Table of Contents. PREFACE... vii CONVENTIONS... vii HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL... vii Further Information...viii

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1 Table of Contents PREFACE... vii CONVENTIONS... vii HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL... vii Further Information...viii USING BASIC BASIC-52 PINOUT AND FEATURES AH and 80C52 DIFFERENCES... 1 DEFINITION OF TERMS... 2 Common Acronyms... 2 BASIC Interpreters and Compilers... 2 Console... 2 Console Serial Port... 3 On-Line/Off-Line... 3 Commands... 3 Operators... 3 Instructions... 3 Expressions... 3 Statements... 3 Program Lines... 4 Strobe... 4 WRITING AND EDITING BASIC PROGRAMS... 4 Anomalies and Bugs... 4 On-Line Editing... 4 ASCII Text Only, Please... 5 Downloading and Uploading Basic Programs... 5 Constants... 5 Variables... 6 Addresses... 7 Arrays... 8 Strings... 8 BASIC PROGRAM LINES... 8 Line Numbers... 8 Multiple Statements on a Line... 8 Remarks... 8 Uppercase/Lowercase... 9 Spaces in Program Lines... 9 Use Of Parentheses Subroutines and Branching Passing Variables Between Programs and Subroutines RUNNING BASIC PROGRAMS Command and Run Modes Control-C Control-S and Control-Q (X-On and X-Off) STORING BASIC PROGRAMS Device Pins Used for Programming Programming Algorithms EPROM EEPROM SRAM WHAT HAPPENS AFTER RESET PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE PROGRAM EXECUTION and LISTING COMMANDS RAM ROM XFER RUN CONT LIST LIST# LIST@ i

2 NEW NULL PROGRAMMING COMMANDS PROG and FPROG PROG1 and FPROG PROG2 and FPROG PROG3 and FPROG PROG4 and FPROG PROG5 and FPROG PROG6 and FPROG MEMORY ALLOCATION VARIABLES FREE LEN MTOP OPERATORS Precedence of Operators ARITHMETIC OPERATORS = * / ** SQR LOGARITHMIC OPERATORS EXP LOG TRIGONOMETRIC OPERATORS SIN COS TAN ATN RELATIONAL OPERATORS = <> < > <= >= BITWISE LOGICAL OPERATORS AND OR XOR NOT STRING OPERATORS STRING ASC CHR VALUE OPERATORS ABS INT PI RND SGN SPECIAL OPERATORS XTAL IE IP PCON PORT RCAP T2CON TCON TMOD ii

3 TIME TIMER TIMER TIMER INSTRUCTIONS LOOPING, SUBROUTINES, BRANCHING AND CONTROL DO - UNTIL DO - WHILE FOR - TO - STEP - NEXT GOSUB - RETURN ON - GOSUB - RETURN CALL GOTO ON - GOTO IF - THEN - ELSE RROM STOP END REM INPUT/OUTPUT BAUD GET INPUT PWM UI UI UO UO PRINTING PRINT or P. or? PRINT# or P.# or?# PH0. and PH PH0.# and PH1.# PRINT@ or P.@ or?.@ PH0.@ or PH1.@ PRINT FORMATTING CR SPC TAB USING or U DATA CONTROL AND STORAGE DBY CBY XBY ST@ LD@ CLEAR CLEARS DATA READ RESTORE DIM LET PGM PUSH POP INTERRUPTS AND REAL-TIME CLOCK CLEARI ONERR ONEX ONTIME IDLE RETI CLOCK iii

4 CLOCK APPENDIX A - ERROR MESSAGES A-STACK ARITH. UNDERFLOW ARITH. OVERFLOW ARRAY SIZE BAD ARGUMENT BAD SYNTAX C-STACK CAN'T CONTINUE DIVIDE BY ZERO I-STACK MEMORY ALLOCATION NO DATA PROGRAMMING PROM MODE APPENDIX B - RUN-TIME, STARTUP and RESET OPTIONS IMPLEMENTING "PSEUDO DMA" RUN TRAP OPTION CUSTOM RESET ROUTINES DISABLING CONTROL-C APPENDIX C - MEMORY USAGE AND STORAGE FORMATS SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS PROGRAM MEMORY DATA MEMORY OVERLAID PROGRAM AND DATA MEMORY EA PIN (PIN 31) INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MEMORY USAGE Bit and Byte Addressing Conventions Internal Data Memory Allocation External Data Memory Allocation Internal Program Memory Allocation External Program Memory Allocation STRING AND VARIABLE STORAGE String Storage Variable Storage FLOATING-POINT FORMAT PROGRAM STORAGE FORMAT - RAM PROGRAM STORAGE FORMAT - EPROM STACK LOCATION AND USE Control Stack Argument Stack Internal Stack APPENDIX D - BAUD RATE GENERATION OPTIONS EXTERNAL CLOCKING OF BAUD RATE GENERATORS TIMER2 BAUD RATE GENERATION Internal Clock External Clock TIMER1 BAUD RATE GENERATION Internal Clock External Clock EXAMPLE OF BAUD RATE CALCULATION EXAMPLE OF TIMER1 AND TIMER2 BAUD RATE GENERATION APPENDIX E - ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE INTERFACE iv

