Non element markup constructs

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Percival Powell
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1 <script> I s I* I <base> I Document structure <html> B N <head> I <body> B N The main content Margin: 8px; <title> I The documents title or and will be the Highly ranked Make unique for every page name link-text Text on the title-bar Only name = <meta> I 'description' is useful Indicates explicit relationship between this document <link> I and other resources. As such there are many good uses! External style <style> I sheets are usually best <noscript> <basefont> D D I Use CSS Non element markup constructs <?xml?> Basic s I <!DOCTYPE> I  I <![CDATA[ ]]> D D D D s I XML declaration What flavour of (X)HTML is used? Code comment Unparsed character data Unobtrusive DOM-scripts, please! Keep scripts external Unnecessary with unobtrusive scripting techniques! Forbidden in XHTML 5. Test for capabilities, not browsers! Not ignored by true XML parsers! Ignored by MSIE for scripts Better skip. It will put MSIE <= 6 in quirks mode and is NOT obligatory. In theory best place to specify encoding for offline usage of an XHTML document. Required in every version since HTML 2.0! Use richly while learning and developing Use for inline JavaScript in XHTML Will control standards compliance or quirks mode MSIE has conditional comments Opera may ignore CSS if MIME is true XHTML Script may have output Page 1 Version: 1.09

2 Basic <abbr> I N Abbreviation All acronyms are abbreviations. Make sure they are not confused with Not in MSIE <acronym> I N Acronym links. CSS-speech: Spell out initialisms. <mark> I N Hypertext <a> I N Link Basic semantics <h1> to <h6> B N Heading Large bold text, Use in correct order Highly ranked gradually smaller. Margin-top/bottom The hgroup element represents the heading of a <hgroup> B N section. The element is used to group a set of h1 h6 elements when the heading has multiple levels, such as subheadings, alternative titles, or taglines. <p> B N Paragraph Margin-top: 1em; Emphasized Usually spoken Do not equate with <em> I N Italics text louder italics Emphasised words may get Strongly emphasised text really loud! Usually spoken Do not equate with <strong> I N higher ranking. Bolder bold abbr[title], acronym[title] { borderbottom: dotted 1px; ] <blockquote> B N Longer quote Do not equate with Indented right and indentation left. <q> I N Short quote No quotation marks in MSIE Quotation marks <cite> I N Who is cited Not the quote as such Italics <ins> I* N Inserted text Better turn underlining off Underlined <del> I* N Deleted text Strike through <dfn> I N Defined word Italics <h> B N Heading Use with section Probably like h1, h2, etc. Marked or highlighted text Link text should be understandable out of context. May contain block elements in (X)HTML 5. In future, use to highlight matches to search string Any element with an id can replace its use as anchor rel= nofollow means it will not increase targets page rank. rel= canonical marks the preferred URL for a resource. Blue underlined text. Images get a blue border. Page 2 Version: 1.09

3 Basic <section> B R <article> B N <aside> B N <header> B N <footer> B N <figure> B R <headings> Page structure <div> B N Part of page Avoid divitis Is a semantic element available? Avoid spanmania <span> I N If so, use that instead. May override B N <pre> Preformatted width in MSIE <hr> B R Do not use for Color' for MSIE, Thematic visual purposes 'background-color' A bar break only. for Gecko <address> B N Always use hcard for addresses, but Contact information in combination with <address> for contact info. Italics Document or application section Section takes priority over h1-h6 Does not equal <div> Stand alone capable section tangentially related to the content The header element represents a group of introductory or navigational aids. A header element ues for id or class Today: Good val- typically contains the section's attributes! heading (an h1 h6 element or an hgroup element), but can also contain other content, such as a table of contents, a search form, or any relevant logos. Footer for a section Caption will prob- Proposed re- Paragraph ably be mandated. with a caption Content may be a image. Set a heading placement for misuse of fieldset' <listing> D B <xmp> D B (Parsed as CDA- TA, preserved whitespace) Page 3 Version: 1.09

4 Basic Visual formatting <br> I N (Line break) Line break May be only option for a WYSI- May get a sligthly <b> I N Bolder <i> I N WYG editor elevated rank Italics <sub> I N Subscript <sup> I N E.g. Use with simple math, footnotes, and when part of language idiom. Superscript <big> I N Bigger ( Smallprint <small> I N in (X)HTML Smaller 5) <tt> I N Fixed width font <center> D D D D B N Use CSS Centers everything! <font> D D D D s I N Changes font settings Avoid underlining <u> D D D D I N always (even with CSS), since it will Underlined look like a link. <s> D D D D I N <strike> D D D D I N Use CSS or <del> Strike through <nobr> I N Use CSS instead NS 4 proprietary, No line breaks in but works in all cell <wbr> I N MSIE proprietary Suggestion for line break. Page 4 Version: 1.09

