J. C. Cluley, Interf. Macmillan Computer Science Series Consulting Editor Professor F. H. Sumner, University of Manchester

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1 Macmillan Computer Science Series Consulting Editor Professor F. H. Sumner, University of Manchester S. T. Allworth and R.N. Zobel, Introduction to Real-time Software Design, second edition Ian 0. Angell and Gareth Griffith, High-resolution Computer Graphics Using FORTRAN 77 Ian 0. Angell and Gareth Griffith, High-resolution Computer Graphics Using Pascal M. Azmoodeh, Abstract Data Types and Algorithms C. Bamford and P. Curran, Data Structures, Files and Databases Philip Barker, Author Languages for CAL A. N. Barrett and A. L. Mackay, Spatial Structure and the Microcomputer R. E. Berry, B. A. E. Meekings and M.D. Soren, A Book on C, second edition G. M. Birtwistle, Discrete Event Modelling on Simula B. G. Blundell, C. N. Daskalakis, N. A. E. Heyes and T. P. Hopkins, An Introductory Guide to Silvar Lisco and HILO Simulators B. G. Blundell and C. N. Daskalakis, Using and Administering an Apollo Network T. B. Boffey, Graph Theory in Operations Research Richard Bornat, Understanding and Writing Compilers Linda E. M. Brackenbury, Design of VLSI Systems- A Practical Introduction J. K. Buckle, Software Configuration Management W. D. Burnham and A. R. Hall, Prolog Programming and Applications J. C. Cluley, Interf.. cing to Microprocessors J. C. Cluley, Introduction to Low Level Programming for Microprocessors Robert Cole, Computer Communications, second edition Derek Coleman, A Structured Programming Approach to Data Andrew J. T. Colin, Fundamentals of Computer Science Andrew J. T. Colin, Programming and Problem-solving in Algol 68 S. M. Deen, Fundamentals of Data Base Systems S. M. Deen, Principles and Practice of Database Systems Tim Denvir, Introduction to Discrete Mathematics for Software Engineering P. M. Dew and K. R. James, Introduction to Numerical Computation in Pascal M. R. M. Dunsmuir and G. J. Davies, Programming the UNIX System D. England eta/., A Sun User's Guide K. C. E. Gee, Introduction to Local Area Computer Networks J. B. Gosling, Design of Arithmetic Units for Digital Computers M.G. Hartley, M. Healey and P. G. Depledge, Mini and Microcomputer Systems Roger Hurty, Z80 Assembly Language Programming for Students Roland N. Ibbett, The Architecture of High Performance Computers Patrick Jaulent, The Hardware and Software P. Jaulent, L. Baticle and P. Pillot, Microprocessors and their Coprocessors J. M. King and J.P. Pardoe, Program Design Using ]SP-A Practical Introduction H. Kopetz, Software Reliability E. V. Krishnamutthy, Introductory Theory of Computer Science V. P. Lane, Security of Computer Based Information Systems Graham Lee, From Hardware to Software - an introduction to computers A. M. Lister and R. D. Eager, Fundamentals of Operating Systems, fourth edition Thomas Manns and Michael Coleman, Software Quality Assurance G. P. McKeown and V. J. Rayward-Smith, Mathematics for Computing Brian Meek, Fortran, PL/1 and the A/gals A. Mevel and T. Gueguen, Smallta/k-80 Barry Morrell and Peter Whittle, CP/M 80 Programmer's Guide Derrick Morris, System Programming Based on the PDPJJ Y. Nishinuma and R. Espesser, UNIX- First contact Pim Oets, MS-DOS and PC-DOS- A Practical Guide Christian Queinnec, LISP E. J. Redfern, Introduction to Pascal for Computational Mathematics (continued overlea(j

