Chapter 13 Introduction to Graphics Using SAS/GRAPH (Self-Study)

Transcription

1 Chapter 13 Introduction to Graphics Using SAS/GRAPH (Self-Study) 13.1 Introduction Creating Bar and Pie Charts Creating Plots... 20

2 13-2 Chapter 13 Introduction to Graphics Using SAS/GRAPH (Self-Study) 13.1 Introduction What Is SAS/GRAPH Software? SAS/GRAPH software is a component of SAS software that enables you to create the following types of graphs: bar, block, and pie charts two-dimensional scatter plots and line plots three dimensional scatter and surface plots contour plots maps text slides custom graphs 3 Bar Charts (GCHART Procedure) 4

3 13.1 Introduction 13-3 Pie Charts (GCHART Procedure) 5 Scatter and Line Plots (GPLOT Procedure) 6

4 13-4 Chapter 13 Introduction to Graphics Using SAS/GRAPH (Self-Study) Bar Charts with Line Plot Overlay (GBARLINE Procedure) 7 Three-Dimensional Surface and Scatter Plots (G3D Procedure) 8

5 13.1 Introduction 13-5 Three-Dimensional Contour Plots (GCONTOUR Procedure) 9 Maps (GMAP Procedure) 10

6 13-6 Chapter 13 Introduction to Graphics Using SAS/GRAPH (Self-Study) Multiple Graphs on a Page (GREPLAY Procedure) 11 SAS/GRAPH Programs General form of a SAS/GRAPH program: GOPTIONS options; global statements graphics procedure steps For example: goptions cback=white; title 'Number of Employees by Job Title'; proc gchart data=orion.staff; vbar Job_Title; 12

7 13.1 Introduction 13-7 RUN-Group Processing Many SAS/GRAPH procedures can use RUN group processing, which means that the following are true: The procedure executes the group of statements following the PROC statement when a RUN statement is encountered. Additional statements followed by another RUN statement can be submitted without resubmitting the PROC statement. The procedure stays active until a PROC, DATA, or QUIT statement is encountered. 13 Example of RUN-Group Processing proc gchart data=orion.staff; vbar Job_Title; title 'Bar Chart of Job Titles'; pie Job_Title; title 'Pie Chart of Job Titles'; 14

8 13-8 Chapter 13 Introduction to Graphics Using SAS/GRAPH (Self-Study) 13.2 Creating Bar and Pie Charts 16 Producing Bar and Pie Charts with the GCHART Procedure General form of the PROC GCHART statement: PROC GCHART DATA=SAS-data-set; Use one of these statements to specify the chart type: HBAR chart-variable... </ options>; HBAR3D chart-variable... </ options>; VBAR chart-variable... </ options>; VBAR3D chart-variable... </ options>; PIE chart-variable... </ options>; PIE3D chart-variable... </ options>; The chart variable determines the number of bars or slices produced within a graph. The chart variable can be character or numeric. By default, the height, length, or slice represents a frequency count of the values of the chart variable.

9 13.2 Creating Bar and Pie Charts 13-9 Creating Bar and Pie Charts p113d01 1. Submit the first PROC GCHART step to create a vertical bar chart representing a frequency count. The VBAR statement creates a vertical bar chart showing the number of sales representatives for each value of Job_Title in the orion.staff data set. Job_Title is referred to as the chart variable. Because the chart variable is a character variable, PROC GCHART displays one bar for each value of Job_Title. proc gchart data=orion.staff; vbar Job_Title; where Job_Title =:'Sales Rep'; title 'Number of Employees by Job Title'; The RESET=ALL option resets all graphics options to their default settings and clears any titles or footnotes that are in effect.

