X Content The Mode Concept p Mode Propagation in Real Fibers p Parameters for Describing Real Fibers and Waveguides p. 4

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1 Content Abbreviations and Symbols p. XXI 1. Basics of Optical Data Communication p Light Propagation in Optical Fibers and Waveguides p Wave and Quantum Nature of Light p Electromagnetic Spectrum p Refraction and Total Reflection p Waveguides and Optical Fibers p Singlemode and Multimode Waveguides p Overview of Optical Fibers p Designations of Optical Fibers p Digital and Analog Optical Signal Transmission p Digital Optical Signal Transmission p Analog and Digital Signals p Transmission Quality of Analog and Digital Signals p Bit Error Probability and Error Correction p Noise in Optical Systems p Amplitude, Frequency, and Phase Modulation p Modulating a Carrier Frequency p Specific Transmission Methods in Optical Communications p Modulating a Subcarrier p Network Architectures p Active and Passive Networks p Network Structures p Multiple Access Methods p Time Division Multiplex p Frequency Division Multiplex p Code Division Multiplex p Wavelength Division Multiplex p The Special Features of Optical Multiplexing p Bi-directional Transmission p Optical Fibers p Fundamentals of Optical Fibers p Refractive Index Profiles p Numerical Aperture p Ray Trajectory in Optical Fibers p Modes in Optical Fibers p. 42

2 X Content The Mode Concept p Mode Propagation in Real Fibers p Parameters for Describing Real Fibers and Waveguides p Attenuation p Mode-Dependent Attenuation p Mode Coupling p Mode Conversion p Mode Coupling Lengths p Leaky Modes p Dispersion in Optical Fibers p Mode Dispersion p Chromatic Dispersion p Index Profiles and Types of Fibers p Step Index Profile Fibers (SI) p The Step Index Fiber with Reduced NA (low-na) p The Double-Step Index Optical Fiber (DSI) p The Multicore Step Index Optical Fiber (MC) p The Double Step Index Multicore Fiber (DSI-MC) p The Graded Index Optical Fiber (GI) p The Multi-Step Index Optical Fiber (MSI) p The Semi-Graded Index Profile Fibers (Semi-GI) p An Overview of Index Profiles p The Development of Polymer Optical Fibers p Looking back p Step Index Polymer Fibers p Double Step Index Profile Polymer Fibers p Multi-Core Polymer Fibers p Multi-Step Index Profile and Graded Index Profile Fibers p Glass Fibers for Short-Range Data Transmission p µm Glass Fibers with Polymer Cladding p Semi-Graded Index Glass Fibers p Glass Fiber Bundles p Quartz Glass Fiber Bundles p Glass Fiber Bundles p Bandwidth of Optical Fibers p Definition of Bandwidth p Experimental Determination of Bandwidth p Experimental Bandwidth Measurements p Bandwidth of SI-POF p Bandwidth Measurements on SI-POF p Bandwidth Measurements on MC- and MSI-POF p Bandwidth Measurements with GI-POF p Bandwidth Measurements on MC-GOF and PCS p Comparison of Bandwidth Measurements and Calculations p Chromatic Dispersion in Polymer Optical Fibers p Methods for Increasing Bandwidth p. 135

3 Content XI Bit Rates and Penalty p Bending Properties of Optical fibers p Bending Losses in SI-POF p Bending Losses in GI Fibers p Change of Bandwidth by Bends p Bends on PCS, Multicore Fibers and thin POF p Materials used for POF p PMMA p POF for Higher Temperatures p Cross-Linked PMMA p Polycarbonate POF p Elastomer POF p Cyclic Polyolefines p Comparison of High-Temperature POFs p Polystyrene-Polymer Fibers p Deuterated Polymers p Fluorinated Polymers p Overview over Polymers for POF Jackets p Fiber and Cable Production p Production Processes for POF p Production of Graded Index Profiles p Interfacial Gel Polymerization Technique p Creating the Index Profiles by Centrifuging p Combined Diffusion and Rotation p Photochemical Generation of the Index Profile p Extrusion of Many Layers p Production of Semi-GI-PCS p Polymerization in a Centrifuge p Continuous Production at Chromis Fiberoptics p GI-POF with Additional Cladding p Cable Manufacturing p Cable Construction with SI-POF Elements p Non-Stranded SI-POF Cables p Stranded SI-POF Cables p Principles of Stranding p Corrugated Micro Tube Cables p Microstructured Fibers p Kinds of Wave Guiding p Effective Refractive Index p Photonic Band Gaps p Bragg Fibers p Hole-Assisted Fibers p Production Methods p Microstructured Glass Fibers p Microstructured Polymer Fibers (MPOF) p End Surface Preparation p. 223

