CSc 120. Introduc/on to Computer Programing II. Adapted from slides by Dr. Saumya Debray. 01- a: Python review
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1 CSc 120 Introduc/on to Computer Programing II Adapted from slides by Dr. Saumya Debray 01- a: Python review
2 python review: variables, expressions, assignment 2
3 python basics x = 4 y = 5 z = x + y x 4 y 5 z 9 y = z * 2 y 18 3
4 python basics x = 4 y = 5 z = x + y x 4 y 5 z 9 y = z * 2 y 18 : python interpreter's prompt black: user input (keyboard) blue: python interpreter output 4
5 python basics x = 4 y = 5 z = x + y x 4 y 5 z 9 y = z * 2 y 18 variables 5
6 python basics x = 4 y = 5 z = x + y x 4 y 5 z 9 y = z * 2 y 18 expressions 6
7 python basics x = 4 y = 5 z = x + y x 4 y 5 z 9 y = z * 2 y 18 assignment statements 7
8 python basics x = 4 y = 5 z = x + y x 4 y 5 z 9 y = z * 2 y 18 typing in an expression causes its value to be printed 8
9 python basics x = 4 y = 5 z = x + y x 4 y 5 z 9 y = z * 2 y 18 variables: names begin with leier or '_' don't have to be declared in advance type determined at runkme expressions: all the usual arithmekc operators 9
10 Mul/ple (aka parallel) assignment x, y, z = 11, 22, 33 x 11 y 22 z 33 Assigns to mulkple variables at the same Kme x 1, x 2,..., x n = exp 1, exp 2,..., exp n Behavior: 1. exp 1,..., exp n evaluated (L- to- R) 2. x 1,..., x n are assigned (L- to- R) 10
11 Comparison and Booleans x, y, z = 11, 22, 33 x 11 y 22 z 33 x < y True y == z False Comparision operakons: <, >, ==, >=, <=,!= Lower precedence than arithmekc operakons. Yield boolean values: True False 11
12 EXERCISE x = 3 y = 4 z = (2*x 1 == y+1) z what value is printed out for z? 12
13 EXERCISE x = 3 y = 4 sum, diff, prod = x + y, x y, x * y prod+diff what is the value printed out? 13
14 python review: reading user input I: input() 14
15 Reading user input I: input() x = input() x '13579' y = input('type some input: ') Type some input: 23 y '23' z = input('more input: ') More input: 567 z '567' 15
16 Reading user input I: input() x = input() x '13579' y = input('type some input: ') Type some input: 23 y '23' z = input('more input: ') More input: 567 z '567' input statement: reads input from the keyboard returns the value read o (a string) 16
17 Reading user input I: input() x = input() x '13579' y = input('type some input: ') Type some input: 23 y '23' z = input('more input: ') More input: 567 z '567' input statement: reads input from the keyboard returns the value read o (a string) takes an opkonal argument o if provided, serves as a prompt 17
18 Reading user input I: input() x = input() 12 x '12' y = x / 2 Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#59>", line 1, in <module> y = x / 2 the value read in is represented as a string string sequence of characters TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'str' and 'int' 18
19 Reading user input I: input() x = input() 12 x '12' y = x / 2 Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#59>", line 1, in <module> y = x / 2 the value read in is represented as a string string sequence of characters TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'str' and 'int' TypeError: indicate an error due to wrong type 19
20 Reading user input I: input() x = input() 12 x '12' y = x / 2 Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#59>", line 1, in <module> y = x / 2 TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'str' and 'int' y = int (x) / 2 y 6.0 the value read in is represented as a string string sequence of characters TypeError: indicates an error due to a wrong type Fix: explicit type conversion 20
21 python review: basics of strings 21
22 Basics of strings x = "abcd" y = 'efgh' z = "efgh" 22