2 Gordon Reece, Microcomputer Modelling by Finite Differences W. P. Salman, 0. Tisserand and B. Toulout, FORTH L. E. Scales, Introduction to Non-linear Optimization Peter S. Sell, Expert Systems -A Practical Introduction A. G. Sutcliffe, Human-Computer Interface Design Colin J. Theaker and Graham R. Brookes, A Practical Course on Operating Systems M. R. Tolhurst et al., Open Systems Interconnection J-M. Trio, Architecture and Programming M. J. Usher, Information Theory for Information Technologists B.S. Walker, Understanding Microprocessors Peter J. L. Wallis, Portable Programming Colin Walls, Programming Dedicated Microprocessors I. R. Wilson and A.M. Addyman, A Practical Introduction to Pascal- with BS6192, second edition Non-series Roy Anderson, Management, Information Systems and Computers I. 0. Angell, Advanced Graphics with the IBM Personal Computer J. E. Bingham and G. W. P. Davies, A Handbook of Systems Analysis, second edition J. E. Bingham and G. W. P. Davies, Planning for Data Communications B. V. Cordingley and D. Chamund, Advanced BASIC Scientific Subroutines N. Frude, A Guide to SPSS/PC+

3 Using and Administering an Apollo Network Damian Anderson Bary Blundell (Joint Editor) Steve Boniwell Glenn Brennan Costas Daskalakis (Joint Editor) Bob Henson Nick Heyes John Howarth Barry Blundell, Costas Daskalakis and Nick Heyes are with the University of Manchester Damian Anderson is with Harsant and Steward, Chester Glenn Brennan and Steve Boniwell are with the Technical Support Group, Apollo, Milton Keynes John Howarth is the Technical Support Manager, Apollo, Manchester Bob Henson is the Strategic Accounts Manager, Apollo, Bracknell M MACMILLAN EDUCATION

4 B. G. Blundell and C. N. Daskalakis 1988 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended), or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place, London WC1E 7DP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1988 Published by MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world Unix is a registered trademark of AT&T Information Systems Inc. Domain, Domain/IX, Aegis, Dialogue, NCS, GMR, GPR, GSR are registered trademarks of Apollo Computer Inc. VAX, MICROVAX, Ultrix, VMS are registered trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation. Postscript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Inc. MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Ethernet is a registered trademark of Xerox Corporation. IBM PC, IBM PC/AT are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Using and administering an Apollo network.- (Macmillan computer science series). 1. Computer systems. Networks. Apollo I. Blundell, B. G. (Barry G.) II. Daskalakis, C. N. (Costas N.) ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI /

5 To Maureen, Wilfred and Brian Blundell Marouso Daskalaki Mr and Mrs Anderson Tracey Boniwell Myrna Howarth Tom and Francis Heyes

6 CONTENTS Page Foreword Preface Acknowledgements xvii xix xxi CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Apollo Workstations HISTORICAL NOTE 1.2 PROCESSING POWER 1. 3 GRAPHICS 1.4 USER INTERFACE 1.5 THE NETWORK The Bus Structure The Ring Structure 1.6 OPERATING SYSTEMS The Apollo Domain System UNIX 1. 7 NETWORKING AND UNIX AT&T's Remote File System Sun's Network File System Apollo's 'Domain File System' 1.8 NON-UNIX ENVIRONMENTS CHAPTER TWO: Getting Started INTRODUCTION Concerning the Syntax in this Book 2.2 FILES AND DIRECTORIES 2.3 TUTORIAL: GETTING STARTED Introduction The Tutorial 2.4 CREATING AND EDITING TEXT FILES Introduction File Access Keys Text Manipulation Keys A Tutorial: Using the Apollo Editor

7 viii Using and Administering an Apollo Network 2.5 SHELL AND DISPLAY MANAGER COMMANDS 21 (in brief) 2.6 TUTORIAL: THE LIST DIRECTORY COMMANDS CONCERNING DIRECTORIES Introduction A Tutorial THE NAMING DIRECTORY AND THE COMMAND 25 SEARCH RULES 2.9 MORE SPECIAL PURPOSE KEYS 27 CHAPTER THREE: Commands and Processes INTRODUCTION SHELL COMMANDS Introduction The Commands Redirection of Input and Output Pipes and Filters Wildcards To Stop a Program DISPLAY MANAGER COMMANDS Introduction The Commands ACCESSING OTHER WORKSTATIONS ACROSS THE 47 NETWORK Introduction Accessing a Remote Workstation across the 47 Network 3.5 LINKS PROCESSES so Introduction so Process A Background Process Server Processes Remote Processes Stopping a Process SOME SERVER PROCESSES Introduction The Mailbox Server The Server Process Manager The Alarm Server CHANGING PASSWORDS AND HOME DIRECTORIES Changing Your Password 57