4 XII Content Applications for Microstructured Fibers p Dispersion Compensation p Endlessly Singlemode p Birefringence p Highly Nonlinear Fibers p Control of the Effective Area p Filters p Sensor Technology, Tunable Elements p Double-Core and Multi-Core Fibers p Imaging p Multimode Graded Index Fibers p Passive Components for Optical Fibers p Connection Technology for Optical Fibers p Connectors for Polymer Optical Fibers p Surface Preparation of POF Connectors p POF Preparation by Cutting and Polishing p Hot Plate Surface Preparation p POF Press-Cut Procedure p POF Preparation by Milling p Overview of Connector Systems p The V-Pin Connector System p FSMA Connector p The DNP System p F05 and F07 p ST and SC Connectors p Connectors for Future In-House Networks p Connectors for Vehicle Networks p Other Connectors p Processing Tools for POF Connectors p Connectors for Glass Fibers p Basis for Calculating Connector Losses p Calculation of Connector Losses with Uniform Mode Distribution p Differences in Core Diameter p Differences in Numerical Aperture p Lateral Offset of the Fibers p Losses due to Rough Surfaces p Losses through Angles between the Fiber Axis p Losses through Fresnel Reflection p Losses through Axial Distance of the Fibers p Losses due to Different Causes p POF Couplers p Construction of POF Couplers p Commercial Couplers p Polished Coupler from DieMount p Moulded Couplers from IMM p. 274

5 Content XIII Waveguide Couplers from the University of Sendai p Filters and Attenuators for POF p Filters p Attenuators p Mode Mixers and Converters p Optical Slip Rings and Rotary Optical Connectors p Rotary Optical Connectors p The Micro-rotation Project p POF Slip Rings p Prism Coupler Slip Ring p The Mirror Groove Slip Ring p Active Components for Optical Systems p Emitters and Receivers p The Principle of Light Generation in Semiconductors p Structuring Semiconductor Components p Structures of Semiconductor Transmitters p Luminescence Emitting Diode p Laser and Super Luminescence Diodes p Surface Emitting Laser p Resonant Cavity LED p Non Resonant Cavity LED p Transmitting Diodes for Data Communication p Red LEDs and SLEDs p Red Laser Diodes p Blue and Green LEDs p Green Laser Diodes p Vertical Laser Diodes and RC-LED p Red RC-LED p Red VCSELs p VCSEL in the IR Region p Non Resonant Cavity LED p Pyramid LEDs p Wavelengths for POF Sources p Receivers p Efficiency and Sensitivity p Photodiode Structures p Junction Capacity and Bandwidth p Overview of Receivers p Commercial Products p Improvement in Sensitivity p Transceivers p Components before 2000 p Fast Ethernet Transceiver p POF Solutions from DieMount in Wernigerode p Optical Clamps from Ratioplast p. 352

