Intel Many-Core Processor Architecture for High Performance Computing

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1 Intel Many-Core Processor Architecture for High Performance Computing Andrey Semin Principal Engineer, Intel IXPUG, Moscow June 1, 2017

2 Legal INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH INTEL PRODUCTS. NO LICENSE, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, BY ESTOPPEL OR OTHERWISE, TO ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IS GRANTED BY THIS DOCUMENT. EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN INTEL'S TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE FOR SUCH PRODUCTS, INTEL ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER AND INTEL DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY, RELATING TO SALE AND/OR USE OF INTEL PRODUCTS INCLUDING LIABILITY OR WARRANTIES RELATING TO FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT, COPYRIGHT OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. A "Mission Critical Application" is any application in which failure of the Intel Product could result, directly or indirectly, in personal injury or death. SHOULD YOU PURCHASE OR USE INTEL'S PRODUCTS FOR ANY SUCH MISSION CRITICAL APPLICATION, YOU SHALL INDEMNIFY AND HOLD INTEL AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES, SUBCONTRACTORS AND AFFILIATES, AND THE DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, AND EMPLOYEES OF EACH, HARMLESS AGAINST ALL CLAIMS COSTS, DAMAGES, AND EXPENSES AND REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES ARISING OUT OF, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, ANY CLAIM OF PRODUCT LIABILITY, PERSONAL INJURY, OR DEATH ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF SUCH MISSION CRITICAL APPLICATION, WHETHER OR NOT INTEL OR ITS SUBCONTRACTOR WAS NEGLIGENT IN THE DESIGN, MANUFACTURE, OR WARNING OF THE INTEL PRODUCT OR ANY OF ITS PARTS. Intel may make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time, without notice. All products, dates, and figures specified are preliminary based on current expectations, and are subject to change without notice. Intel processors, chipsets, and desktop boards may contain design defects or errors known as errata, which may cause the product to deviate from published specifications. Current characterized errata are available on request. Any code names featured are used internally within Intel to identify products that are in development and not yet publicly announced for release. Customers, licensees and other third parties are not authorized by Intel to use code names in advertising, promotion or marketing of any product or services and any such use of Intel's internal code names is at the sole risk of the user. Intel product plans in this presentation do not constitute Intel plan of record product roadmaps. Please contact your Intel representative to obtain Intel s current plan of record product roadmaps. Performance claims: Software and workloads used in performance tests may have been optimized for performance only on Intel microprocessors. Performance tests, such as SYSmark and MobileMark, are measured using specific computer systems, components, software, operations and functions. Any change to any of those factors may cause the results to vary. You should consult other information and performance tests to assist you in fully evaluating your contemplated purchases, including the performance of that product when combined with other products. For more information go to Intel, the Intel logo, Intel Xeon Phi, VTune, and Xeon are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and/or other countries. 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

3 Agenda Intel Xeon Phi Architecture MCDRAM Memory Modes KNL Processor Cluster Modes Job Scheduler Support 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

A Balanced Architecture Compute Platform Memory Up to 384 GB

.. Intel Xeon Processor Binary-Compatible Knights Landing 3+

.. Out-of-Order Cores On-Package Memory up to 72 Cores

~490 GB/s STREAM at launch Fabric (optional) All products,

4 A Balanced Architecture Compute Platform Memory Up to 384 GB Intel Xeon Processor Binary-Compatible Knights Landing 3+ TFLOPS, 3x ST (single-thread) perf. vs KNC 2D Mesh Architecture... Out-of-Order Cores On-Package Memory up to 72 Cores Integrated Fabric Processor Package 16 GiB integrated on package ~490 GB/s STREAM at launch Fabric (optional) All products, systems, dates and figures are subject to change without notice. 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation st Intel processor to integrate 4

