SUB Gfittingen A nd Editi S«BEX- SAN FRANCISCO PARIS DUSSELDORF SOEST LONDON

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1 SUB Gfittingen A 9390 nd Editi S«BEX- SAN FRANCISCO PARIS DUSSELDORF SOEST LONDON

2 CONTENTS Introduction xxiii Part I Introducing HTML 1 Chapter 1 a Introducing Web Pages and HTML 3 An Overview of HTML 4 Viewing HTML Pages 4 HTML Elements and Tags 5 The Essentials of a Web Page 6 Learning HTML 8 Skip the Programming: Use FrontPage Express 10 Adding Some Structure to a Page 12 Using Paragraphs or Line Breaks 13 Dividing Sections with a Horizontal Line 14 Creating a Hierarchy with Headings 15 Formatting Text and Pages. 16 Formatting Text 17 Formatting Pages 18 Using Styles and Style Sheets 19 Linking Pages to the World 22 Creating a Text or Image Hyperlink. 22 Specifying Other Link Targets 25 Creating a Clickable Imagemap ' 25 Including Pictures in a Page " 28 Creating Lists 29 Arranging Items within Tables 31 Getting Feedback with Forms. 33 Designing a Form 33 Getting the Data Back to You 35 Splitting a Page into Frames. 36 What's Next?. 39 Chapter 2 Creating Your First HTML Document 41 Creating, Saving, and Viewing HTML Documents 42 Applying Structure Tags 44 The<!DOCTYPE...>Tag 46

3 Contents xi The<HTML>Tag 47 The<HEAD>Tag 47 The <TITLE> Tag 48 The <B0DY> Tag 49 Applying Common Tags and Attributes 50 Creating Paragraphs 50 Creating Headings. 53 Creating Lists 56 Applying Bold, Italic, and Other Emphases 64 Including Horizontal Rules 67 Specifying Line Breaks 68 Including Fancier Formatting 69 Adding Colors. 69 Specifying Fonts and Font Sizes 73 What's Next. 75 Chapter 3 Stepping Out: Linking Your Way around the Web 77 Creating an External Link 78 Using the HREF Attribute and Anchor Text 79 Creating Advisory Titles for Your Links with the TITLE Attribute 81 Labeling Sections of Your Document with the NAME Attribute 84 Changing Browser Windows with the TARGET Attribute 87 Using Other Anchor Attributes 88 Using Anchor Elements with Other HTML Elements 90 Creating an Internal Link 94 Understanding Absolute URLs 95 Understanding Relative URLs 95 Using Relative URLs with Different Directories 96 Using Default Pages 98 Jumping to a Named Anchor with Internal Links 99 Using Named Anchor Elements with Internal Links and Relative URLs 100 Linking to Different Parts of the Same Document 101 Creating a Table of Contents Using Named Anchors 102 Verifying and Maintaining Links 105 Using External Link Verification Tools 107 What's Next 109

4 xii Contents Chapter 4 Publishing Your HTML Documents 111 Chapter 5 D Places to Publish 1.12 Publishing through Your ISP 112 Publishing through a Corporate Server 118 Publishing through Your Own Server 118 The Publishing Process 122 Uploading with FTP 123 Uploading with Other Tools 128 What's Next 129 Understanding the HTML Document Life Cycle 131 Phase 1: Developing Documents. 132 Planning Documents 134 Planning for Maintenance 138 Organizing Your Documents > 139 Creating Documents 143 ' Testing Documents before Publication 145 Phase 2: Publishing Documents 152 Phase 3: Testing Published Documents ' 153 Phase 4: Maintaining Documents 154 Developing a Plan 155 Keeping Up 156 What's Next 157 Part II PLannina and Designing Your Web Page 159 Chapter 6 D Site Design and Navigation The Home Page As a Site Guide. The Main Topic Page The Subsidiary Page Navigating through Your Site The First Screen The Top's Gotta Pop or They're Not Gonna Stop Navigational Tools Graphics, Text, Frames Consistency The Tour Light Me Up! Cigar Aficionado Magazine

