PMT Candidates for SSD Challenge for PMTs in air-shower detection highest linear dynamic range
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1 PMT Candidates for SSD Challenge for PMTs in air-shower detection highest linear dynamic range Karl-Heinz Becker, Karl-Heinz Kampert, Alex Kääpä, Christian Pauly, Sven Querchfeld, Julian Rautenberg OBSERVATORY HAP Advanced Technologies Meeting Mainz, Feb. 216
2 Scintillation detector on top of surface detector Goal: More precise composition analysis by measuring em-component 2 2 m 2 plastic scintillator Read out with WLS fibers (Kuraray Y11 / SaintGobaint BCF-91A) 48 fiber cookie to photon detector Auger Prime SSD cm 1 cm S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
3 Photon Detector Requirements Photon detector for scintillating fiber Main request: high linearity Up to 2. MIPS? MIP signal of about 12PE expected Timescale of pulses O(ns) Low power consumption (CAEN HV module 2V, 1µA) Range Intent Dynamic range bits LowGain MIP AnodeX32 HighGain Showers Anode/4 Ipeak (ma) Vpeak (mv) Npart (MIP) S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
4 Photomultiplier Candidates Ham. R942(-) Ham. R8619 Size Photocathode (super-)bialkali bialkali min. Effective Area [mm] Dynode Structure/Stages lin. focused/ 8 lin. focused/ Gain Supply Voltage [V] typ. 13 max Dark Current [na] typ. 2 max. 15 Cathode Sens. [ma/w] 1 9? Q.E. at peak wavelength 27% (35%) 27%? Rise Time [ns] S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
5 Photomultiplier Candidates Combining best of both PMTs: R1192- Developed by CTA/Hamamatsu Dynode structure of R8619 R942- tube, super-bialkali Low afterpulsing For SSD: Too complicated to mount cookie S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
6 QE Measurement QE [%] Ham. R942- Ham. R942 Ham. R Wavelength [nm] Measurement in reference to a calibrated photodiode Super-bialkali benefit insignificant > 5 nm S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
7 QE Measurement Emission spectrum for two different WLS fibers > 5 nm Lower wavelength (< 5 nm) of Kuraray Y-11 favorable for PMTs S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
![Y-Position [mm] 5 4 3 Ham. R942, 45 nm 3 25 2 15 Uniformity R942 - R8619 QE at 45 nm [%] 2 5 2 3 4 5 X-Position [mm] QE within radius QE within radius 35 r=5.65mm, (mm^2) Entries 46 Mean 24.48 35 r=5.](/docs-images/81/82957269/images/8-0.jpg "65mm, (mm^2) Entries 41 Mean 16.15 3 25 RMS.6339 r=3.9mm, (48mm^2) Entries 192 Mean 24.34 RMS.5684 3 25 RMS.4737 r=3.9mm, (48mm^2) Entries 185 Mean 16.14 RMS.")
8 Y-Position [mm] Ham. R942, 45 nm Uniformity R942 - R8619 QE at 45 nm [%] X-Position [mm] QE within radius QE within radius 35 r=5.65mm, (mm^2) Entries 46 Mean r=5.65mm, (mm^2) Entries 41 Mean RMS.6339 r=3.9mm, (48mm^2) Entries 192 Mean RMS RMS.4737 r=3.9mm, (48mm^2) Entries 185 Mean RMS QE at 45nm [%] QE at 45nm [%] black circle r=5.65mm radius (ca. mm 2 ), red r=3.9mm (ca. 48 mm 2 ) S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
9 Linearity R942- Linear relation between charge and light Important for energy estimation Depends on voltage divider Measured with calibrated attenuation filters Resistor ratio optimized voltage divider voltage divider S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
10 Linearity R942 For SSD test setup: Extend linearity measurement to O( 5 ) Linearity measured with different attenuation filters Calibration by single photon peak Test new dividers FD base, active Hamamatsu/Torino Base w/ low power consumption, passive Compare PMTs selected for high linearity to standard batch Setup for constant light and pulses 3 Setups BUW, Lecce): Auger FD test-setup, variable pulse length >ns CBM SPE setup with <ps laser-pulses 2-LED setup, similar to Hamamatsu, only deviation for x2 S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
11 SPE measurement with n-xyter light attenuated for small fraction of single photon hits 211-base has higher/steeper gain than FD base SPE Measurement ADC counts R942 B211 R942 SEL B211 R942 B415 R942 SEL B415 SPE peak vs V Voltage [V] Number of Entries V slice_py_of_roc_nx_adc_wo_baseline Entries Mean RMS 59.2 Number of Entries V slice_py_of_roc_nx_adc_wo_baseline Entries 4637 Mean RMS ADC values (baseline subtracted) ADC values (baseline subtracted) S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
12 Linearity Tests, R Combination of different attenuation filters SPE position arbitrary SPE gives gain Saturation visible? S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
13 Linearity Tests, R #Electrons SPE Peak Transmission Combination of different attenuation filters SPE position arbitrary SPE gives gain Saturation visible? S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