5 KNL Overview x4 DMI2 to PCH 36 Lanes PCIe* Gen3 (x16, x16, x4) TILE: (up to 36) 2VPU Core HUB 1MB L2 2VPU Core KNL Package MCDRAM MCDRAM Chip: Up to 36 s interconnected by 2D Mesh : 2 Cores + 2 VPU/core + 1 MB L2 4 MCDRAM MCDRAM 4 EDC (embedded DRAM controller) IMC (integrated memory controller) 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation 2017 Node: 1-Socket only Memory: MCDRAM: 16 GB on-package; High BW 4: up to 384 GB IO: 36 lanes PCIe* Gen3. 4 lanes of DMI for chipset Fabric: Intel Omni-Path Architecture on-package (not shown) MCDRAM Vector Peak Perf: 3+TF DP and 6+TF SP Flops ~5X Higher BW Scalar Perf: ~3x over Knights Corner than Stream Triad (GB/s): MCDRAM : 450+; : 90+ Source Intel: All products, computer systems, dates and figures specified are preliminary based on current expectations, and are subject to change without notice. KNL data are preliminary based on current expectations and are subject to change without notice. 1 Binary Compatible with Intel Xeon processors using Haswell Instruction Set (except TSX). 2 Bandwidth numbers are based on STREAM-like memory access pattern when MCDRAM used as flat memory. Results have been estimated based on internal Intel analysis and are provided for informational purposes only. Any difference in system hardware or software design or configuration may affect actual performance. *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others. IIO (integrated I/O controller) 5

LEGACY KNL Supported ISA E5-2600 (SNB 1 ) E5-2600v3 (HSW

instructions Legacy binary runs w/o recompilation KNC

SSE* AVX SSE* AVX AVX2 BMI TSX SSE* AVX AVX2 BMI KNL

32 registers, & 8 mask registers Gather/Scatter No TSX.

Previous Code name Intel Xeon processors 2.

AVX-512PF AVX-512ER Conflict Detection: Improves

6 LEGACY KNL Supported ISA E (SNB 1 ) E5-2600v3 (HSW 1 ) KNL (Xeon Phi 2 ) KNL implements all legacy instructions Legacy binary runs w/o recompilation KNC binary requires recompilation x87/mmx x87/mmx x87/mmx SSE* AVX SSE* AVX AVX2 BMI TSX SSE* AVX AVX2 BMI KNL introduces AVX-512 Extensions 512-bit FP/Integer Vectors 32 registers, & 8 mask registers Gather/Scatter No TSX. Under separate CPUID bit 1. Previous Code name Intel Xeon processors 2. Xeon Phi = Intel Xeon Phi processor AVX-512F AVX-512CD AVX-512PF AVX-512ER Conflict Detection: Improves Vectorization Prefetch: Gather and Scatter Prefetch Exponential and Reciprocal Instructions 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

7 Core & VPU Out-of-order core w/ 4 SMT threads: 3x over KNC VPU tightly integrated with core pipeline 2-wide Decode/Rename/Retire ROB-based renaming. 72-entry ROB & Rename Buffers Up to 6-wide at execution Integer (Int) and floating point (FP) RS are OoO MEM RS inorder with OoO completion - Recycle Buffer holds memory ops waiting for completion Int and MEM RS hold source data, FP RS does not 2x 64B Load & 1x 64B Store ports in Dcache 1 st level utlb: 64 entries 2 nd level dtlb: 256 4K, 128 2M, 16 1G pages L1 Prefetcher (IPP) and L2 Prefetcher 46/48 PA/VA bits Fast unaligned and cache-line split support Fast Gather/Scatter support 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

8 Typical instructions costs for Knights Landing 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

9 MCDRAM Modes Cache mode No source changes needed to use Misses are expensive (higher latency) Needs MCDRAM access + access KNL Cores + Uncore (L2) MCDRAM (as Cache) Flat mode MCDRAM mapped to physical address space Exposed as a NUMA node Use numactl --hardware, lscpu to display configuration Accessed through memkind library or numactl KNL Cores + Uncore (L2) Physical Addr Space MCDRAM (as Mem) Hybrid Combination of the above two E.g., 8 GB in cache + 8 GB in Flat Mode KNL Cores + Uncore (L2) MCDRAM (as Cache) Physical Addr Space MCDRAM (as Mem) 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

