IDM 222. Web Design II. IDM 222: Web Authoring II 1

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Sherman Williams
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1 IDM 222 Web Design II IDM 222: Web Authoring II 1

2 Week 6 CSS Grid IDM 222: Web Authoring II 2 CSS Grid Layout (aka "Grid"), is a two-dimensional grid-based layout system that aims to do nothing less than completely change the way we design gridbased user interfaces. CSS has always been used to lay out our web pages, but it's never done a very good job of it. First we used tables, then floats, positioning and inline-block, but all of these methods were essentially hacks and left out a lot of important functionality (vertical centering, for instance). Flexbox helped out, but it's intended for simpler one-dimensional layouts, not complex two-dimensional ones (Flexbox and Grid actually work very well together). Grid is the very first CSS module created specifically to solve the layout problems we've all been hacking our way around for as long as we've been making websites.

3 Can I Use It? IDM 222: Web Authoring II 3 Grid is one of the most powerful CSS modules ever introduced. As of March 2017, Grid is available in Chrome, Firefox, Safari and ios Safari. Internet Explorer 10 and 11 on the other hand support it, but it's an old implementation with an outdated syntax. We'll need to use some vendor prefixes to get it working properly.

4 Terminology IDM 222: Web Authoring II 4 Before diving into the concepts of Grid it's important to understand the terminology. Since the terms involved here are all kinda conceptually similar, it's easy to confuse them with one another if you don't first memorize their meanings defined by the Grid specification.

5 Grid Container <div class="container"> <div class="item item-1"></div> <div class="item item-2"></div> <div class="item item-3"></div> </div> IDM 222: Web Authoring II 5 The element on which display: grid is applied. It's the direct parent of all the grid items. In this example container is the grid container.

6 Grid Item <div class="container"> <div class="item"></div> <div class="item"> <p class="sub-item"></p> </div> <div class="item"></div> </div> IDM 222: Web Authoring II 6 The children (e.g. direct descendants) of the grid container. Here the item elements are grid items, but sub-item isn't.

7 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 7 Grid Line The dividing lines that make up the structure of the grid. They can be either vertical ("column grid lines") or horizontal ("row grid lines") and reside on either side of a row or column. Here the yellow line is an example of a column grid line.

8 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 8 Grid Track The space between two adjacent grid lines. You can think of them like the columns or rows of the grid. Here's the grid track between the second and third row grid lines.

9 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 9 Grid Cell The space between two adjacent row and two adjacent column grid lines. It's a single "unit" of the grid. Here's the grid cell between row grid lines 1 and 2, and column grid lines 2 and 3.

10 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 10 Grid Area The total space surrounded by four grid lines. A grid area may be comprised of any number of grid cells. Here's the grid area between row grid lines 1 and 3, and column grid lines 1 and 3.

11 Proper&es for the Parent (Grid Container) IDM 222: Web Authoring II 11

12 display.container { display: grid inline-grid subgrid; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 12 Defines the element as a grid container and establishes a new grid formatting context for its contents. Values: grid - generates a block-level grid inline-grid - generates an inline-level grid subgrid - if your grid container is itself a grid item (i.e. nested grids), you can use this property to indicate that you want the sizes of its rows/columns to be taken from its parent rather than specifying its own. Note: column, float, clear, and vertical-align have no

13 grid-template-columns & grid-template-rows.container { grid-template-columns: <track-size>... <line-name> <track-size>...; grid-template-rows: <track-size>... <line-name> <track-size>...; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 13 Defines the columns and rows of the grid with a spaceseparated list of values. The values represent the track size, and the space between them represents the grid line. Values: <track-size> - can be a length, a percentage, or a fraction of the free space in the grid (using the fr unit) <line-name> - an arbitrary name of your choosing

14 Examples:.container{ grid-template-columns: 40px 50px auto 50px 40px; grid-template-rows: 25% 100px auto; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 14 When you leave an empty space between the track values, the grid lines are automatically assigned numerical names:

15 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 15

16 Examples.container { grid-template-columns: [first] 40px [line2] 50px [line3] auto [col4-start] 50px [five] 40px [end]; grid-template-rows: [row1-start] 25% [row1-end] 100px [third-line] auto [last-line]; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 16 But you can choose to explicitly name the lines. Note the bracket syntax for the line names:

17 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 17

18 Examples.container{ grid-template-rows: [row1-start] 25% [row1-end row2-start] 25% [row2-end]; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 18

19 Examples.container { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr 1fr; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 19 The fr unit allows you to set the size of a track as a fraction of the free space of the grid container. For example, this will set each item to one third the width of the grid container:

20 Examples.container { grid-template-columns: 1fr 50px 1fr 1fr; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 20 The free space is calculated after any non-flexible items. In this example the total amount of free space available to the fr units doesn't include the 50px:

21 grid-template-areas.container { grid-template-areas: "<grid-area-name>. none..." "..."; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 21 Defines a grid template by referencing the names of the grid areas which are specified with the grid-area property. Repeating the name of a grid area causes the content to span those cells. A period signifies an empty cell. The syntax itself provides a visualization of the structure of the grid. Values: <grid-area-name> - the name of a grid area specified with grid-area. - a period signifies an empty grid cell none - no grid areas are defined

22 Example.item-a { grid-area: header;.item-b { grid-area: main;.item-c { grid-area: sidebar;.item-d { grid-area: footer; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 22

23 Example.container { grid-template-columns: 50px 50px 50px 50px; grid-template-rows: auto; grid-template-areas: "header header header header" "main main. sidebar" "footer footer footer footer"; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 23 That'll create a grid that's four columns wide by three rows tall. The entire top row will be comprised of the header area. The middle row will be comprised of two main areas, one empty cell, and one sidebar area. The last row is all footer.

24 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 24 Each row in your declaration needs to have the same number of cells

25 grid-column-gap & grid-row-gap.container { grid-column-gap: <line-size>; grid-row-gap: <line-size>; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 25 Specifies the size of the grid lines. You can think of it like setting the width of the gutters between the columns/rows. Values: <line-size> - a length value

26 Example.container { grid-template-columns: 100px 50px 100px; grid-template-rows: 80px auto 80px; grid-column-gap: 10px; grid-row-gap: 15px; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 26

27 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 27 The gutters are only created between the columns/rows, not on the outer edges.

28 grid-gap.container { grid-gap: <grid-row-gap> <grid-column-gap>; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 28 A shorthand for grid-row-gap and grid-columngap Values: <grid-row-gap> <grid-column-gap> - length values

29 Example.container{ grid-template-columns: 100px 50px 100px; grid-template-rows: 80px auto 80px; grid-gap: 10px 15px; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 29 If no grid-column-gap is specified, it's set to the same value as grid-row-gap.

30 justify-items.container { justify-items: start end center stretch; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 30 Aligns the content inside a grid item along the row axis (as opposed to align-items which aligns along the column axis). This value applies to all grid items inside the container. Values: start - aligns the content to the left end of the grid area end - aligns the content to the right end of the grid area center - aligns the content in the center of the grid area stretch - fills the whole width of the grid area (this is

31 Example - Start.container { justify-items: start; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 31

32 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 32

33 Example - End.container{ justify-items: end; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 33

34 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 34

35 Example - Center.container{ justify-items: center; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 35

36 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 36

37 Example - Stretch.container{ justify-items: stretch; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 37

38 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 38 This behavior can also be set on individual grid items via the justify-self property.

39 align-items.container { align-items: start end center stretch; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 39 Aligns the content inside a grid item along the column axis (as opposed to justify-items which aligns along the row axis). This value applies to all grid items inside the container. Values: start - aligns the content to the top of the grid area end - aligns the content to the bottom of the grid area center - aligns the content in the center of the grid area stretch - fills the whole height of the grid area (this is

40 Example - Start.container { align-items: start; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 40

41 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 41

42 Example - End.container { align-items: end; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 42

43 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 43

44 Example - Center.container { align-items: center; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 44

45 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 45

46 Example - Stretch.container { align-items: stretch; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 46

47 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 47 This behavior can also be set on individual grid items via the align-self property.

48 justify-content.container { justify-content: start end center stretch space-around space-between space-evenly; Sometimes the total size of your grid might be less than the size of its IDM 222: Web Authoring II 48 grid container. This could happen if all of your grid items are sized with non-flexible units like px. In this case you can set the alignment of the grid within the grid container. This property aligns the grid along the row axis (as opposed to align-content which aligns the grid along the column axis). Values: start - aligns the grid to the left end of the grid container end - aligns the grid to the right end of the grid container center - aligns the grid in the center of the grid container stretch - resizes the grid items to allow the grid to fill the full width of the grid container space-around - places an even amount of space between each grid item, with half-sized spaces on the far ends space-between - places an even amount of space between each grid item, with no space at the far ends

49 Example - Start.container { justify-content: start; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 49

50 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 50

51 Example - End.container { justify-content: end; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 51

52 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 52

53 Example - Center.container { justify-content: center; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 53

54 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 54

55 Example - Stretch.container { justify-content: stretch; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 55

56 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 56

57 Example - Space Around.container { justify-content: space-around; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 57