23 Basics of strings x = "abcd" y = 'efgh' z = "efgh" either single- quotes (at both ends) or double- quotes (at both ends) 23
24 Basics of strings text = input('enter a string: ') Enter a string: abcdefghi text 'abcdefghi' text[0] 'a' text[1] 'b' text[27] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#153>", line 1, in <module> text[27] IndexError: string index out of range a string is a sequence (array) of characters we can index into a string to get the characters 24
25 Basics of strings text = input('enter a string: ') Enter a string: abcdefghi text 'abcdefghi' text[0] 'a' text[1] 'b' text[27] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#153>", line 1, in <module> text[27] IndexError: string index out of range a string is a sequence (array) of characters we can index into a string to get the characters indexing beyond the end of the string gives an IndexError error 25
26 Basics of strings text = input('enter a string: ') Enter a string: abcdefghi text 'abcdefghi' text[0] 'a' text[1] 'b' text[27] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#153>", line 1, in <module> text[27] IndexError: string index out of range a string is a sequence (array) of characters we can index into a string to get the characters each character is returned as a string of length 1 IntuiKvely, a character is a single leier, digit, punctuakon mark, etc. E.g.: 'a' '5' '$' 26
27 Basics of strings x = ' ' x[0] '0' x[1] '1' x[2] '2' x[- 1] '9' x[- 2] '8' x[- 3] '7' x[ i ] : if i 0 (i.e., non- negakve values): indexing is done from the beginning of the string the first leier has index 0 x[ i ] : if i < 0 (i.e., negakve values): indexing is done from the end of the string the last leier has index
28 Basics of strings x = ' ' x[0] '0' x[1] '1' x[2] '2' x[- 1] '9' x[- 2] '8' x[- 3] '7' x[ i ] : if i 0 (i.e., non- negakve values): indexing is done from the beginning of the string the first leier has index 0 x[ i ] : if i < 0 (i.e., negakve values): indexing is done from the end of the string the last leier has index
29 EXERCISE x = 'a' x == x[0] what do you think will be printed here? 29
30 EXERCISE x = 'apple' x[2] == x[- 2] what do you think will be printed here? 30
31 Basics of strings x = "5" x '5' x == 5 False Inside a computer, a character is represented as a number (its "ASCII value") 31
32 Basics of strings x = "5" x '5' x == 5 False Inside a computer, a character is represented as a number (its "ASCII value") the ASCII value of a digit is not the same as the digit itself: '5' 5 32
33 EXERCISE x = 27 y = 'x' x == y What do you think will be printed here? Why? 33
34 Basics of strings x = input() abcde_fghij_01234 x 'abcde_fghij_01234' len(x) 17 y = x.lower() y 'abcde_fghij_01234' x = y.upper() >> x 'ABCDE_FGHIJ_01234' len(x) : length of a string x 34
35 Basics of strings x = input() abcde_fghij_01234 x 'abcde_fghij_01234' len(x) 17 y = x.lower() y 'abcde_fghij_01234' x = y.upper() >> x 'ABCDE_FGHIJ_01234' len(x) : length of a string x x.lower(), x.upper() : case conversion on the leiers in a string x note that non- leier characters are not affected 35
36 Basics of strings x = input() abcde_fghij_01234 x 'abcde_fghij_01234' len(x) 17 y = x.lower() y 'abcde_fghij_01234' x = y.upper() >> x 'ABCDE_FGHIJ_01234' len(x) : length of a string x x.lower(), x.upper() : case conversion on the leiers in a string x note that non- leier characters are not affected Python supports a wide variety of string operakons see python_strings.htm 36
37 Basics of strings x = input() abcdefgh x 'abcdefgh' x[3] 'd' x[3] = 'z' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#193>", line 1, in <module> x[3] = 'z' TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment 37