10 Software visible memory configuration (numactl --hardware) 1. Cache mode available: 1 nodes (0) node 0 cpus: node 0 size: MB node 0 free: MB node distances: node 0 0: Flat mode available: 2 nodes (0-1) node 0 cpus: node 0 size: MB node 0 free: MB node 1 cpus: node 1 size: MB node 1 free: MB node distances: node 0 1 0: : Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

11 MCDRAM as Cache Upside No software modifications required Bandwidth benefit (over ) Downside Higher latency for access i.e., for cache misses Misses limited by BW All memory is transferred as: -> MCDRAM -> L2 Memory side cache Less addressable memory KNL Cores + Uncore (L2) MCDRAM (as Cache) MCDRAM as Flat Mode Upside Maximum BW Lower latency KNL Cores + Uncore (L2) i.e., no MCDRAM cache misses Maximum addressable memory Isolation of MCDRAM for highperformance application use only MCDRAM (as Mem) Downside Software modifications (or interposer library) required to use and MCDRAM in the same app Which data structures should go where? MCDRAM is a finite resource and tracking it adds complexity 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

12 MCDRAM vs. : latency vs. bandwidth Software and workloads used in performance tests may have been optimized for performance only on Intel microprocessors. Performance tests, such as SYSmark and MobileMark, are measured using specific computer systems, components, software, operations and functions. Any change to any of those factors may cause the results to vary. You should consult other information and performance tests to assist you purchases, including the performance of that product when combined with other products. KNL results measured on pre-production parts. Any difference in system hardware or software design or configuration may affect actual performance. For more information go to All products, systems, dates and figures are preliminary based on current expectations, and are subject to change without notice. 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

13 Accessing MCDRAM in Flat Mode Option A: Using numactl Works best if the whole app can fit in MCDRAM Option B: Using libraries Memkind Library Using library calls or Compiler Directives (Fortran*) Needs source modification AutoHBW (interposer library based on memkind) No source modification needed (based on size of allocations) No fine control over individual allocations Option C: Direct OS system calls mmap(2), mbind(2), libnuma library (numa(3)) Not the preferred method Page-only granularity, OS serialization, no pool management 1. Juni 2017 *Other names and brands Copyright may be claimed Intel as the Corporation property of others

14 Option A: Using numactl to Access MCDRAM MCDRAM is exposed to OS/software as a NUMA node Utility numactl is standard utility for NUMA system control See man numactl Do numactl --hardware to see the NUMA configuration of your system If the total memory footprint of your app is smaller than the size of MCDRAM Use numactl to allocate all of its memory from MCDRAM numactl --membind=mcdram_id <your_command> Where mcdram_id is the ID of MCDRAM node If the total memory footprint of your app is larger than the size of MCDRAM You can still use numactl to allocate part of your app in MCDRAM numactl --preferred=mcdram_id <your_command> Allocations that don t fit into MCDRAM spills over to numactl --interleave=nodes <your_command> Allocations are interleaved across all nodes 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

15 Option B.1: Using Memkind Library to Access MCDRAM Allocate 1000 floats from Allocate 1000 floats from MCDRAM float *fv; #include <hbwmalloc.h> fv = (float *)malloc(sizeof(float) * 1000); float *fv; fv = (float *)hbw_malloc(sizeof(float) * 1000); Allocate arrays from MCDRAM and in Intel Fortran Compiler c Declare arrays to be dynamic REAL, ALLOCATABLE :: A(:), B(:), C(:)!DEC$ ATTRIBUTES FASTMEM :: A c c c c c c NSIZE=1024 allocate array A from MCDRAM ALLOCATE (A(1:NSIZE)) Allocate arrays that will come from ALLOCATE (B(NSIZE), C(NSIZE)) 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