8 Contents ix Changing Your Home Directory REFERENCES CHAPTER FOUR: Concerning Aegis INTRODUCTION TUTORIAL: A TOUR THROUGH SOME AEGIS 58 DIRECTORIES 4.3 THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE SYSTEM AT STARTUP 64 AND LOG-IN The Events Occurring at Startup Booting of a disked node (in 'normal' mode) Booting of a diskless node (in 'normal' 65 mode) The actions of Aegis when it begins 67 execution 4.4 THE EVENTS OCCURRING AT LOG-IN Log-In Files THE EFFECT OF THE 'SERVICE MODE' SWITCH 72 UPON STARTUP Introduction Manual Startup (Service Mode Switch Set to 73 'Service') 4.6 TURNING OFF A WORKSTATION 74 CHAPTER FIVE: Software Development on Apollo Workstations INTRODUCTION 5.2 INTRODUCTION TO SHELL SCRIPTS A Note on Shell Script Syntax A Simple Shell Script Example Printing to the Screen Mathematical and Logical Operators Variables within Shell Scripts Passing Parameters to Shell Scripts Active Functions Conditional Statements The 'if' statement The 'while' statement The 'for' statement The 'select' statement

9 X Using and Administering an Apollo Network 5.3 COMPILING AND BINDING PROGRAMS ON 88 APOLLO WORKSTATIONS Introduction Tutorial: The Pascal Compiler Programming in Fortran and C Using the Binder Utility Tutorial: Executing Programs Which Contain 93 Graphics Calls Programming Using System Calls Tutorial: programming using system calls Compiler Switches Debug 97 REFERENCES 99 CHAPTER SIX: Domain/IX - Getting Started INTRODUCTION CONFIGURING A WORKSTATION TO RUN UNIX DOMAIN/IX SHELLS Creating UNIX Shells Invoking a UNIX shell from another shell Creating UNIX shells using the display 103 manager Differences between UNIX and Aegis Shells Command names and functions Command search rules Execution of shell scripts Wildcards OPENING A UNIX SHELL AT LOG-IN A Default UNIX Shell for All Users of a 106 Workstation A Default UNIX Shell for a Single User of a 107 Workstation 6.5 DEFINING THE KEYBOARD FOR UNIX 107 CHAPTER SEVEN: System Administration (Aegis) 7.1 INTRODUCTION 7.2 BACKING UP FILES AND DIRECTORIES WBAK RBAK Storage Devices Creating a Remote Process for Backup

10 Contents xi 7.3 SETTING UP ACCOUNTS AND REGISTRIES Registries Setting up the Registries (on a Network) Setting up the Registry (on a Stand-Alone 119 Network) Using EDPPO and EDACCT to Enter 119 Information into the Registries Introduction The use of EDPPO The use of EDACCT SETTING UP DIRECTORY TREES AND FIXING 123 THEIR SECURITY Building a User Directory Tree Security of Files and Directories The Modification of ACL's The use of the EDACL command The use of the ACL command to set the 130 access control list More about ACL's The Propagation of Security down a Directory 132 Tree Positioning Applications Software and Defining 136 Logical Volumes 7.5 OPERATING SYSTEM SECURITY Operating System ACL's Setting the ACL's Vulnerable Areas of the Operating System V ARlO US SOFTWARE TOOLS Chuvol (Change Unique Volume Identifier) Ctnode (Catalog a Node) Adding a node to the network Calendar Said (Salvage a Directory) Rdym (Timing a Command) TROUBLESHOOTING ON APOLLO Introduction The Error Log Error Codes, Error Messages, etc Shell Commands Available for Troubleshooting Fault Finding with a Network The 'Systest' Directory The 'Sysboot' Program Stand-Alone Utilities 'Sau' programs 152