58 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 58

59 Example - Space Between.container { justify-content: space-between; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 59

60 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 60

61 Example - Space Evenly.container { justify-content: space-evenly; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 61

62 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 62

63 align-content.container { align-content: start end center stretch space-around space-between space-evenly; Sometimes the total size of your grid might be less than the size of its IDM 222: Web Authoring II 63 grid container. This could happen if all of your grid items are sized with non-flexible units like px. In this case you can set the alignment of the grid within the grid container. This property aligns the grid along the column axis (as opposed to justify-content which aligns the grid along the row axis). Values: start - aligns the grid to the top of the grid container end - aligns the grid to the bottom of the grid container center - aligns the grid in the center of the grid container stretch - resizes the grid items to allow the grid to fill the full height of the grid container space-around - places an even amount of space between each grid item, with half-sized spaces on the far ends space-between - places an even amount of space between each grid item, with no space at the far ends

64 Example - Start.container { align-content: start; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 64

65 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 65

66 Example - End.container { align-content: end; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 66

67 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 67

68 Example - Center.container { align-content: center; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 68

69 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 69

70 Example - Stretch.container { align-content: stretch; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 70

71 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 71

72 Example - Space Around.container { align-content: space-around; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 72

73 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 73

74 Example - Space Between.container { align-content: space-between; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 74

75 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 75

76 Example - Space Evenly.container { align-content: space-evenly; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 76

77 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 77

78 Proper&es for the Children (Grid Items) IDM 222: Web Authoring II 78

79 grid-column-start grid-column-end grid-row-start grid-row-end.item { grid-column-start: <number> <name> span <number> span <name> auto grid-column-end: <number> <name> span <number> span <name> auto grid-row-start: <number> <name> span <number> span <name> auto grid-row-end: <number> <name> span <number> span <name> auto IDM 222: Web Authoring II 79 Determines a grid item's location within the grid by referring to specific grid lines. grid-column-start/grid-row-start is the line where the item begins, and grid-column-end/ grid-row-end is the line where the item ends. Values: <line> - can be a number to refer to a numbered grid line, or a name to refer to a named grid line ^ span <number> - the item will span across the provided number of grid tracks ^ span <name> - the item will span across until it hits the next line with the provided name ^ auto - indicates auto-placement, an automatic span, or a default span of one

80 Examples.item-a { grid-column-start: 2; grid-column-end: five; grid-row-start: row1-start grid-row-end: 3 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 80

81 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 81

82 Examples.item-b { grid-column-start: 1; grid-column-end: span col4-start; grid-row-start: 2 grid-row-end: span 2 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 82

83 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 83

84 Notes If no grid-column-end/grid-row-end is declared, the item will span 1 track by default. Items can overlap each other. You can use z-index to control their stacking order. IDM 222: Web Authoring II 84

85 justify-self.item { justify-self: start end center stretch; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 85 Aligns the content inside a grid item along the row axis (as opposed to align-self which aligns along the column axis). This value applies to the content inside a single grid item. Values: start - aligns the content to the left end of the grid area end - aligns the content to the right end of the grid area center - aligns the content in the center of the grid area stretch - fills the whole width of the grid area (this is

86 Example - Start.item-a { justify-self: start; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 86

87 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 87

88 Example - End.item-a { justify-self: end; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 88

89 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 89

90 Example - Center.item-a { justify-self: center; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 90

91 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 91

92 Example - Stretch.item-a { justify-self: stretch; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 92

93 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 93

94 align-self.item { align-self: start end center stretch; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 94 Aligns the content inside a grid item along the column axis (as opposed to justify-self which aligns along the row axis). This value applies to the content inside a single grid item. Values: start - aligns the content to the top of the grid area end - aligns the content to the bottom of the grid area center - aligns the content in the center of the grid area stretch - fills the whole height of the grid area (this is

95 Example - Start.item-a { align-self: start; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 95

96 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 96

97 Example - End.item-a { align-self: end; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 97

98 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 98

99 Example - Center.item-a { align-self: center; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 99

100 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 100

101 Example - Stretch.item-a { align-self: stretch; IDM 222: Web Authoring II 101

102 IDM 222: Web Authoring II 102

103 References CSS Tricks IDM 222: Web Authoring II 103

CSC Website Design, Spring CSS Flexible Box

CSC Website Design, Spring CSS Flexible Box CSC 122 - Website Design, Spring 2017 CSS Flexible Box CSS Flexible Box Layout Module The CSS flexbox can be used to ensure that elements behave predictably when the page layout must accommodate different