38 Basics of strings x = input() abcdefgh x 'abcdefgh' x[3] 'd' x[3] = 'z' Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#193>", line 1, in <module> x[3] = 'z' strings are immutable, i.e., cannot be modified or updated TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment 38
39 Basics of strings x = "abcd" y = 'efgh' z = 'efgh' y == z True x == y False w = x + y w 'abcdefgh' u = x * 5 u 'abcdabcdabcdabcdabcd' + applied to strings does concatenakon 39
40 Basics of strings x = "abcd" y = 'efgh' z = 'efgh' y == z True x == y False w = x + y w 'abcdefgh' u = x * 5 u 'abcdabcdabcdabcdabcd' + applied to strings does concatenakon '*' applied to strings: does repeated concatenakon if one argument is a number generates an error otherwise 40
41 Basics of strings x = "abcd" y = 'efgh' z = 'efgh' w = x + y w 'abcdefgh' u = x * 5 u 'abcdabcdabcdabcdabcd' x - y Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#39>", line 1, in <module> x - y TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for - : 'str' and 'str' + applied to strings does concatenakon * applied to strings: does repeated concatenakon if one argument is a number generates an error otherwise not all arithmekc operators carry over to strings 41
42 Basics of strings x = "abcdefg" y = 'hijk' x[3:6] 'def' x[2:5] 'cde' x[:2] 'ab' x[4:] 'efg' x[4:] + y[:2] 'efghi' slicing: produces substrings characters from 3 (included) to 6 (excluded) characters from 2 (included) to 5 (excluded) characters from the beginning to 2 (excluded) characters from 4 (included) to the end 42
43 EXERCISE x = "whoa!" y = x[2] * len(x) z = x[3] + x[0] + y z awooooo what is printed here? 43
44 EXERCISE x = input() y = x + x int(x) == int(y) True what input value(s) will cause this to work as shown? 44
45 python review: condi/onals 45
46 Condi/onal statements: if/elif/else var1 = input() 100 var2 = input() 200 x1 = int(var1) x2 = int(var2) if x1 > x2: print('x1 is bigger than x2') elif x1 == x2: print('x1 and x2 are equal') else: print('x1 is smaller than x2') x1 is smaller than x2 46
47 Condi/onal statements: if/elif/else var1 = input() 100 var2 = input() 200 x1 = int(var1) x2 = int(var2) if x1 > x2: print('x1 is bigger than x2') elif x1 == x2: print('x1 and x2 are equal') else: print('x1 is smaller than x2') x1 is smaller than x2 if- statement syntax: if BooleanExpr : stmt elif BooleanExpr : stmt elif else: stmt elifs are opkonal (use as needed) 47
48 Condi/onal statements: if/elif/else var1 = input() 100 var2 = input() 200 x1 = int(var1) x2 = int(var2) if x1 > x2: print('x1 is bigger than x2') elif x1 == x2: print('x1 and x2 are equal') else: print('x1 is smaller than x2') x1 is smaller than x2 if- statement syntax: if BooleanExpr : stmt elif BooleanExpr : stmt elif else: stmt elifs are opkonal (use as needed) else is opkonal 48
49 python review: while loops 49
50 Loops I: while n = input('enter a number: ') Enter a number: 5 limit = int(n) i = 0 sum = 0 while i <= limit: sum += i i += 1 sum 15 50
51 Loops I: while n = input('enter a number: ') Enter a number: 5 limit = int(n) i = 0 sum = 0 while i <= limit: sum += i i += 1 while- statement syntax: while BooleanExpr : stmt 1 stmt n stmt 1 stmt n are executed repeatedly as long as BooleanExpr is True sum 15 51
52 EXERCISE text = "To be or not to be, that is the queskon." c = "o" Write the code to count the number of Kmes c occurs in text. 52
53 python review: lists (aka arrays) 53
54 Lists x = [ 'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4' ] x[0] 'item1' x[2] 'item3' len(x) 4 x[2] = 'newitem3' x ['item1', 'item2', 'newitem3', 'item4'] x[1:] ['item2', 'newitem3', 'item4'] x[:3] ['item1', 'item2', 'newitem3'] 54