16 Memkind Architecture 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

17 hbw and memkind APIs See man hbwmalloc See man memkind for memkind API Notes: (1) hbw_* APIs call memkind APIs. (2) Only part of memkind API shown above 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

18 Obtaining Memkind Library Homepage: Join Mailing list: Download package On Fedora* 21 and above: yum install memkind On RHEL* 7: yum install epel-release; yum install memkind Alternative(1), you can build from source git clone See CONTRIBUTING file for build instructions Must use this option to get AutoHBW library Alternative(2), Download via XPPS (Intel Xeon Phi Processor Software) Download XPPS ( Untar and install the memkind rpm from: xppsl-<ver>/<os-ver>/srpms/xppsl-memkind-<ver>.src.rpm *Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others. 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

19 Memkind Policies and Memory Types How do we make sure we get memory only from MCDRAM? This depends on POLICY See man page (man hbwmalloc) and hbw_set_policy() / hbw_get_policy() HBW_POLICY_BIND : Will cause app to die when it runs out of MCDRAM HBW_POLICY_PREFERRED : Will allocate from if MCDRAM not sufficient (default) Allocating 2 MB and 1 GB pages Use hbw_posix_memalign_psize() Similarly, many kinds of memory supported by memkind (see man page: man memkind) MEMKIND_DEFAULT Default allocation using standard memory and default page size. MEMKIND_HBW Allocate from the closest high-bandwidth memory NUMA node at time of allocation. MEMKIND_HBW_PREFERRED If there is not enough HBW memory to satisfy the request, fall back to standard memory. MEMKIND_HUGETLB Allocate using huge pages. MEMKIND_GBTLB Allocate using GB huge pages. MEMKIND_INTERLEAVE Allocate pages interleaved across all NUMA nodes. MEMKIND_PMEM Allocate from file-backed heap. These can all be used with HBW (e.g. MEMKIND_HBW_HUGETLB); all but INTERLEAVE can be used with HBW_PREFERRED. 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

20 Option B.2: AutoHBW AutoHBW: Interposer Library that comes with memkind Automatically allocates memory from MCDRAM If a heap allocation (e.g., malloc/calloc) is larger than a given threshold Simplest way to experiment with MCDRAM memory is with AutoHBW library: LD_PRELOAD=libautohbw.so./application Environment variables (see autohbw_readme) AUTO_HBW_SIZE=x[:y] Any allocation larger than x and smaller than y should be allocated in HBW memory AUTO_HBW_MEM_TYPE=memory_type Sets the kind of HBW memory that should be allocated (e.g. MEMKIND_HBW) AUTO_HBW_LOG=level Extra Logging information Finding source locations of arrays export AUTO_HBW_LOG=2./app_name > log.txt autohbw_get_src_lines.pl log.txt app_name 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

21 Observing MCDRAM Memory Allocations Where is MCDRAM usage printed? numastat m Printed for each NUMA node Includes Huge Pages info numastat -p <pid> OR numastat p exec_name Info about process <pid> E.g., watch -n 1 numastat -p exec_name cat /sys/devices/system/node/node*/meminfo Info about each NUMA node cat /proc/meminfo Aggregate info for system Utilities that provide MCDRAM node info <memkind_install_dir>/bin/memkind-hbw-nodes numactl --hardware lscpu 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

22 Software visible memory configuration (numactl --hardware) 1. Cache mode available: 1 nodes (0) node 0 cpus: node 0 size: MB node 0 free: MB node distances: node 0 0: 10 $./app $ mpirun np 72./app 2. Flat mode available: 2 nodes (0-1) node 0 cpus: node 0 size: MB node 0 free: MB node 1 cpus: node 1 size: MB node 1 free: MB node distances: node 0 1 0: : $ mpirun np 68 numactl m 1./app # MCDRAM BIND $ mpirun np 68 numactl --preferred=1./app # MCDRAM PREFERRED $ mpirun np 68./app # 4 (default) In the latter case the app should explicitly allocate critical high bandwidth data in MCDRAM, using memkind APIs and/or Fortran fastmem attributes 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