10 13-10 Chapter 13 Introduction to Graphics Using SAS/GRAPH (Self-Study) 2. Submit the second PROC GCHART step to create a three-dimensional horizontal bar chart. The HBAR3D statement creates a three-dimensional horizontal bar chart showing the same information as the previous bar chart. Notice that the HBAR and HBAR3D statements automatically display statistics to the right of the chart. proc gchart data=orion.staff; hbar3d Job_Title; title 'Number of Employees by Job Title'; where Job_Title =:'Sales Rep';

11 13.2 Creating Bar and Pie Charts Submit the third PROC GCHART step to suppress the display of statistics on the horizontal bar chart. The NOSTATS option in the HBAR3D statement suppresses the display of statistics on the chart. proc gchart data=orion.staff; hbar3d Job_Title / nostats; title 'Number of Employees by Job Title'; where Job_Title =:'Sales Rep';

12 13-12 Chapter 13 Introduction to Graphics Using SAS/GRAPH (Self-Study) 4. Submit the fourth PROC GCHART step to use a numeric chart variable. The VBAR3D statement creates a vertical bar chart showing the distribution of values of the variable Salary. Because the chart variable is numeric, PROC GCHART divides the values of Salary into ranges and displays one bar for each range. The value under the bar represents the midpoint of the range. The FORMAT statement assigns the DOLLAR9. format to Salary. proc gchart data=orion.staff; vbar3d salary / autoref; where Job_Title =:'Sales Rep'; format salary dollar9.; title 'Salary Distribution Midpoints for Sales Reps';

13 13.2 Creating Bar and Pie Charts Submit the fifth PROC GCHART step to specify ranges for a numeric chart variable and add reference lines. The HBAR3D statement creates a three-dimensional horizontal bar chart. The LEVELS= option in the HBAR3D statement divides the values of Salary into five ranges and display a bar for each range of values. The RANGE option in the HBAR3D statement displays the range of values, rather than the midpoint, under each bar. The AUTOREF option displays reference lines at each major tick mark on the horizontal (response) axis. proc gchart data=orion.staff; hbar3d salary/levels=5 range autoref; where Job_Title =:'Sales Rep'; format salary dollar9.; title 'Salary Distribution Ranges for Sales Reps'; To display a bar for each unique value of the chart variable, specify the DISCRETE option instead of the LEVELS= option in the VBAR, VBAR3D, HBAR, or HBAR3D statement. The DISCRETE option should be used only when the chart variable has a relatively small number of unique values.

14 13-14 Chapter 13 Introduction to Graphics Using SAS/GRAPH (Self-Study) 6. Submit the sixth PROC GCHART step to create bar charts based on statistics. A vertical bar chart displays one bar for each value of the variable Job_Title by specifying Job_Title as the chart variable in the VBAR statement. The height of the bar should be based on the mean value of the variable Salary for each job title. The SUMVAR= option in the VBAR statement specifies the variable whose values control the height or length of the bars. This variable (Salary, in this case) is known as the analysis variable. The TYPE= option in the VBAR statement specifies the statistic for the analysis variable that dictates the height or length of the bars. Possible values for the TYPE= option are SUM and MEAN. A LABEL statement assigns labels to the variables Job_Title and Salary. proc gchart data=orion.staff; vbar Job_Title / sumvar=salary type=mean; where Job_Title =:'Sales Rep'; format salary dollar9.; label Job_Title='Job Title' Salary='Salary'; title 'Average Salary by Job Title'; If the TYPE= option is not specified, the default value of the TYPE= option is SUM.

15 13.2 Creating Bar and Pie Charts Submit the seventh PROC GCHART step to assign a different color to each bar and display the mean statistic on the top of each bar. The PATTERNID=MIDPOINT option in the VBAR statement causes PROC GCHART to assign a different pattern or color to each value of the midpoint (chart) variable. The MEAN option in the VBAR statement displays the mean statistic on the top of each bar. Other options such as SUM, FREQ, and PERCENT can be specified to display other statistics on the top of the bars. proc gchart data=orion.staff; vbar Job_Title / sumvar=salary type=mean patternid=midpoint mean; where Job_Title =:'Sales Rep'; format salary dollar9.; title 'Average Salary by Job Title'; Only one statistic can be displayed on top of each vertical bar. For horizontal bar charts, you can specify multiple statistics, which are displayed to the right of the bars.