5 Basic T N Table body T N Table footer <col> T I Table column T I Tables <table> T N Tabular data Describe format with summary Not for layout Visible borders <tr> T N Table row <th> T N Heading for Use scope or Table cell with row or column headers/id bold, centered text <td> T N Table data A table cell <caption> T N Often a good idea Centered above Table caption Hard to style to have the table <thead> T N Table head Repeats on each page when printing <tbody> <tfoot> <colgroup> Group of columns Can be used instead of grouping <tr> with the class attribute MSIE needs this one for dynamically created tables MSIE catches too many style-rules! Safari does not support colgroup Page 5 Version: 1.09

6 Basic Forms (& application-type elements) <form> B N A form Do not emulate Normally use the Spiders do not links POST method 'follow' forms <input> I R Input widget Input widget (Almost) every form control should Explanation have a label. Significant increase of <label> I N for form-controls clickable area for checkboxes and radio buttons. Tip: add CSS-rule cursor: pointer; <textarea> I R Enter text Textarea widget Flexible button JS for progressive <button> I R Button widget enhancement <fieldset> B N <legend> B N Group of form-elements Logical groups of form controls increase usability It might be repeated for each Heading for group of form control in speech elements synthesis. Border, maybe rounded corners Text in the top border <select> I R Multiple selects are confusing Menus done with Drop down list <option> R Multiple select widgets will choice input not be followed by Item in such list <optgroup> R Used sensibly spiders Group of such they help items (Expands to "This is a searchable <isindex> D D D D B R index." + A <form> Precursor of form containing textfield between <input>) two <hr> Page 6 Version: 1.09

7 All elements Basic Web applications <command> I R A command the user can invoke <datalist> I A list of suggested values for a form control. Use with <option>. <output> I Advisory or transient information... (D. Goodman) Considered to be a form control for the purposes of the DOM (Spec) <details> B N Additional information or controls which the user can obtain on demand <menu> D D D D B N List of commands. Returns in (X)HTML 5, with a wider usage than pure navigation. <meter> I R/N A scalar measurement within a known range. <progress> I R/N A progress bar. (Do not confuse with <meter>) <time> I N A date and/or time of day <keygen> I R A key pair generator control No browser support this yet (2008- Button, radiobutton or checkbox 08-04) Opera 9 is the first browser to support these, but that support is only preliminary. Most functionality can be implemented through JavaScript. Currently (June -09) only supported by Gecko and Opera Unstyled text Like <ul> Not decided as of Jan -07 Selectable list of key sizes. Page 7 Version: 1.09

8 Basic B N Lists Unordered Do not use for indentation only dentation Bullet list, left in- <ul> B N list Lists should be B N Ordered list used as much as Numbered list, left <ol> possible. Many indentation <li> B N List item things, e.g. Item in list <dl> B N Definition list Menus, are really W3C says use for Definition lists. List are easy dialogue and other Used for define <dt> B N term to scan and easy not obvious purposes, others dis- Google 40px left indenta- commands in Definition to see. <dd> B N data agree. tion <di> B N Groups <dt> and <dd> <nl> B N Navigation list <nav> Navigation section Will replace skip links. Not really a list. Put here for comparison with <nl>. Use ARIA landmark roles and skiplinks today. Bots will (in the future) know that navigation is not primary content. No support yet ( ) <dir> D D D D B N Directory listing Use <ul> or <ol> Like <ul> Coding & formulas Use with CSSrule: <code> I N white-space: Syntax highlight Computer code pre; or the pre element with CSS-classes Monospaced Not (only) a variable <var> I N Variable data in program- Italics ming <kbd> I N Represents user input Monospaced <samp> I N Output from computer Monospaced Page 8 Version: 1.09