6 XIV Content Transceiver Family from Avago p Home Installation by RDM p POF Transceivers from Infineon/Siemens p Other Systems p Comoss p IEEE 1394, MOST and Fast Ethernet from Firecomms p Japanese Manufacturers p Fast Ethernet, Ethernet and Video from Luceat p DSL Modem with POF p Planar Waveguides p Materials for Waveguide Structures p Production of Polymer Waveguides p Singlemode Waveguides p Multimode Waveguides p Functional Components as Waveguides p Thermo-Optical Switches p Modulators p Coupling Components p Waveguide Gratings p Waveguides as Interconnection Solutions p Optical Backplane Systems from DaimlerChrysler p Systems from the University of Ulm p Electro-optical PCB from the University of Siegen p IBM Research Center Zurich /ETH Zurich p Results of the NeGIT Project p System Design p Link Power Budget of Optical Transmission Systems p Changes of the Transmitted Power p Sensitivity of the Receiver p Attenuation of the Fiber Link p Coupling Losses from the Transmitter into the POF p Losses in the Fiber Link p Connector Losses p Passive Component Losses p Coupling Losses between POF and Receiver p The Link Power Budget of the ATM Forum Specification p Loss Analysis by the ATM Forum p Changes in the Transmission Power p Attenuation of the Polymer Optical Fiber Link p Connector Losses p Additional Losses through External Influences p Choice of Wavelength for POF Systems p LED as Transmitters for POF Systems p Selection of the Type of Source p. 418

7 Content XV Typical Losses for LED Sources p Lasers for POF Systems p VCSEL and RC-LED for POF Systems p Definition of new LED Parameters p Examples of Link Power Budgets p ATM Forum Specification p IEEE1394b p D2B and MOST p ISDN over POF p Link Power Budget for Bi-Directional Transmission p Asymmetrical Couplers p Symmetrical Couplers p Overview of POF Systems p Step Index Profile POF Systems at 650 nm p The first SI POF Systems p SI POF Systems with over 500 Mbit/s p SI-POF Systems with more than 500 Mbit/s p SI-POF Systems at the POF-AC Nürnberg p Systems with PMMA SI POF at Wavelengths below 600 nm p Systems with A III B V Semiconductor LEDs p Systems with GaN LEDs p Commercial Developments p POF-AC Systems p Systems with SI-POF at Wavelengths in the Near Infrared Range p PMMA Fiber Systems for Infrared p PC Fiber Systems in Infrared p System Experiments at the POF-AC p Systems with PMMA GI-POF, MSI-POF and MC-POF p PMMA GI-POF System Experiments before 2000 p Recent PMMA GI-POF Systems p System Experiments by Telekom and POF-AC p Systems with Fluorinated POF p First Systems with PF-GI-POF p Experiments at the Technical University of Eindhoven p Data Rates over 5 Gbit/s with GI-POF p POF Multiplex p Wavelength Multiplex Systems with PMMA POF p Wavelength Multiplex Systems with PF-GI-POF p Bi-Directional Systems with POF p Special Systems, for Example, with Analog Signals p Video Transmission with POF p Transmission of Analog Modulated Digital Signals p Radio over Fiber p Mode Multiplex p Fiber Ribbon Systems p Other Optical Transmission Systems with Fibers p. 546

8 XVI Content Data Transmission on High-Temperature POF p Multi-Parallel POF Connections p Systems with 200 µm PCS and Semi-GI-PCS p Systems with Glass Fiber Bundles p Overview and Comparison of Multiplex Techniques p Standards p Standards for Polymer and Glass Fibers p Polymer Fibers p Plastic Clad Glass Fibers p Fibers in General p Application Standards p ATM Forum (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) p IEEE 1394b p SERCOS (SErial Realtime COmmunication System) p Profibus p INTERBUS p Industrial Ethernet over POF p D2B (Domestic Digital Bus) p MOST (Media Oriented System Transport) p IDB 1394 p EN p Standards for Measurement Techniques p The VDE / VDI Guideline 5570 p Application of Polymer Optical and Glass Fibers p Data Transmission with POF p POF in the Automotive Field p D2B p MOST p Byteflight p IDB 1394 p MOST with PCS p Outlook for the Automobile Networks p Corrugated Micro Tube POF Cable in the Car p Optical Camera Links for Trucks p Data Networks in Apartments and Buildings p Use of POF in LAN Applications p Use of POF in Private Networks p POF and the Development of Broadband Networks p POF and Wireless p POF Topologies p Interconnection Systems with POF p Parallel Date Transmission with Glass Fibers p Parallel Data Transmission with POF p POF in Lighting Technology p. 634

