastructure. This means that graphics capabilities are roughly equivalent to the original Xbox s level of performance. Overall real world performance for models A, A+, B & B+ is something like a 300MHz Pentium 2, only with much better graphics. The Model 2B is approximately equivalent to an Athlon Thunderbird running at 1.1GHz: again, it has the much higher-quality graphics that come from using the same GPU as in previous models. The Model 3B is around 50% faster than the 2B.

68 Does it need a Heatsink? You should not need to use a heatsink, as the chip used in the Raspberry Pi is equivalent to that used in a mobile phone, and should not become hot enough to need any special cooling. However, depending on the case you are using and the overclocking settings, you might find a heatsink to be advantageous. We recommend the use of a heatsink if overclocking the Model 3B. Of course, if you just like the look of one, you will not hurt the Raspberry Pi by placing an appropriately-sized heatsink on it.

69 Which type of hardware interface does it have? Depending on the model, the Raspberry Pi has either 40 or 26 dedicated GPIO pins. In all cases, these include a UART, I2C bus, a SPI bus with two chip selects, I2S audio, 3V3, 5V, and ground. The maximum number of GPIOs can theoretically be indefinitely expanded by making use of the I2C or SPI bus.

70 Why there is no RTC? The expectation is that non-network-connected units will have their clocks updated manually at startup. Adding an RTC is surprisingly expensive once you have factored in batteries, area and components, and would have pushed us above our target price. You can add one yourself using the GPIO pins if you d like an interesting electronics project.

71 Can we add extra memory? No. The RAM on the model A, A+, B, B+, and Zero is a Package on Package (POP) on top of the SoC, so it is not removable or swappable. The RAM on the Model 2B/3B is on a separate chip on the bottom of the PCB, but 1GB is the maximum RAM that the SoC used by the Model 2B can support.

72 What is its operating temperature? The Raspberry Pi is built from commercial chips which are qualified to different temperature ranges; the LAN9512 is specified by the manufacturers as being qualified from 0 C to 70 C, while the AP is qualified from -40 C to 85 C. You may well find that the board will work outside those temperatures, but we re not qualifying the board itself to these extremes.

73 Does it blend? Yes. We have conducted extensive virtual simulations.

74 What is the camera board interface? The camera board is a small PCB that connects to the CSI-2 camera port on the Raspberry Pi using a short ribbon cable. It provides connectivity for a camera capable of capturing still images or video recordings. The camera connects to the Image System Pipeline (ISP) in the Raspberry Pi s SoC, where the incoming camera data is processed and eventually converted to an image or video on the SD card.

75 What are the camera models that camera models can use? The camera module V2 is a Sony IMX219, while the original camera module is an Omnivision They are comparable to cameras used in mobile phones.

76 What is the camera resolution? The camera module V2 is capable of taking photos up to 8 megapixels (8MP). It supports 1080p30, 720p60 and VGA90 video modes, as well as still capture. The original camera module is capable of taking photos up to 5 megapixels and can record video at resolutions up to 1080p30.

77 What is the format of image taken from camera? The camera module supports raw capturing (Bayer data direct from the sensor) or encoding as JPEG, PNG, GIF and BMP, uncompressed YUV, and uncompressed RGB photos. It can record video as H.264, baseline, main and high-profile formats.

78 How to use the camera? There are three command line applications provided for stills, video, and stills output uncompressed. These applications provide the typical features you might find on a compact cameras, such as set image size, compression quality, exposure mode, and ISO.

79 How much power is being consumed by the camera? The camera board requires 250mA to operate. Ensure that your power supply can provide enough power for the camera module, as well as the Raspberry Pi and any peripherals directly attached to the Raspberry Pi.

80 What kind of display can i use There is composite and HDMI out on the board, so you can hook it up to an old analogue TV through the composite or through a composite to scart connector, to a digital TV or to a DVI monitor (using a cheap, passive HDMI->DVI cable for the DVI). For the Model B+, 2B and 3B, the RCA composite jack has been replaced with a 3.5mm jack that combines audio and video in one. You ll need a 3.5mm to 3RCA adapter cable to connect it to an older TV. There are many different types of this cable out there, but you want to purchase on that is compatible with the ipod Video (the ipod will have the left and right audio channels reversed, but the version of Raspbian included with NOOBS can swap this for you). The Pi Zero uses a mini-hdmi port. There is no VGA support, but active adapters are available. Passive HDMI->VGA cables will not work with the Raspberry Pi. When purchasing an active VGA adapter, make sure it comes with an external power supply. HDMI->VGA adapters without an external power supply often fail to work.

81 Why there is no VGA support? The chip we use supports HDMI and composite outputs but does not support VGA. VGA is considered to be an end-of-life technology, so supporting it doesn t fit with our plans at the moment. However, if you really want to use a VGA monitor with a Raspberry Pi then it is possible using an HDMI->VGA adapter or Gert Van Loo s VGA666 adapter.

82 Can we interface the touchscreen? The Foundation provides a 7 capacitive touchscreen that utilises the Pi s DSI port, which is available through the usual distributors. Alternatively, several third-party retailers offer a range of touchscreens for the Raspberry Pi.

83 Can we power the raspberry pi from USB? It depends on the hub. Some hubs comply with the USB 2.0 Standard and only provide 500mA per port, which may not be enough to power your Raspberry Pi. Other hubs view the USB standards more like guidelines, and will provide as much power as you want from each port. Please also be aware that some hubs have been known to backfeed the Raspberry Pi. This means that the hubs will power the Raspberry Pi through its USB input cable, without the need for a separate micro-usb power cable, and bypass the voltage protection. If you are using a hub that backfeeds to the Raspberry Pi and the hub experiences a power surge, your Raspberry Pi could potentially be damaged.

84 Which programming language we should use? The Raspberry Pi Foundation recommends Python as a language for learners. We also recommend Scratch for younger kids. Any language which will compile for ARMv6 (Pi 1) or ARMv7 (Pi 2) can be used with the Raspberry Pi, though, so you are not limited to using Python. C, C++, Java, Scratch, and Ruby all come installed by default on the Raspberry Pi.

85 What kind of Linux flavour it support? Raspbian (based on Debian), Arch Linux and Pidora run on Raspberry Pi 1 and 2. Ubuntu MATE and Ubuntu Snappy Core also run on Pi 2 only.

86 What is the maximum size of SD card it can support? We have tried cards up to 32GB, and most cards seem to work OK. You can also attach a USB stick or USB hard drive to provide extra storage.

87 Is there built in wi-fi? Only the Pi 3 has built in WiFi, but all other models can support a USB WiFi dongle. The Foundation offers its own branded Wi-Fi dongle which has been fully tested for use with the Raspberry Pi.

88 Is there built in Bluetooth? Only on the Pi 3.