Macmillan Computer Science Series

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Macmillan Computer Science Series"

Barry Simmons
5 years ago
Views:

1 Macmillan Computer Science Series Consulting Editor Professor F.H. Sumner, University of Manchester S.T. Allworth and R.N. Zobel, Introduction to Real-time Software Design, second edition Ian O. Angell and Gareth Griffith,High-resolution Computer Graphics Using FORTRAN 77 Ian O. Angell and Gareth Griffith,High-resolution Computer Graphics Using Pascal M.A. Azmoodeh,Abstract Data Types and Algorithms C. Bamford and P. Curran, Data Structures, Files and Databases Philip Barker, Author Languages for CAL A.N. Barrett and A.L. Mackay, Spatial Structure and the Microcomputer R.E. Berry and B.A.E. Meekings,A Book on C G.M. Birtwistle, Discrete Event Modelling on Simula T.B. Boffey, Graph Theory in Operations Research Richard Bornat, Understanding and Writing Compilers Linda E.M. Brackenbury, Design of VLSI Systems - A Practical Introduction J.K. Buckle, Software Configuration Management W.D. Burnham and A.R. Hall, Prolog Programming and Applications J.C. Cluley, An Introduction to Low Level Programming for Microprocessors J.C. Cluley, Interfacing to Microprocessors Robert Cole, Computer Communications, second edition Derek Coleman,A Structured Programming Approach to Data Andrew J.T. Colin, Fundamentals of Computer Science Andrew J.T. Colin, Programming and Problem-solving in Algol 68 S.M. Deen,Fundamentals of Data Base Systems S.M. Deen,Principles and Practice of Database Systems T.im Denvir, Introduction to Discrete Mathematics for Software Engineering PM. Dew and K.R. James,Introduction to Numerical Computation in Pascal M.R.M. Dunsmuir and GJ. Davies,Programming the UNIX System K.C.E. Gee,Introduction to Local Area Computer Networks J.B. Gosling, Design of Arithmetic Units for Digital Computers Roger Hutty, Z80 Assembly Language Programming for Students Roland N. Ibbett, The Architecture of High Performance Computers Patrick Jaulent, The Hardware and Software J.M. King and J.P. Pardoe, Program Design Using JSP - A Practical Introduction H. Kopetz, Software Reliability E.Y. Krishnamurthy,Introductory Theory of Computer Science V.P. Lane, Security of Computer Based Information Systems Graham Lee, From Hardware to Software - an introduction to computers A.M. Lister, Fundamentals of Operating Systems, third edition (continued overleaf)

2 G.P. McKeown and V.J. Rayward Smith, Mathematics for Computing Brian Meek,Fortran, PL/1 and the Algols Barry Morrell and Peter Whittle, CP/M 80 Programmer's Guide Derrick Morris, System Programming Based on the PDP 11 Pim Oets, MS-DOS and PC-DOS - A Practical Guide Christian Queinnec, LISP Gordon Reece,Microcomputer Modelling by Finite Differences W.P. Salman, O. Tisserand and B. Toulout, FORTH L.E. Scales,Introduction to Non-linear Optimization Peter S. Sell,Expert Systems - A Practical Introduction Colin J. Theaker and Graham R. Brookes, A Practical Course on Operating Systems J -M. Trio, Architecture and Programming M.J. Usher, Information Theory for Information Technologists B.S. Walker, Understanding Microprocessors Peter J.L. Wallis,Portable Programming Colin Walls, Programming Dedicated Microprocessors I.R. Wilson and A.M. Addyman,A Practical Introduction to Pascal - with BS6192, second edition Non-series Roy Anderson,Management, Information Systems and Computers J.E. Bingham and G.W'p. Davies,A Handbook of Systems Analysis, second edition J.E. Bingham and G.W.P. Davies,Planning for Data Communications

3 An Introduction to Low Level Programming for Microprocessors J.C. Cluley M.Sc., C. Eng., M.I.E.E., F.B.C.S. M MACMILLAN EDUCATION

4 J.C. Cluley 1987 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended), or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place, London WCIE 7DP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1987 Published by MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Cluley, J.C. An introduction to low level programming for microprocessors. - (Macmillan computer science series). 1. Microprocessors - Programming I. Title 005.2'6 QA76.6 ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI /

5 Contents Preface ix 1 Introduction - Microprocessors in the Computing Scene Microprocessor Systems Program Languages and Coding Assembly Languages High Level Languages On-line and Off-line Operation Dedicated Microprocessor Systems The Elements of a Microprocessor System The Need for Development Systems 9 2 Microprocessor Registers and their Functions The Accumulator The Program Counter Stack Pointer The Index Register Auxiliary Registers Microprocessor Architecture Z80 Instruction Set Register Set Registers in Interface Packages 18 3 Instruction Formats and Address Modes Instruction Formats Addressing Modes Instruction Types Data Transfer Instructions Arithmetic Operations Compare and Test Instructions Complement and Negate Instructions Logical Operations Instructions for Incrementing and Decrementing Instructions for Shifting and Rotating Branch Instructions 37

6 vi Contents 3.12 Stack Operations Miscellaneous Instructions 41 4 Subroutines and the Use of the Stack Subroutines Saving and Passing Variables Subroutines and Program Subdivision 46 5 Basic Algorithms Addition Programs bit Addition Subtraction Decimal Arithmetic Multiple Addition Multiplication Division Decimal-to-Binary Conversion 60 6 Program Interrupts Timing Data Transfers Program Interrupts M6800 Interrupts Interrupt Recognition Z80 Interrupts Z80 Interrupts Service Routines Interrupts DMA Transfers 70 7 Programming Input/Output Input/Output Packages Programming the I/O Packages Z80 I/O Package Memory-Mapped Input/Output Examples of I/O Programming 84 8 Aids to Program Writing and Testing The Use of Assemblers Example of Assembly Cross-assemblers and Editors The Use of Macros Disassemblers Linker Programs Using Single Shot and Breakpoint Facilities 93

7 Contents vii 9 Single Chip Microprocessors The Single Chip Market The 48 Series of Microprocessors Branch and Control Instructions Single Chip Versions of Microprocessors The Z8 Family of Microprocessors bit Microprocessors The Limitations of 8-bit Microprocessors The Intel 8086 and Addressing Modes Arithmetic Operations The Z8000 Family of Microprocessors Z8000 Arithmetic Instructions The Motorola Microprocessor RISC Systems The Instruction Set Introduction Data Types CPU Registers Instructions Shift and Rotate Instructions Branch, Jump and Return Instructions Addressing Modes Data Move Instructions Arithmetic Operations Logical Operations Programming the Arithmetic Operations BCD Addition Block Addition Decimal-to -Binary Conversion Binary-to-Decimal Conversion Subroutines Interrupts Software for Program Generation ' Features of Assemblers Examples of Assembler Output 133 Appendix 1: 6800 Instruction Set 138 Appendix 2: Z80 Instruction Set 142

8 viii Contents Appendix 3: 6502 Instruction Set 150 Appendix 4: Instruction Set 153 Appendix 5: The ASCII Code 156 Bibliography 160 Glossary 162 Index 164

9 Preface This book is intended to provide an introduction to machine code and assembly language programming for students and practising engineers who have some acquaintance with microprocessor architecture and operation. Although several high level languages are now available for microprocessor systems, there is still a need for those concerned with the design, commissioning and repair of these systems to understand assembly language and machine code. Despite the increased programmer productivity which usually accompanies the change from assembly language to a high level language, the resulting program is often 20 per cent longer than it would be if written in assembly language; it will thus be slower to execute. As a consequence, the time-critical sections of a program are often written in assembly language to obtain the most compact code possible. Also, when testing microprocessor systems any apparatus which records the sequence of instructions executed, for example a logic state analyser, will sense only binary code. This can be disassembled into assembly language to help the programmer to determine what the system is doing, but there are no facilities for converting the program back into a high level language. The same problem arises when modifying programs which are available only in machine code, for example as loaded into a ROM. In addition to introducing the principles of writing assembly language programs, this book deals with their subsequent conversion into the machine code which the microprocessor can execute. The first nine chapters are devoted to basic principles and algorithms, with examples which involve the more widely used 8-bit microprocessors. These are now sufficiently powerful to cope with the majority of industrial tasks, but 16-bit devices are becoming cheaper and are thus being used increasingly in the more demanding applications. In consequence, I have given a brief survey of the main 16-bit microprocessors and a more detailed description of the instruction set and assembly language of one of them - the in the last three chapters, including some examples of programming and assembly. I hope that the book will prove of particular help to students who are beginning a microprocessor project and to practising engineers who are encountering microprocessors systems for the first time. J.C. Cluley ix

Fundamentals of Computer Science

Fundamentals of Computer Science Macmillan Computer Science Series Consulting Editor Professor F. H. Sumner, University of Manchester S.T. Allworth and R.N. Zobel, Introduction to Real-Time Software Design,