9 Content XVII POF for Light Guiding p POF for Advertising Pillar Illumination p POF Starry Ceiling Lights p Side-Lighting Fibers p POF in Sensor Technology p Remote Powered Sensors p Transmission and Reflection Sensors p POF as Distance Sensor p POF Sensors for Concentration p Deformation and Pressure Sensors p Sensors with Fibers as Sensitive Elements p The POF Scale p POF Expansion Sensor p Sensors with Surface-Modified Fibers p Bending Sensors with Notched Fibers p POF Evanescence Field Sensors p Fill Level Sensors p POF Bragg Grating Sensors p Sensors for Chemical Materials p Humidity p Biosensors p Liquids p Corrosion p Glass Fiber Sensors p Optical Measuring Methods p Overview p Measuring Power p Dependence on the Launch Conditions p Measurement of the Optical Parameters p Near Field p Far Field p Inverse Far Field p Index Profile p Attenuation p Insertion and Substitution Methods p Cut-Back Method p Measuring Attenuation for Discrete Wavelengths p Measuring Attenuation over a Larger Spectral Range p Results of Measurements p Optical Backscattering Method p Principle of the ODTR p Improvement in the Resolution by Deconvolution p Commercial POF OTDR p Experimental POF OTDR p Measurement of the Connector Attenuation p. 713

10 XVIII Content Bandwidth Measurements with OTDR p Dispersion p Time Based Measurement p Frequency Based Measurement p Connector Measurements p The Reliability of POF p Environmental Influences on Polymer Optical Fibers p The Effect of Environmental Influences on Optical Transmission p Attenuation Factors of Polymer Optical Fibers p Detection by Measuring Optical Transmission p Detection by Measuring Backscattering p Investigation of Reliability under Various Environmental Influences p Mechanical Stress p Repeated Bending p Flexing p Torsion p Tensile Strength p Impact Strength p Crushing Strength p Vibration p Stress due to Change in Climatic Conditions p Aging due to the Stress of High Temperature and Humidity p Resistance to Chemicals p Stress Caused by Ultraviolet and High-Energy Radiation p Standards and Specifications p Simulation of Optical Waveguides p Modeling of Polymer Optical Fibers p Types of Fibers p Modeling Approaches p Approaches with Wave Theory p Ray Tracing Procedure p Wave Theory Description p WKB Method p Step Index Profile Fiber p Graded Index Fibers with Power-Law Profile p Multi Step Index Fibers p Determining the Mode Power Distribution p Calculating the Transmission Function and the Output Signal p Ray-Tracing p Step Index Fibers p Graded Index Fibers p Multi Step Index Fibers p Bends p Mode-Dependent Attenuation p Additional Path-Dependent Attenuation of Higher Modes p. 777

11 Content XIX Additional Losses of Higher Modes through Loss-Encumbered Reflections p Goos-Hänchen Effect p Mode Mixing p Coupled-Mode Theory p Diffusion Model p Application with the Aid of the Split-Step Algorithm p Phenomenological Approach p Examples for Simulation Results p Calculating the Bandwidth of SI Fibers p A Linear POF Propagation Model p Measurement and Simulation of Bandwidth of PF-GI-POF p Simulation of Optical Receivers and Large Area Photodiodes p POF Clubs p The Japanese POF Consortium p HSPN and PAVNET p The French POF Club p The Information Technology Society (ITG) sub committee (FG) Polymer Optical Fibers p The Polymer Optical Fiber Application Center (POF-AC) at the University of Applied Sciences Nürnberg p VDI Working Group Testing of Polymer Optical Fibers p Product Directory POF-Atlas p The POF-ALL Project p The Korean POF Club p Worldwide Overview p. 822 References p. 823 Translator P. 874 Index of Key terms p. 875 List of Advertisers p. 883 Biographies p. 885

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