16 13-16 Chapter 13 Introduction to Graphics Using SAS/GRAPH (Self-Study) 8. Submit the eighth PROC GCHART step to divide the bars into subgroups. A VBAR statement creates a vertical bar chart that shows the number of sales representatives for each value of Job_Title. The SUBGROUP= option in the VBAR statement divides the bar into sections, where each section represents the frequency count for each value of the variable Gender. proc gchart data=orion.staff; vbar Job_Title/subgroup=Gender; where Job_Title =:'Sales Rep'; title 'Frequency of Job Title, Broken Down by Gender';

17 13.2 Creating Bar and Pie Charts Submit the ninth PROC GCHART step to group the bars. A VBAR statement creates a vertical bar chart showing the frequency for each value of Gender. The GROUP= option in the VBAR statement displays a separate set of bars for each value of Job_Title. The PATTERNID=MIDPOINT option in the VBAR statement displays each value of Gender (the midpoint or chart variable) with the same pattern. proc gchart data=orion.staff; vbar gender/group=job_title patternid=midpoint; where Job_Title =:'Sales Rep'; title 'Frequency of Job Gender, Grouped by Job Title'; Submitting the following statements (reversing the chart and group variables) would produce a chart with two groups of four bars: proc gchart data=orion.staff; vbar gender/group=job_title patternid=midpoint;

18 13-18 Chapter 13 Introduction to Graphics Using SAS/GRAPH (Self-Study) 10. Submit the final PROC GCHART step to create multiple pie charts using RUN-group processing. A PIE and a PIE3D statement in the same PROC GCHART step produces both a two-dimensional pie chart and a three-dimensional pie chart showing the number of sales representatives for each value of Job_Title. The TITLE2 statements specify different subtitles for each chart. The NOHEADING option in the PIE3D statement suppresses the FREQUENCY of Job_Title heading. Because RUN-group processing is in effect, note the following: It is not necessary to submit a separate PROC GCHART statement for each graph. The WHERE statement is applied to both charts. The TITLE statement is applied to both charts. A separate TITLE2 statement is used for each chart. proc gchart data=orion.staff; pie Job_Title; where Job_Title =:'Sales Rep'; title 'Frequency Distribution of Job Titles'; title2 '2-D Pie Chart'; pie3d Job_Title / noheading; title2 '3-D Pie Chart';

19 13.2 Creating Bar and Pie Charts 13-19

20 13-20 Chapter 13 Introduction to Graphics Using SAS/GRAPH (Self-Study) 13.3 Creating Plots Producing Plots with the GPLOT Procedure You can use the GPLOT procedure to plot one variable against another within a set of coordinate axes. General form of a PROC GPLOT step: PROC GPLOT DATA=SAS-data-set; PLOT vertical-variable*horizontal-variable </ options>; RUN; QUIT; 19

21 13.3 Creating Plots Creating Plots p113d02 1. Submit the first PROC GPLOT step to create a simple scatter plot. The PROC GPLOT creates a plot displaying the values of the variable Yr2007 on the vertical axis and Month on the horizontal axis. The points are displayed using the default plotting symbol (a plus sign). A FORMAT statement assigns the DOLLAR12. format to Yr2007. proc gplot data=orion.budget; plot Yr2007*Month; format Yr2007 dollar12.; title 'Plot of Budget by Month';

22 13-22 Chapter 13 Introduction to Graphics Using SAS/GRAPH (Self-Study) 2. Submit the second PROC GPLOT step to specify plot symbols and interpolation lines. The SYMBOL statement specifies an alternate plotting symbol and draws an interpolation line joining the plot points. The options in the SYMBOL statement are as follows: V= specifies the plotting symbol (a dot). I= specifies the interpolation method to be used to connect the points (join). CV= specifies the color of the plotting symbol. CI= specifies the color of the interpolation line. The LABEL statement assigns a label to the variable Yr2007. proc gplot data=orion.budget; plot Yr2007*Month / haxis=1 to 12; label Yr2007='Budget'; format Yr2007 dollar12.; title 'Plot of Budget by Month'; symbol1 v=dot i=join cv=red ci=blue;