5 Contents xiii You're Not Cool Enough. Go Away! 182 Eight Miles High: United Airlines 184 i Another Airline: Southwest Airlines 186 Out-of-Place Graphics: Kenwood Home and Car Audio 189 Text Is Just All Right with Me: Red Hat Software 191 Bad Home-Page Design Techniques 194 Designing Your Site Using Storyboards 198 Storyboard-Step One 199 Storyboard-Step Two 200 Storyboard Step three 200 Storyboard Step Four 201 Creating the Home Page. 202 Creating the Rest of the Site 206 The Value of Organizing via Storyboards. 206 What's Next?. 207 Chapter 7 n Formatting the Body Section of Your Pages 209 Using Block-Level Elements to Structure Your Documents 210 Functional and Logical Divisions 211 Organizing Your Text with Lists, 230 Using Text-Level Elements 236 Creating Links with the Anchor Element's <A> Tag 237 Inserting Java Applets with the Applet Element. 238 Specifying Default Font Information with the Basefont Element ' 238 Creating New Lines with the Line-Break Element 239 Adding Graphics with the Image Element 240 Making Imagemaps with the Map Element 240 The Quote Element 241 The Subscript Element 241 The Superscript Element 241 Using Other Text-Level Elements 242 Changing Font Size, Face, and Color with the Font Element 243 Using Font-Style Elements 246 The Bold Element 247 The Italics Element 247 The Underline Element, 247 The Strike Element 248 The Big Element 249 The Smalf Element 249

6 xiv Contents The Teletype Element 249 Using Phrase Elements 250 \ The Acronym Element 251 The Citation Element 251 The Code Element 252 The Definition Element 252 The Emphasis Element, 252 The Keyboard Element 253 The Sample Element 253 The Strong Element 254 The Variable Element x 254 Marking Changes with the Ins and Del Elements 255 What's Next? 257 Chapter 8 n Dividing a Window with Frames 259 Understanding the Use of Frames 260 Knowing the Limitations of Frames 261 Understanding the Advantages of Frames 263 Creating Frameset Documents 264 Using the Frameset Element 265 Putting Documents inside Frames with the Frame Element 273 Using Targeted Links 277 Targeting Frames 277 Using the Base Element to Set a Default Target 279 Using Special Target Names i 281 Providing Alternate Content with the Noframes Element 284 Using the Inline Frame Element to Create Inline Frames 286 Unframing Pages 289 What's Next 291 Chapter 9 a Layout Technology 293 Standard HTML Formatting 294 Example, 308 Tables 309 Rows and Columns 312 Example 317 Frames 322 Frame Structure 323

7 Contents XV Elements of Framed Pages Example What's Next? Chapter 10 Adding Graphics - Adding Graphics with the Image Element Using Image Element Attributes Describing Images with Alternate Text Placing Images with Alignment Attributes Sizing an Image with WIDTH and HEIGHT Attributes Setting an Image's Border Width Adding White Space with HSPACE and VSPACE Using Other Attributes with Images Using Images As Links Creating Imagemaps Understanding Imagemap Types Working with Image Files Understanding Image Formats Working with Special Image Formats Using Image Tools to Create and Edit Images Creating Images Using Existing Images What's Next? Chapter 11 Presenting Information in Tables Understanding the Use of Tables Understanding Table Models Introducing the Simple Table Model and Its Elements Creating an Example Table Advantages of Tables Limitations of Tables Creating a Table with Netscape Composer Using the Simple Table Model's Elements and Attributes Defining Tables with the Table Element Using the Table Element's Attributes Putting All ofthe Table Element's Attributes Together Using the Simple Table Model's Elements Using Attributes with the Simple Table Model's Elements