11 xii Using and Administering an Apollo Network 'Sau' diagnostics The 'diagnostic executive' ('dex') The Boot Prom Diagnostics DN3000 boot prom diagnostic LED error 154 codes Troubleshooting at the Phase II Boot Shell An example of troubleshooting at the 156 phase II boot shell REFERENCES 156 CHAPTER EIGHT: Protected Subsystems INTRODUCTION WHY USE A PROTECTED SUBSYSTEM? THE THEORY PUTTING THE THEORY INTO PRACTICE PROTECTED SUBSYSTEMS: A TUTORIAL Introduction The Tutorial FURTHER INFORMATION THE LOG-IN PROTECTED SUBSYSTEM 165 REFERENCES 166 CHAPTER NINE: Introduction to Graphics COMPUTER GRAPHICS: A DEFINITION HISTORICAL NOTE COMPUTER GRAPHICS SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION PRESENTATIONAL FEATURES OF DISPLAYS OUTPUT DEVICES Random Scan Refresh CRT's Raster Scan CRT Displays Storage CRT Displays Memory Requirements in Raster Scan Systems INPUT DEVICES SOFTWARE ASPECTS IN COMPUTER GRAPHICS Languages in Graphics General Purpose Languages in Graphics GRAPHICS STANDARDS Graphical Kernel System GKS primitives and attributes Coordinate system GKS segments and their attributes 179

12 Contents xiii GKS input GKS workstations Conclusion GKS-3D Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics 182 System - PRIGS PostScript Other Related Standards Computer graphics metafile - CGM Computer graphics interface - CGI 184 REFERENCES 184 CHAPTER TEN: Using and Selecting Apollo Graphics 187 Packages 10.1 INTRODUCTION HARDWARE CONSIDERATIONS GRAPHICS TOOLS Standards Proprietary Resources COMPARISON OF PROPRIETARY GRAPHICS TOOLS Introduction GSR When to use GSR Example code GPR When to use GPR Example code GMR When to use 2D GMR Example code D GMR When to use 3D GMR Example code USING THE PROPRIETARY RESOURCES Application Programming Display Modes Initialising the System Other Useful Information for Programmers GSR GPR D GMR D GMR 213 REFERENCES 215

13 xiv Using and Administering an Apollo Network CHAPTER ELEVEN: Dialogue INTRODUCTION Need for Good User Interfaces CONCEPTS OF DIALOGUE The Advantages of Using Dialogue THE APPEARANCE OF DIALOGUE USER 219 INTERFACES Example Programs Presentation Techniques Structuring Techniques WRITING DIALOGUE SOFTWARE The Description File Tutorial - creating a 'quit' icon Component syntax Tutorial- using rows and popups Key definitions Templates Insert files Help Tutorial - using oneofs, templates and help The Main Program The Routine File Dialogue library routines Translating, Compiling and Binding Translating Compiling Binding Tutorial- creating a complete program 241 REFERENCES 243 CHAPTER TWELVE: Operating System Internals INTRODUCTION DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Personal Workstations Distributed System Local Area Network Summary PROCESSES Address Space Process Scheduling VIRTUAL MEMORY 252

14 Contents XV Single Level Store Implementation Points to note 12.5 THE FILE SYSTEM Overview Unique Identifiers The Naming Server Directory structure Notes on naming The Object Storage System The Streams Manager Network Filing System APPENDIX A: Aegis and UNIX Commands 264