23 13.3 Creating Plots Submit the third PROC GPLOT step to overlay multiple plot lines on the same set of axes. The PLOT statement specifies two separate plot requests (Yr2006*Month and Yr2007*Month), which results in an overlay plot with the variables Yr2006 and Yr2007 on the vertical axis and Month on the horizontal axis. The options in the PLOT statement are as follows: The OVERLAY option causes both plot requests to be displayed on the same set of axes. The HAXIS= option specifies the range of values for the horizontal axis. (The VAXIS= option can be used to specify the range for the vertical axis.) The VREF= option specifies a value on the vertical axis where a reference line should be drawn. The CFRAME= option specifies a color to be used for the background within the plot axes. proc gplot data=orion.budget; plot Yr2006*Month yr2007*month/ overlay haxis=1 to 12 vref= cframe= very light gray ; label Yr2006='Budget'; format Yr2006 dollar12.; title 'Plot of Budget by Month for 2006 and 2007'; symbol1 i=join v=dot ci=blue cv=blue; symbol2 i=join v=triangle ci=red cv=red;

24 13-24 Chapter 13 Introduction to Graphics Using SAS/GRAPH (Self-Study) 13.4 Enhancing Output Enhancing SAS/GRAPH Output SAS/GRAPH uses default values for colors, fonts, text size, and other graph attributes. You can override these defaults using the following methods: specifying an ODS style specifying default attributes in a GOPTIONS statement specifying attributes and options in global statements and procedure statements 22

25 13.4 Enhancing Output Enhancing Output p113d03 1. Submit the first PROC GPLOT step to use ODS styles to control the appearance of the output. Specify the style in the ODS LISTING statement with the STYLE= option produces a different ODS style. ods listing style=gears; proc gplot data=orion.budget; plot Yr2007*Month; format Yr2007 dollar12.; label Yr2007='Budget'; title 'Plot of Budget by Month';

26 13-26 Chapter 13 Introduction to Graphics Using SAS/GRAPH (Self-Study) 2. Submit the second PROC GPLOT step to specify the options in the TITLE and FOOTNOTE statements to control the text appearance. The TITLE and FOOTNOTE statements override the default fonts, colors, height, and text justification. The following options are used: F= (or FONT=) specifies a font. C= (or COLOR=) specifies text color. H= (or HEIGHT=) specifies text height. Units of height can be specified as a percent of the display (PCT), inches (IN), centimeters (CM), cells (CELLS), or points (PT). J= (or JUSTIFY=) specifies text justification. Valid values are LEFT (L), CENTER (C), and RIGHT (R). All options apply to text following the option. ods listing style=gears; proc gplot data=orion.budget; plot Yr2007*Month / vref= ; label Yr2007='Budget'; format Yr2007 dollar12.; title f=centbi h=5 pct 'Budget by Month'; footnote c=green j=left 'Data for 2007';

27 13.4 Enhancing Output Submit the third PROC GPLOT step to use a GOPTIONS statement to control the appearance of the output. A GOPTIONS statement specifies options to control the appearance of all text in the graph. The following options are used: FTEXT= specifies a font for all text. CTEXT= specifies the color for all text. HTEXT= specifies the height for all text. If a text option is specified both in a GOPTIONS statement and in a TITLE or FOOTNOTE statement, the option specified in the TITLE or FOOTNOTE statement overrides the value in the GOPTIONS statement only for that title or footnote. ods listing style=gears; goptions reset=all ftext=centb htext=3 pct ctext=dark_blue; proc gplot data=orion.budget; plot Yr2007*Month / vref= ; label Yr2007='Budget'; format Yr2007 dollar12.; title f=centbi 'Budget by Month';