5 Shared Processor Resources Register Availability Internal Stack Availability Calling BASIC-52 Routines from Assembly Language CONTROL and SYSTEM OPERATIONS Return to Command Mode, Opbyte 00H Enter Run mode, Opbyte 42H Crystal Dependent Calculations, Opbyte 3AH Program an EPROM, Opbyte 04H SYSTEM CONTROL VALUES FREE, Opbyte 29H LEN, Opbyte 2AH MTOP, Opbyte 2CH XTAL, Opbyte 2BH DATA CONVERSION Convert Floating-point Value to Integer, Opbyte 01H Convert Integer Value to Floating-point, Opbyte 9AH BASIC and ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE DATA TRANSFER PUSH Floating-point Value onto Argument Stack, Opbyte 02H POP Floating-point Value from Argument Stack, Opbyte 03H CONSOLE I/O String Input, Opbyte 05H String Output, Opbyte 06H Output a Carriage Return - Line Feed, Opbyte 07H Output Character, Opbyte 80H Output Floating-point Value, Opbyte 90H Output Integer in HEX Format, Opbyte 98H Get a Character, Opbyte 41H GET, Opbyte 28H SPECIAL OPERATORS CBY operator, Opbyte 20H DBY Operator, Opbyte 24H XBY Operator, Opbyte 25H IE, Opbyte 2EH IP, Opbyte 2FH PCON, Opbyte 38H PORT1, Opbyte 37H RCAP2, Opbyte 36H T2CON, Opbyte 33H TCON, Opbyte 34H TIME, Opbyte 2DH TIMER0, Opbyte 30H TIMER1, Opbyte 31H TIMER2, Opbyte 32H TMOD, Opbyte 35H ARITHMETIC OPERATORS ADD, Opbytes 0BH and 82H DIVIDE, Opbytes 0CH and 8AH MULTIPLY, Opbytes 0AH and 88H SUBTRACT, Opbytes 0DH and 84H ** - Exponentiation, Opbyte 09H SQR - Square Root, Opbyte 1FH LOGARITHMIC OPERATORS EXP - Logarithmic Exponentiation e ARG, Opbyte 21H LOG - Natural Logarithm, Opbyte 23H TRIGONOMETRIC OPERATORS ATN - Arc Tangent, Opbyte 22H COS - Cosine, Opbyte 1CH SIN - Sine, Opbyte 1EH TAN - Tangent, Opbyte 1DH RELATIONAL OPERATORS = Equality, Opbyte 12H >= Greater Than or Equal, Opbyte 13H <= Less Than Or Equal, Opbyte 14H v

6 <> Not Equal, Opbyte 15H < Less Than, Opbyte 16H > Greater Than, Opbyte 17H LOGICAL OPERATORS Logical AND, Opbyte 0FH Logical OR, Opbyte 10H Logical XOR, Opbyte 0EH NOT - One's Complement, Opbyte 1BH BASIC-52 TEXT STRING OPERATIONS Evaluate an Expression, Opbyte 39H Get Text String Character, Opbyte 3FH Get Text Character and Advance Pointer, Opbyte 40H VALUE OPERATORS ABS - Absolute value, Opbyte 18H INT - Integer, Opbyte 19H PI , Opbyte 26H RND - Random Number, Opbyte 27H SGN - Sign of a Number, Opbyte 1AH INTERRUPTS APPENDIX F - COMMAND and INSTRUCTION EXTENSIONS ADDING BASIC-52 COMMANDS and INSTRUCTIONS BASIC-52 TOKENS AND KEYWORDS Index vi

MCS BASIC-52. Versions 1 & 1.1 OPERATING AND REFERENCE MANUAL

MCS BASIC-52. Versions 1 & 1.1 OPERATING AND REFERENCE MANUAL MCS BASIC-5 Versions &. OPERATING AND REFERENCE MANUAL Intel Corporation makes no warranty for the use of its products and assumes no responsibility for any errors which may appear in this document nor