Current situation of reusing used PC in Thailand

Transcription

1 Session 4 "Regional and Global Issues in Reuse of Used Electronic Appliances" The Third NIES Workshop on E-waste 18 Nov., 2006 Current situation of reusing used PC in Thailand So SASAKI Research Fellow, Japan Society of the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Research Fellow, Public Policy School, Hokkaido University sasakiso@hotmail.com 1

2 PCuserper1,000people Malaysia 1 Singapore Korea,Rep. HongKong Japan From high class to Middle (source) ,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 GNIpercapita 80 Mongolia 70 World Bank(2006), 2005 World Development Indicators PCuserper1,000people LaoPDR 2 Vietnam Philippines From Middle class to Low Indonesia China Thailand 0 Cambodia ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 GNIpercapita 2

3 Why did Thai government restrict used EEE*? Thai government worried that the Thai market would be flooded with used EEE Because China had restricted the import of used EEE in 2000, and strengthened the restriction of import including crushed and parts of used EEE in Thai government, Pollution Control Department (PCD), discovered some illegal import of used EEE. *EEE means electrical and electronic equipment. 3

4 Regulation for the import control of the used EEE Department of Industrial Works (DIW) issued the new regulation for the import control of the used EEE & its parts/components 29 items of used EEE are required the import permission from DIW Import of used EEE is allowed only for the following activities: resale, reuse and repair/refurblish for its original purpose disassembly and recycle/recovery (source) Teerapon (2005) 4

5 Regulation for the import control of the used EEE ( cont) 29 Items are: Radio Tape-recorder player Video player VCD player DVD Player TV Air conditioner Washing machine Cloth dryer Dry-cleaner machine Rice cooker Electric pot Microwave Electric oven Electric fan (source) Teerapon (2005) Water cooler Hair dryer Iron Burglar or fire alarm & similar apparatus Compressors of a kind used refrigerating equipment Calculator Electric typewriter Photocopier Telephone Fax machine Telegraph machine Mobile telephone Computer & its associated devices 5

6 Regulation for the import control of the used EEE ( cont) Criteria for determination: Product Life for reuse and resale ( 3 yrs for 28 items, 5 yrs for photocopier) Quality guarantee from exporter. Economic value Capability of the facilities In case of disassembly and recycle/recovery: Facilities must have a permit required by DIW Consent of Exporting Country is required for the guarantee that all residues from such process will be taken back to the Exporting Country 6 (source) Teerapon (2005)

7 Import license About recycling or refurbish facility Import item 7

8 Import business of used PC Import of Used PC from JAPAN to Thailand Refurbishing PC Disassemble parts Delete memory, HDD, OS Built in transformer Selling used and Refurbishing PC 8

9 Importer reports to DIW Amount of reuse parts Import amount of used item Amount of used sales Amount of Defective goods 9

10 Merit and demerit of regulation for the import control of the used EEE + Importers are frequently inspected for any illegal aspects by DIW, meaning this regulation helps highlight the best importers. + The DIW can grasp the real amount of imports based on this regulation. - Since Thailand adapted the regulation, the amount of used EEE or WEEE imports from Thailand and developed countries has increased about 50% each year in Cambodia - Used EEE are trending to be exported to countries which do not have import regulation of Used EEE. Need the export control of used EEE? e.g.) HS-Code 10

11 Import permission amount of used EEE by DIW (Feb in 2004-May in 2005) Item Purpose of import Feb.-Dec in 2004 Jan-May in 2005 unit Computer reuse 674, , ,927 Car A/C reuse 47,092 23,987 71,079 Copy Machine reuse 12,686 51,176 63,862 Video Deck reuse 4,780 2,886 7,666 Computer refurbish 1,976, ,126 2,652,163 (Source) กรมโรงงานอ ตสาหกรรม (Department of Industrial Works) It is clear that a lot of used PC were imported. Imported from Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore But the amount of import used EEE from the countries were not published. 11

12 Estimation of PC market in The sales volume of household was 489,000 unit estimating from National Electronics and Computer Technology Center(NECTC)(2005), Thailand ICT Indicators The sales volume of formal sectors such as government, industries, SMEs was 1,267,000 unit estimating from The Association of Thai ICT Industry (ATCI) Therefore, total sales volume of PC was 1,756,000 unit in 2004 (Source) NECTC ATCI 12

13 PC market structure in 2004 Price (Baht) 1)Total 1,756,000 unit 30,000 2) New notebook PC 3) New desktop PC New PC market 10,000 3,000 $1= 36Baht (source) 1) =NECTC+ATCI 2) & 3) Hearing from Sony Thai Co. Ltd. 4) DIW 5) Estimation =1) { 2) + 3) + 4)} 4)Imported & reused PC 5)Imported & refurbished PC, used PC from domestic unit 6) The part of used PC were Exported to surrounding Countries which have demand for How many? 13 < Used PC market

14 Used EEE market in Cambodia photo taken by Sasaki name of used PC shop is PC magic ( Imported form Japan used Disk Drive imported form Thailand New PC case imported form Malaysia 14

15 Is reusing used PC good or bad? Used PC is very cheap, (but low spec) e.g.) notebook PC (new US$850 over used US$300 Used PC make a contribution to reduce Digital divide in Thai and South East Asian countries. But Almost PC without operation system (OS) were sold in Thailand. using illegal copy OS (e.g. Windows is sold for 100 Baht US$3) or Linux. Refurbishing PC are assembled from various maker s parts. Who will take the responsibility for environment to used PC? 15

16 (Draft) Law for Community Generated Hazardous Waste Management Excise Dept. Producer Product Charge =Price * 2% Importer Customs Dept. Committee used market Or export to surrounding Countries Sells price competition Users Deposit refund Specific Take-back center fund Waste processor 16

17 Acknowledgement I would like to thank PCD, DIW, Ms. Hamaguchi and Mr. Kojima in JETRO, Prof. Sunee Mallikamarl in Ramkamheng Univ., Dr. Surichai WUN GAEO in Chulalongkorn Univ., and Prof. Fumikazu Yoshida in Hokkaido Univ. for their detailed comments, suggestions, and constant support. This research was partially funded by Foundation Showa Shell Sekiyu environment research promotion foundation, The Matsushita International Foundation, and Grants-in- Aid for Scientific Research of JSPS. Thank you for attentions ขอบค ณมากคร บ ご静聴ありがとうございました 17

18 Percentage of households with computers Remark: *exclude Bangkok (Source) National Electronics and Computer Technology Center(2005), Thailand ICT Indicators