14 Linearity tests, R942 R942 13V R942 13V # detected photons 3 # detected photons Transmission Transmission First rough calculation Despite different gain, saturation at same level No favorable base identified yet Further investigation on HV/Gain dependence Improve/automate test setup S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
15 Linearity tests, R First test of R8619 Even higher gain (-stages) S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
16 Pulse Stability Signal [mv] Signal [mv] Divider: passive I Bleeder = 52µA 3 29 Divider: active I Bleeder = 137µA Time [ns] Time [ns] Too small bleeder current for passive base Additional supporting capacitor at 4th and 5th dynode? Active base still capable but needs to be modified to match I < µa Afterpulsing for R942 visible S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
17 Similar 8-stage PMT XPS 296 Used by H.E.S.S. for years Low power consumption Cost attractive (<6 ) Integrated Base by ISEG S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
18 Integrated Base by ISEG stabilized by direct conection to stages of the Cockcraft-Walton S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
19 Integrated Base by ISEG S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
20 Summary & Outlook Hamamatsu PMTs R942 and R8619 R942 slightly less homogeneous Active base with tapered divider build for R8619 & R942 Tapered divider suitable for single photon/mip signal Pulses <ps linear up to 3k PE Test setup to be improved and automated Pulse-length longer than ns active base Base with integrated HV (optimized stability) by ISEG as used e.g. by H.E.S.S. an attractive option! S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
21 BackUp Slides S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
22 Pulselength close to axis? S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
23 Pulselength close to axis? S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
24 Linearity R8619 tapered voltage divider for improved linearity low power consumption active base I PMT = V S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
25 Linearity R8619 tapered voltage divider for improved linearity low power consumption active base 5V 13V S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
26 Single Photon Pulse R8619 single photon spectra for different voltages tapered, active voltage divider pile-up at 14V Number of Entries single photon R8619 5V Entries χ 2 / ndf / 52 Constant 1999 ± 8.9 Mean ±.5 Sigma ± ADC values (baseline subtracted) single photon R V single photon R V single photon R V Number of Entries Entries χ 2 / ndf 1255 / 163 Constant ± 3.6 Mean ±.5 Sigma 1.3 ±.6 Number of Entries Entries χ 2 / ndf 1635 / 297 Constant ± 2.1 Mean ±.8 Sigma ±.9 Number of Entries Entries χ 2 / ndf 1725 / 422 Constant ± 1.4 Mean ± 1.3 Sigma ± ADC values (baseline subtracted) ADC values (baseline subtracted) ADC values (baseline subtracted) S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
27 MIP Signal R8619 MIP R8619 5V mean MIP signal: 5 SPE peak tapered, active voltage divider Number of Entries SPE:~127ADC Entries 726 Mean RMS ADC values (baseline subtracted) MIP R8619 8V MIP R8619 9V MIP R8619 1V Number of Entries 6 Entries Mean RMS Number of Entries Entries Mean 2 RMS Number of Entries Entries Mean 867 RMS SPE:~18ADC ADC values (baseline subtracted) ADC values (baseline subtracted) ADC values (baseline subtracted) S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
28 2 2 Linearity measurement at 5V run=471 R3 (33839) run=471 R3 (33839) -8 χ / ndf 1.53 / 3 <Q> -8 χ / ndf 5.55 / 4 <Q> Linearity R8619 p 9.319e-9 ± 7.716e-11 p -1.53e-11 ± 2.48e-12 p ±.4728 p e-9 ± 3.155e Filter Transmission Filter Transmission run=471 R3 (33839) <Q> / (<Q>max * Transmission) run=471 R3 (33839) (<Q> -<Q>lin) / <Q>lin Filter Transmission Filter Transmission S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
29 Number of Entries Multi-Photon Pulse R8619 ProjectionY of binx=65 2SPE 3SPE 1SPE slice_py_of_roc_nx_adc_wo_baseline Entries Mean RMS Underflow Overflow Integral 1.35e+6 Skewness V ADC values (baseline subtracted) S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
30 mixed signal chip 128 channels 18ns fast shaper 14ns slow-shaper n-xyter ASIC process: AMS.35µm CMOS programmable dead time dynamic range: 12e Timing resolution 2-3ns self triggered, data driven de-randomizing, sparcifying readout at 32MHz S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
31 Pulser Calibration Number of Entries ProjectionY of binx=65 slice_py_of_roc_nx_adc_wo_baseline Entries Mean 79.2 RMS ADC values (baseline subtracted) S. Querchfeld (Uni Wuppertal) PMT Candidates for SSD / 18
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