KNL Clustering Modes KNL uses Cache Homing Agents (CHA) for tiles to interface with memory CHAs are distributed among die, one per tile Helps maintain cache coherency Each CHA can access only a

23 KNL Clustering Modes KNL uses Cache Homing Agents (CHA) for tiles to interface with memory CHAs are distributed among die, one per tile Helps maintain cache coherency Each CHA can access only a specific memory range Cluster modes differ on CHA affinitization to memory controllers All-to-All: No Affinitization Quadrant: Affinity between CHA and memory controllers SNC: Affinity between, CHA and memory controllers CHA affinitization to memory controllers is Software transparent This is a HW configuration, not visible to SW If not using SNC, all perf systems should be using Quad mode Cluster mode chosen at boot time (in BIOS) 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation ,000 foot-level CHA Memory Controller How is CHA selected? has cache Miss Hash of Physical Address Selects CHA Memory 23

24 KNL Mesh Interconnect OPIO OPIO PCIe OPIO OPIO EDC EDC IIO EDC EDC Mesh of Rings Every row and column is a (half) ring YX routing: Go in Y Turn Go in X Messages arbitrate at injection and on turn Cache Coherent Interconnect imc imc MESIF protocol (F = Forward) Distributed directory to filter snoops Three Cluster Modes EDC EDC Misc EDC EDC (1) All-to-All (2) Quadrant OPIO OPIO OPIO OPIO (3) Sub-NUMA Clustering (SNC) All products, computer systems, dates and figures specified are preliminary based on current expectations, and are subject to change without notice. 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

25 Cluster Mode: All-to-All OPIO OPIO PCIe OPIO OPIO Address uniformly hashed across all distributed directories EDC EDC IIO EDC EDC 1 4 imc imc 3 No affinity between, Directory and Memory Lower performance mode, compared to other modes. Mainly for fall-back Typical Read L2 miss EDC EDC Misc EDC EDC 2 1. L2 miss encountered 2. Send request to the distributed directory 3. Miss in the directory. Forward to memory OPIO OPIO OPIO OPIO 4. Memory sends the data to the requestor All products, computer systems, dates and figures specified are preliminary based on current expectations, and are subject to change without notice. 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

26 Cluster Mode: Quadrant OPIO OPIO PCIe OPIO OPIO EDC EDC IIO EDC EDC 3 Chip divided into four virtual Quadrants 1 4 imc imc 2 Address hashed to a Directory in the same quadrant as the Memory Affinity between the Directory and Memory EDC EDC Misc EDC EDC OPIO OPIO OPIO OPIO Lower latency and higher BW than all-to-all. Software transparent. 1. L2 miss, 2. Directory access, 3. Memory access, 4. Data return 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

27 Cluster Mode: Sub-NUMA Clustering (SNC) OPIO OPIO PCIe OPIO OPIO EDC EDC IIO EDC EDC 3 Each Quadrant (Cluster) exposed as a separate NUMA domain to OS imc imc Looks analogous to 4-Socket Xeon Affinity between, Directory and Memory Local communication. Lowest latency of all modes EDC EDC Misc EDC EDC OPIO OPIO OPIO OPIO 1. L2 miss, 2. Directory access, 3. Memory access, 4. Data return Software needs to be NUMA-aware to get benefit 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