15 FOREWORD British universities and polytechnics have received significant capital and extra recurrent funding for hardware and software to support the teaching of CAD. This funding has led to a very rapid expansion in the use of high quality graphics workstations in many areas of teaching. Networked Apollo workstations support a wide range of the software required for undergraduate and postgraduate teaching and a large number of systems have been installed over the last two years. With the large number of staff and students involved in managing and using these workstation clusters, it is highly desirable that there should be a textbook at an appropriate level of detail. This book benefits considerably from being a joint effort between staff at the University of Manchester and staff at Apollo UK. The input from Apollo guarantees the accuracy of the technical detail at the time of publication and ensures that the systems described are as up to date as possible in such a rapidly developing area. The academic staff have been involved in setting up and running teaching laboratories using Apollo systems for over two years. This experience is essential in selecting the information to be included in a compact introduction to the use and management of networked Apollo workstations. Detailed treatment of some topics cannot be included in a book of this size. However, the reader of the book will find it much easier to extract any detailed information that may be required from the comprehensive range of Apollo manuals. J M F Drake, Apollo Computer (UK) Ltd F H Sumner, University of Manchester March 1988 xvii

16 PREFACE This work aims to discuss the hardware, software and networking of Apollo workstations. Many of the topics that are described could each occupy an entire book, and it has therefore been necessary at times to omit detail. It is hoped, nonetheless, that the book will provide a link between the user and the vast quantity of manuals which are provided with a workstation. Most of the tutorials presented have been tested immediately prior to publication, and it is expected that the majority will be completely accurate. The Editors should be grateful to hear of any mistakes or omissions. The book is based on the SR9. 5 version of the operating system, although many of the chapters are accurate for all versions of Aegis. It is hoped that major revisions will take place when SR10, together with Open Dialogue, become readily available and commonly used. The Editors would, therefore, be pleased to hear from any Apollo users who would like to contribute to the above work, in particular from those who gain experience using Open Dialogue, the Apollo Network Computing System, and the networking of Apollos to computers produced by other vendors. Barry Blundell Costas Daskalakis March 1988 xix

17 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Editors wish to express their gratitude to the many people who have helped in the preparation of this work. Professor Frank Sumner (University of Manchester) kindly provided us with the opportunity to produce the book, and Malcolm Stewart of Macmillan Education arranged for its publication. We have had access to the excellent Apollo computer facilities within the Department of Electrical Engineering of the University of Manchester, and should like to thank Professor P G Farrell (Head of Department) for making these available to us. During the course of producing this work a great deal of help has been forthcoming from the staff at Apollo Computer (UK) Ltd. We should particularly like to thank those who have written material for the book, and their colleagues who have read and made corrections to it. Our thanks, therefore, to Glenn Brennan, Steve Boniwell, Andrew Jenkins, Dave Catchpole and John Pile, from the technical support group of Apollo, Milton Keynes. Thanks also to Bob Henson, the strategic accounts manager of Apollo, Bracknell. The staff in the training department at Milton Keynes kindly read and corrected a large portion of the final draft of this work, thanks therefore to John Conneely, John Parry, Larry Wiltshire and Cliff Willsher. We are greatly indebted to all the staff at the local Apollo office in Manchester, in particular John Howarth, Dave Kershaw, Ian Stewart, Nigel Thorpe, Mike Rawse, Robby Robinson and Steve Kaye. Let us not forget Rhona Gillespie, whose patience is infinite, and Alan Thwaites, who finally had enough and emigrated to Australia. Thanks also to Mike Drake of Apollo, Milton Keynes, for his support and encouragement. We should also like to acknowledge the help and courtesy shown to us by Traci Hawksworth - yet anothe.r extremely patient Apollo staff member! The book has been produced using Interleaf Workstation Publication Software on a DN300, which was loaned to us for the purpose by Apollo, Milton Keynes. The typing was done by Kathryn Howard and Lisa Salt, and the formatting was carried out by Jandy Blundell. We should like to thank them all for their contribution. Our thanks to the staff of the Computer Graphics Unit of the Computer Science Department, particularly Terry Hewitt, for his help with graphics standards in Chapter 9. Finally thanks to Alys... xxi

Macmillan Computer Science Series

Macmillan Computer Science Series Consulting Editor Professor F.H. Sumner, University of Manchester S.T. Allworth and R.N. Zobel, Introduction to Real-time Software Design, second edition Ian O. Angell