8 xvi Contents Using HTML 4.0 Table Elements and Attributes 409 Understanding the HTML 4.0 Table Model Structure 410 Creating Columns and Groups of Columns 411 Grouping Rows with Row Group Elements 414 Using the HTML 4.0 Table Model's Attributes Putting the HTML 4.0 Table Model to Work: A Final Example 424 Using Tables As a Layout Tool 426 Creating Page Margins with Tables 426 Using Tables for Navigation Bars. 428 What's Next 429 Chapter 12 n Web Typography 431 Approaching Web Typography 433 Graphics and Type 434 HTML and Type 435 Style Sheets and Type 438 Families and Faces 440 Typefaces and Graphics 441 Typefaces, Families, and the Font Tag 442 Style Sheets 443 Type Form 450 Type Form and Graphics 450 Type Form and HTML 451 Type Form and Style Sheets, 452 Other Typographic Considerations 455 Using Graphics. 455 Type Size and HTML 457 StyleSheets 459 Color and Type 460 Creating Colored Type with Graphics 461 HTML-Based Type and Color 461 Style Sheets and Color. 462 All Together Now 462 Graphic Example 462 HTML Example 469 Style Sheet Example 475 What's Next? 477

9 Contents xvii Part III Advanced HTML 479 Chapter 13 Optimizing Your Web Pages for Internet Explorer 5 Directing Internet Explorer Users to Internet Explorer Pages Adding the Script Optimizations for Internet Explorer 5 Adding Functionality Page Layout Hyperlink Optimization Adding a Watermark to Your Web Page Optimizing Fonts Table Optimizations What's Next? Chapter 14 Optimizing Your Pages for Netscape Navigator 4 The <LAYER> Tag Inserting a Web Page inside a Web Page Tiling a Background Image behind Paragraphs Clipping the Contents of a <LAYER> Tag Controlling the Position of Text and Images on the Web Page Making <LAYER> Content Visible or Hidden Layout Tricks Page Margins in Netscape Navigator 4 Formatting Text into Columns What's Next? Chapter 15 Including Multimedia Deciding to Include Multimedia The Challenges for Visitors The Challenges for Developers Using Animated GIFs Adding Sounds Some Disadvantages of Sounds Sound File Formats Adding Video Video File Formats

10 xviii Contents Including Java Applets. 546 Adding Multimedia Using HTML What's Next 557 Chapter 16 Using Style Sheets 559 How Do Style Sheets Work? 560 Some Advantages of Using Style Sheets 561 Implementing Style Sheets 562 Associating Style Sheets with HTML Documents 562 Developing a Style Sheet 576 Setting Font Properties 583 Setting Text Properties 589 Setting Box Properties 594 Setting Color and Background Properties 597 Setting Classification Properties 600 Setting Aural Style Sheet Properties 601 Setting Printed Media Properties 602 Setting Positioning Properties 604 What's Next 605 Chapter 17 Developing HTML Forms 607 Determining Form Content 608 Information Issues 608 Usability Issues 611 Design Issues.612 Creating Forms 614 Understanding Widgets 614 Creating a Form and Adding-Submit and Reset Buttons 616 Including General Input Fields 622 Including Text Areas 635 Including Select Fields 636 Processing Forms. 640 One Solution: Processing Using cgi 645 What's Next. 649 Chapter 18 Exploring and Navigating Dynamic HTML 651 Setting Up 652 Using DHTML in Internet Explorer 653 The Heading and the Horizontal Line 655 The Hidden Message 657

11 Contents XJX The Message at the Center of the Page The Moving Boxes. The Changeable Box A Word about Color Scripting the Dynamic Effects "" "" The Whole File. Using DHTML in Navigator The Heading and the Horizontal Line The <LAYER> Tag Back to the Heading and the Horizontal Line The Hidden Message The Message at the Center of the Page The Movable Boxes The Clickable Buttons Scripting the Dynamic Effects The Whole File What's Next? Part IV Beyond HTML 685 Chapter 19 Introducing Perl and CGI 687 Why Perl? 688 Java 688 Proprietary Languages '. 689 CGI 690 Perl's Ancient History. 691 We Owe It All to Larry Wall: A History of Perl 692 Perl and the World Wide Web 695 Building a Perl Script 696 First Things First: Perls before Code 697 Loading the Interpreter 698 Running the "Hello" Example. 699 How Perl Programs Run Dissecting the "Hello" Example. 702 Variables, Scalars, and Lists in Perl 706 Perl Variables: What's in a Name. 706 Introducing Scalars 707 Perl Lists 708