28 Software visible memory configuration (numactl --hardware) w/ different clustering modes 1. Cache mode / Quadrant available: 1 nodes (0) node 0 cpus: node 0 size: MB node 0 free: MB node distances: node 0 0: Flat mode / Quadrant available: 2 nodes (0-1) node 0 cpus: node 0 size: MB node 0 free: MB node 1 cpus: node 1 size: MB node 1 free: MB node distances: node 0 1 0: : Cache mode / SNC-4 available: 4 nodes (0-3) node 0 cpus: node 0 size: MB node 1 cpus: node 1 size: MB node 2 cpus: node 2 size: MB node 3 cpus: node 3 size: MB node distances: node : : : : Flat mode with sub-numa clustering (SNC-4) available: 8 nodes (0-7) node 0 cpus: node 0 size: MB node 1 cpus: node 1 size: MB node 2 cpus: node 2 size: MB node 3 cpus: node 3 size: MB node 4 cpus: node 4 size: 4039 MB node 5 cpus: node 5 size: 4039 MB node 6 cpus: node 6 size: 4039 MB node 7 cpus: node 7 size: 4036 MB node distances: node : : : : : : : : Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

29 SLURM support for KNL MCDRAM and cluster modes: -C / --constraint $ sbatch -C flat,quad -N 2 my_script.sh $ srun --constraint=cache -n 72 a.out $ salloc -C snc4,cache -N 1 $ sinfo -o "%30N %20b %f" NODELIST ACTIVE_FEATURES AVAIL_FEATURES n03p[003,017] quad,flat,knl a2a,hemi,quad,snc2,snc4,cache,flat,hybrid,auto,knl n03p001 quad,cache,knl a2a,hemi,quad,snc2,snc4,cache,flat,hybrid,auto,knl n03p004 snc4,cache,knl a2a,hemi,quad,snc2,snc4,cache,flat,hybrid,auto,knl Resource Type Constraint Description MCDRAM cache All of MCDRAM to be used as cache MCDRAM equal MCDRAM to be used partly as cache and partly combined with primary memory MCDRAM flat MCDRAM to be combined with primary memory into a "flat" memory space NUMA a2a All to all NUMA hemi Hemisphere NUMA snc2 Sub-NUMA cluster 2 NUMA snc4 Sub-NUMA cluster 4 NUMA quad Quadrant 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

Summary Intel Xeon Phi 7200 series introduced new hardware features exposed to developers and users for better tuning of the application performance High bandwidth in-package Multi-Channel DRAM

30 Summary Intel Xeon Phi 7200 series introduced new hardware features exposed to developers and users for better tuning of the application performance High bandwidth in-package Multi-Channel DRAM (MCDRAM) could be configured as memory-side cache or dedicated memory region Large processor mash could be flexibly configured as UMA or NUMA to reduce memory access and core-to-core communication latencies Modern job schedulers support the latest KNL features 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

31 BACKUP 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

32 MCDRAM in SNC4 Mode MCDRAM MCDRAM SNC4: Sub-NUMA Clustering KNL die is divided into 4 clusters (similar to a 4-Socket Xeon) SNC4 configured at boot time Use numactl --hardware to find out nodes and distances There are 4 (+CPU) nodes + 4 MCDRAM (no CPU) nodes, in flat mode MCDRAM MCDRAM Running 4-MPI ranks is the easiest way to utilize SNC4 Each rank allocates from closest node If a rank allocates MCDRAM, it goes to closest MCDRAM node KNL Cores + Uncore (L2) If you run only 1 MPI rank and use numactl to allocate on MCDRAM Specify all MCDRAM nodes E.g., numactl m 4,5,6,7 MCDRAM (as Mem) Compare with 2 NUMA nodes 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

33 More KNL Info Intel Xeon Phi processor related documents, software tools, recipe 1. Juni 2017 Copyright Intel Corporation

Enhancing Application Performance using Heterogeneous Memory Architectures on the Many-core Platform

Enhancing Application Performance using Heterogeneous Memory Architectures on the Many-core Platform Shuo Li, Karthik Raman, Ruchira Sasanka, Andrey Semin Presented by James Tullos IXPUG US Annual Meeting