9 Basic Objects, multimedia, etc. <img> The alt attribute Do use the alt-attribute, but wisely orative images. Use CSS for dec- I R Image will be indexed for (An image) image searches <object> I* R <param> I (object that normally requres a plug in) Provide fallback content Use (X)HTML, CSS and DOMscripts if possible. Content in objects usually will not be indexed Often bad support for fallback content. MSIE will treat as ActiveX. Already supported by many, but not MSIE <canvas> I* R drawing (Animation, video, <embed> I R Allowed in HTML sound) 5, but still inferior I* I to <object> (Fallback for embed) <noembed> Controls may be <audio> I R Audio stream Ogg, Vorbis and shown Theora must be Video or Video + controls <video> I R supported. Apple movie may be shown likes QT, MSIE Alternative formats for <audio> or <video>, where <source> I wma/wmv the UA chooses the best one <applet> D D D D I R Use <object> Java applet <map> I Avoid imagemaps! If you must have <area> I one, use the title attribute! (Animation, applet, etc) Animation blank until script starts MSIE proprietary, <marquee> B N Avoid flickering Do not use. Use but supported by Scrolling text unobtrusive DOMscripts for behav- most <blink> I N Avoid flickering iour. NS proprietary, Blinking text works in Opera <bgsound> I A nuisance! Use the object element MSIE proprietary Plays a sound Frames <frameset> B N <frame> B R Do not use frames! If you must, use the title attribute! New nested Consider using <object> instead of iframe. Only option for rich HTML 5 introduces <iframe> B R browsing context Gecko <= text editing in seamless frames <noframes> B I Provide meaningful content and links to the framed content. Not you need a better browser! Page 9 Version: 1.09

10 Basic Miscellaneous <bdo> I N (Stop treat <plaintext> D B N code as HTML) <ruby> I N Ruby overall container <rbc>? I N Ruby base container <rtc>? I N Ruby text container <rb>? I N Ruby base <rt> I N Ruby text <rp> Uncommon proprietary elements <layer> <nolayer> <ilayer> <comment> <xml> <multicol> <spacer> I N Denotes fallback characters for ruby (inline layer) Do think about i18n issues (DHTML layer + fallback) DHTML era practices stink! (Alternative to ) (XML data island) Use CSS Probably better to use CSS Keep it forgotten! For some uses, see CDATA. Forget these! There never will be a situation where they will solve any real problem. CSS 3 will have columns MSIE only Used to be some, but who cares? MSIE 5+ is currently the only browser that has support for ruby, but it is not complete. Monospaced NS 4 proprietary, not supported by any other browser (partial in Safari) (Used to be like iframe) MSIE proprietary, contents will be shown in all other browsers but Opera! Anonymous elements will be part of the DOM in HTML 5. NS 3 and 4 proprietary (Used to be: enders content in evenly spaced columns) (Used to be like a spacer gif) Page 10 Version: 1.09

11 All elements Basic Official information: Key and explanations HTML 2.0 spec In standard spec D Deprecated or discouraged = Do not use! HTML 4.01 tags Will maybe be in (X)HTML 5, but not yet documented. XHTML s Sometimes available depending upon serialization or other factors. XHTML basic Block/Inline/Table refers to default CSS rendering and nesting rules. Elements that have "display: inline" but may contain block elements have been marked "I*" XHTML Mobile XHMTL 2.0 tags (dropped from table above) Normal/Invisible/Replaced also refers to CSS treatment of the element. Some elements might be more than one. The normal case is listed. Server events Useful links Web Forms Ruby annotations (not included in table above) meiert.com/en/indices/html-elements/ XHTML Print (not included in table above) simon.html5.org/html5-elements Xframes dev.w3.org/html5/html4-differences/overview.html Background and intended use The recommendations in the table above represents the personal opinion of Lars Gunther, although valuable suggestions have been provided by April Siegfried, Christian Montoya, Alexey Feldgendler and Simon Pieters. This list is intended to be used as a reference while coding (or seeing other's code) and as notes for learning (X)HTML. Strict doctypes that are supported by the browsers of today is recommended for normal web pages. Knowledgeable authors may of course start experimenting with (X)HTML 5. Proprietary elements are included for reference if stumbled upon. A few are included as examples of where (X)HTML might be heading in the future. Book references Dynamic HTML: The definitive reference, Third Edition, by Danny Goodman. Sebastopol, CA, USA: O'Reilly Media, ISBN: Page 11 Version: 1.09