55 Lists x = [ 'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4' ] x[0] 'item1' x[2] 'item3' len(x) 4 x[2] = 'newitem3' x ['item1', 'item2', 'newitem3', 'item4'] x[1:] ['item2', 'newitem3', 'item4'] x[:3] ['item1', 'item2', 'newitem3'] a list (or array) is a sequence of values 55
56 EXERCISE x = [ abc, def, ghi, jkl ] x[1] + x[- 1] what do you think will be printed here? 56
57 Lists x = [ 'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4' ] x[0] 'item1' x[2] 'item3' len(x) 4 x[2] = 'newitem3' x ['item1', 'item2', 'newitem3', 'item4'] x[1:] ['item2', 'newitem3', 'item4'] x[:3] ['item1', 'item2', 'newitem3'] a list (or array) is a sequence of values accessing list elements (i.e., indexing), compukng length: similar to strings non- negakve index values ( 0) index from the front of the list o the first element has index 0 negakve index values index from the end of the list o the last element has index
58 Lists x = [ 'item1', 'item2', 'item3', 'item4' ] x[0] 'item1' x[2] 'item3' len(x) 4 x[2] = 'newitem3' x ['item1', 'item2', 'newitem3', 'item4'] x[1:] ['item2', 'newitem3', 'item4'] x[:3] ['item1', 'item2', 'newitem3'] a list (or array) is a sequence of values accessing list elements (i.e., indexing), compukng length: similar to strings lists are mutable, i.e., can be modified or updated different from strings slicing : similar to strings 58
59 Lists x = [11, 22, 33] y = [44, 55, 66, 77] x + y [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77] x * 3 [11, 22, 33, 11, 22, 33, 11, 22, 33] concatenakon (+) : similar to strings mulkpilicakon (*) similar to strings 59
60 python review: func/ons 60
61 Func/ons def fn_name ( arg 1,, arg n ) defines a funckon fn_name with n arguments arg 1,, arg n return expr opkonal returns the value of the expression expr to the caller fn_name(expr 1,, expr n ) calls fn_name with arguments expr 1,, expr n 61
62 Func/ons def double(x): double(7) 14 return x + x def num_occurences(text, c): n, i = 0, 0 while i < len(text): if text[i] == c: n += 1 i += 1 return n def fn_name ( arg 1,, arg n ) defines a funckon fn_name with n arguments arg 1,, arg n return expr opkonal returns the value of the expression expr to the caller num_occurences("to be or not to be, that is the queskon.", "o") 5 62
63 Lists of Lists x = [ [1,2,3], [4], [5, 6]] x [[1, 2, 3], [4], [5, 6]] y = [ ['aa', 'bb', 'cc'], ['dd', 'ee', 'ff'], ['hh', 'ii', 'jj']] y [['aa', 'bb', 'cc'], ['dd', 'ee', 'ff'], ['hh', 'ii', 'jj']] a list can consist of elements of many types, including lists a list of lists is called a 2- d list 63
64 Lists of Lists x = [ [1,2,3], [4], [5, 6]] x [[1, 2, 3], [4], [5, 6]] y = [ ['aa', 'bb', 'cc'], ['dd', 'ee', 'ff'], ['hh', 'ii', 'jj']] y [['aa', 'bb', 'cc'], ['dd', 'ee', 'ff'], ['hh', 'ii', 'jj']] a list can consist of elements of many types, including lists a list of lists is called a 2- d list if the number of rows and columns are equal, it is a grid 64
65 Lists of Lists y [['aa', 'bb', 'cc'], ['dd', 'ee', 'ff'], ['hh', 'ii', 'jj']] y[0] ['aa', 'bb', 'cc'] y[1] ['dd', 'ee', 'ff'] y[2] ['hh', 'ii', 'jj'] len(y) 3 len(y[0]) 3 a list can consist of elements of many types, including lists a list of lists is called a 2- d list if the number of rows and columns are equal, it is a grid *must check the length of each row 65
66 EXERCISE y [['aa', 'bb', 'cc'], ['dd', 'ee', 'ff'], ['hh', 'ii', 'jj']] y[0] ['aa', 'bb', 'cc'] y[1] ['dd', 'ee', 'ff'] y[2] ['hh', 'ii', 'jj'] how do we access 'bb'? 66
67 EXERCISE x = [ [1,2,3], [10,20,30], [100,200, 300]] x [[1, 2, 3], [10,20,30], [100,200,300]] write the code to sum the first column of x 67
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