Microcomputer Applications in Structural Engineering

Transcription

1 Microcomputer Applications in Structural Engineering W. H. Mosley Department of Civil Engineering University of Liverpool and Nanyang Technological Institute Singapore W. J. Spencer Department of Civil Engineering Chisholm Institute of Technology Caulfield East Victoria, Australia M MACMILLAN PRESS LONDON

2 Contents Preface xiii 1 An Introduction to Microcomputers \ 1.1 Introduction The Microcomputer System The Microprocessor Computer Memory Program and Variable Storage in a Microcomputer Off-line Storage Programming the Microcomputer Machine-code programming The Use of a Monitor Selecting a Microcomputer 17 Further Reading 19 2 BASIC Programming on a Microcomputer The Elements of Programming in BASIC A BASIC Program An Introduction to the Operating System Variables, Operators and the Assignment Statement Numeric Variables and Numeric Constants Integer Variables String Variables and String Constants Operators The Assignment Statement Input and Output of Data READ-DATA Statements The INPUT Statement The PRINT Statement 28 Vll

3 Vlll CONTENTS 2.4 Control Statements The GOTO and ON GOTO Statements The IF Statement FOR-NEXTloops Subroutines and the GOSUB, RETURN Statements Functions Arithmetic and Trigonometric Functions String Functions User-defined Functions Arrays and Advanced Features Subscripted Variables and the DIMension Statement Application Examples using Subscripted Variables Programming Concepts Principles of Programming Editing, Checking and Debugging Programs Elements of Modular Programming Improving Storage Efficiency and Speed Other Features of BASIC 52 Further Reading 54 3 Organisation of a Personal Computer System File Concepts and File Storage File Types Disk Operating Systems and Initialising Disks Data Files Further File-handling Commands The Use of Files on a Microcomputer System Documentation of Programs Program Documentation Using the Microcomputer to Store the Documentation Maintaining a Personal Computer System Backing-up Files Test Routines and Memory Checks Using a Log Book Extended Use of a Microcomputer System Alternative Operating Systems Input/Output Peripherals 79 Further Reading 79 4 Simple Programming Applications in Analysis and Design SO 4.1 Program for the Analysis of a Single Span Beam Listing of the Beam Analysis Program Application Example of the Beam Analysis Program 88

4 CONTENTS ix 4.2 Program for Stiffness and Carry-over Factors for a Member of Variable Cross-section Listing of the Stiffness and Carry-over Factor Program Application Example of the Stiffness and Carry-over Program Program for General Section Properties Calculation Listing of the Section Properties Program Application Example of the Section Properties Program Program for the Solution of Simultaneous Equations Listing of the Simultaneous Equations Program Application Example of the Simultaneous Equations Program Program for the Analysis of a Pile Group Listing of the Pile Group Analysis Program Application Example of the Pile Group Analysis Program 107 Further Reading Programs for Structural Analysis Details of the Stiffness Method Analysis of a Plane Frame Stages of the Plane Frame Program Sign Convention for the Plane Frame Program Listing of the Plane Frame Program and its Variables Details of an Example using the Plane Frame Program Further Development of the Plane Frame Program Analysis of a Grillage Modifying the Plane Frame Program to Form the Grillage Program Listing of the Revised Lines for the Grillage Program Details of an Example Using the Grillage Program Members of Variable Cross-section 138 Further Reading Programs for Steelwork Design Steel Column Design Flow Diagram for the Design of a Steel Column Stages of the Steel Column Design Program Additional Options of the Steel Column Design Program Listing of the Steel Column Design Program and its Variables Details of Examples Using the Steel Column Design Program Steel Beam Design Flow Diagram for the Design of a Steel Beam Stages of the Steel Beam Design Program Listing of the Steel Beam Design Program and its Variables Details of an Example Using the Steel Beam Design Program 172 Further Reading 174

5 X CONTENTS 7 Programs for Reinforced Concrete Design Analysis of the Structure Flow Diagram for the Analysis of a Substitute Frame Details of the Stages of the Substitute Frame Analysis Program Further Development of the Substitute Frame Analysis Program Listing of the Substitute Frame Analysis Program and its Variables Details of an Example Using the Substitute Frame Program Reinforced Concrete Beam Design Design of Bending Reinforcement for a Rectangular Beam Section Design of Reinforcement for a Flanged Beam Section Listing of the R.C. Beam Design Program and its Variables Selection of Bar Sizes Listing of the Bar Selection Program Reinforced Concrete Column Design Symmetrical Arrangement of Column Reinforcement Flow Diagram for the Design of a Column with a Symmetrical Arrangement of Reinforcement Details of the Stages of the Column Design with Symmetrical Reinforcement Program Listing of the Program to Design a Column with Symmetrical Reinforcement and its Variables Unsymmetrical Arrangement of Column Reinforcement Listing of the Program to Design a Column with Unsymmetrical Reinforcement 221 Further Reading Graphics on the Microcomputer The Graphics Screen The Visual Display Unit Line Generation on a Graphics Screen The Graphics Mode Color Selection The Line-drawing Command The Graphics Software Fundamental Operations in Graphics Drawing a Two-dimensional Object an Example of Graphics Software Text plus Graphics 235

6 CONTENTS 8.5 Peripheral Devices Used with Graphics Hard Copy Units and Printers Plotting Units Graphics Tablets and Digitisers Other Input Devices Organisation of Computer Graphics Examples of Computer Graphics Programs A General Graph-plotting Program Drawing a Bending Moment Diagram Computer Graphics Systems 248 Further Reading 248 Appendix: Decimal, Hexadecimal and Binary Number Systems 249 Index 256 XI