12 All elements Basic HTML 3.0 elements not in table above elements not in table above Structural module Xforms module Blockcode Action Separator Delete Accessibilty module Dispatch Access Group <abbrev> Turned into abbr Text module Load <app> Synonym for applet L (line of text) Message <au> Synonym for <author> List module Model <author> Author Di (defintion item) Output <banner> Special element for ads (+ some more uses)! Should not scroll. Today: position: fixed; Events module Range <bg> Sort of like blockquote ev:listener Rebuild <credit> Who is quoted with <bg> or who has made an image shown with <fig> Handler module Recalculate <fig> Advanced alternative to img. Revived (in changed form) in (X)HTML 5 as <figure> Handler Refresh <fn> Footnote. Object Module Repeat <hp1><hp2>etc Highlight text in a browser-specified way. Sort of revived as <mark> in (X)HTML 5 Standby Reset <lang> Language Tables Revalidate <lh> List header Summary Secret <math> Equation or formula (had lots of sub-elements) Xframes Select1 <nextid> Deprecated already by RFC 1866 (5.2.6) but actually supported by MSIE 4+ (sic!) Frames Send <note> Explanatory note outside of text flow. May be revived in (X)HTML 5 Group Setfocus <overlay> Used with fig Setindex <person> Signifies that it is a name Setvalue <range> Defines a range within the document Submit <spot> The spot tag can be used to specify a location in the document where there is no tag. Switch <tab> Tabulator Trigger Upload Elements that have been part of the HTML 5 editors draft at one point, but dropped <datatemplate> The datatemplate element brings together the various rules that form a data template. The element doesn't itself do anything exciting. <rule> The rule element represents a template of content that is to be used for elements when updating an element's generated content. <nest> The nest element represents a point in a template where the user agent should recurse and start inserting the children of the data node that matches the rule in which the nest eleme <eventsource> <datagrid> <bb> Server side events Interactive representation of tree, list, or tabular data Browser Button an UA command that the user can invoke <dialog> Conversations, irc-logs and Shakespeare Page 12 Version: 1.09

13 Basic Updates Changed <m> to <mark> Added seamless option to iframes, <command>,<bb>; datatemplates. Changed <event-source> to <eventsource>. Added elements to. basic. Mobile dropped <keygen> is HTML 5 approved Added hgroup (HTML 5). Redefined header (HTML 5). Made clear that frames and font are not part of HTML 5. Note that underlining should always be avoided. rel="canonical" added to <a>. Added info about eventsource (Including Comet). Notes and commentary updated throughout. Dropped datatemplates More detailed explanations. Print stylesheet, version is shown. <base> allowed in XHTML 5 (spec change) <basefont> is deprecated in HTML 4.01 (fix) Eventsource has been dropped as an element (spec change) <html>, <listing>, <xmp> are B (block elements) (fix) <a> Added "May contain block elements in (X)HTML 5." <noscript>, <ins>, <del> <object>, <noembed> and <canvas> are now marked I* (display: inline, but may contain block elements) (pedagogic change) <embed>, <applet>, <meter>, <progress> and <keygen> are now marked I (inline) (fix) <keygen> is now marked R (replaced) (fix) Ruby elements are not marked inline anymore (blank) (pedagogic change) Ruby elements <rbc>, <rtc> and <rb> marked as? for HTML 5 (Not in spec, maybe never will be?) <isindex> Is more described as they are treated by an HTML 5 parser. (pedagogic change) <layer>, <nolayer>, <ilayer>, <xml>, <multicol>, <spacer> have no information any longer about inline/block or normal/invisible/replaced, since current behavior differs from the original intention (pedagogic change) Expanded info about <isindex> (Block, text appears) (pedagogic change) <details> is N (normal), not I/N/R (pedagogic change) <thead> repeats on each page when printing (fix) Table is now T (not B) (pedagogic change) Datagrid has been removed from HTML 5 Viewport has been redefined in both HTML and XHTML (dropped from this table) Some housekeeping More detail on nav bb has been removed from HTML 5 dialog has been removed from HTML 5 Page 13 Version: 1.09

The [HTML] Element p. 61 The [HEAD] Element p. 62 The [TITLE] Element p. 63 The [BODY] Element p. 66 HTML Elements p. 66 Core Attributes p.

The [HTML] Element p. 61 The [HEAD] Element p. 62 The [TITLE] Element p. 63 The [BODY] Element p. 66 HTML Elements p. 66 Core Attributes p. Acknowledgments p. xix Preface p. xxi Web Basics Introduction to HTML p. 3 Basic HTML Concepts p. 4 HTML: A Structured Language p. 7 Overview of HTML Markup p. 11 Logical and Physical HTML p. 13 What HTML