12 xx Contents Perl and the Common Gateway Interface 710 What Is CGI, Anyway?. 713 CGI Programming Languages 715 C/C Visual Basic 717 Shell Languages 718 Proprietary CGI Methods. 719 What's Next? 719 Chapter 20 n Introducing JavaScript and JScript 721 JavaScript and Browsers, JavaScript and Servers 722 Embedding JavaScript in HTML 727 Other Language Attributes 728 Telling Non-JavaScript Browsers to Ignore Your Code 730 The Noscript Tag, 733 The Script Tag's SRC Attribute 735 JavaScript Entities 736 JavaScript Comments ' 737 Use of the Document Head. 739 Generating HTML 741 Variables-Value Storehouses 743 Types and Variables 744 Types and Literal Values 744 Conversion between Types ' 754 The Object Type and Arrays 762 Objects and the Length Property 768 Summary 769 What's Next 769 Chapter 21 XML Introduction and History 771 The Need for Context 772 Data + Context = Information 773 The Birth of the Internet 774 Did the Browser Wars Kill HTML? 776 The Presentation Layer Breaks Loose 778 The Emergence of XML 779 A Quick Lexicon 781 The Roles of XML, 785 XML As a Document Format 786 XML As a Document Management Format 788

13 Contents xxi XML As a Data Format XML As a Transformation Language XML As a Programming Language XML As a Multimedia Format How Can I Use XML? Customizing Web Sites Creating Components and Scripts Managing Documents and Data Spaces E-commerce Integrating Applications In Summary What's Next Chapter 22 Behind the Scenes How Active Server Pages Work 813 Introduction to ASP 815 Beyond HTML ' ' 815 Enter CGI 816 ISAPI and NSAPI 817 Benefits of ASP 817 ASP Is Language-Independent 817 ASP Is for Non-Programmers \ 818 Other Methods for Delivering Dynamic Content, 819 What Is a CGI Program?. 819 What Is ISAPI? 820 What Are the Advantages of ASP over HTML?. 821 What Is ASP's Competition? 821 Application Server Vendors 822 JavaServer Pages 822 Java 823 VB IIS Applications 823. Others (e.g., C++) 823 How ASP Compares with its Competition 824 How to Use ASP 825 Simple Text Processing 826 Complex Decision Making 826 Intermediary between Browser and COM Components 826 How Not to Use ASP 827 As Business Logic 827

14 xxii Contents As Database Access Logic As a Primary Means of Complex Data Processing 828 What You Can Do with ASP 828- Make If...Then Decisions 829 Process Information from Clients 830 Access Databases, and Files 830 Format Responses 830 Launch and Communicate with COM Objects ' 831 Control Transactions 831 How Web Requests Work. 832 How a Client Requests Content 834 What the Server Does with the Request 835 How the Server Responds ' 837 What the Client Does with the Response, 838 How ASP Requests Differ from HTM Requests " 840 Whatlstheasp.dll? 842 What Is Script? 842 How Does the Server Separate Script from Content? How/When Does the Server Process Script? 845 How Does the Browser Act with ASP Sites?. 845 What's Next 845 Chapter 23 Introduction to XHTML 847 What Is XHTML? ; 848 How Is XHTML Different from HTML? 850 Element Minimization 850 Empty Elements 851 Boolean Attributes 852 Ampersands in Attribute Values 853 Case Sensitivity 853 Implementing XHTML.854 Who Should Use XHTML? 855 Learning More about XHTML 856 What's Next 856 Appendix HTML Master's Reference 861 Index,.. 967

COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. Contents. Chapter 1: Creating Structured Documents 1

COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL. Contents. Chapter 1: Creating Structured Documents 1 59313ftoc.qxd:WroxPro 3/22/08 2:31 PM Page xi Introduction xxiii Chapter 1: Creating Structured Documents 1 A Web of Structured Documents 1 Introducing XHTML 2 Core Elements and Attributes 9 The