DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DR.NAVALAR NEDUNCHEZHIAYN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, THOLUDUR , CUDDALORE DIST.

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1 CS1357-GRAPHICS AND MULTIMEDIA LABORATORY LABORATORY MANUAL FOR VII SEMESTER B.TECH / IT ACADEMIC YEAR: (ODD) (FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION ONLY) ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI. DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DR.NAVALAR NEDUNCHEZHIAYN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, THOLUDUR , CUDDALORE DIST. 1

2 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR LABORATORY CLASSES DO S o o o o o o o Without Prior permission do not enter into the Laboratory. While entering into the LAB students should wear their ID cards. The Students should come with proper uniform. Students should sign in the LOGIN REGISTER before entering into the laboratory. Students should come with observation and record note book to the laboratory. Students should maintain silence inside the laboratory. After completing the laboratory exercise, make sure to shutdown the system properly. DONT S o Students bringing the bags inside the laboratory.. o Students wearing slippers/shoes insides the laboratory. o Students using the computers in an improper way. o Students scribbling on the desk and mishandling the chairs. o Students using mobile phones inside the laboratory. o Students making noise inside the laboratory. 2

3 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS: INTEL PENTIUM 915 GV 80GB SATA II 512MB DDR SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS: TURBO C3, Photo shop, Flash 5 UNIVERSITY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION Allotment of marks Internal assessment = 20 marks Practical assessment = 80 marks Total = 100 marks INTERNAL ASSESSMENT (20 marks) Staff should maintain the assessment Register and the Head of the Department should monitor it. SPLIT UP OF INTERNAL MARKS Observation = 3 marks Record Note = 7 marks Modal Exam = 5 marks Attendance = 5 marks Total = 20 marks UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION The exam will be conducted for 100 marks. Then the marks will be calculated to 80 marks. SPLIT UP OF PRACTICAL EXAMINATION MARKS Aim and Algorithm = 30 marks Program = 40 marks Output = 20 marks Viva-voce = 10 marks Total = 100 marks

4 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS 1. To implement Bresenham s algorithms for line, circle and ellipse drawing 2. To perform 2D Transformations such as translation, rotation, scaling, reflection and sharing. 3. To implement Cohen Sutherland 2D clipping and window viewport mapping 4. To perform 3D Transformations such as translation, rotation and scaling. 5. To visualize projections of 3D images and Hidden Surface Elimination. 6. To convert between color models. 7. To implement text compression algorithm 8. To implement image compression algorithm 9. To perform animation using any Animation software 10. To perform basic operations on image using any image editing software 4

5 CONTENTS S. No LIST OF EXPRIEMENTS Page Number 1 Bresenham s Line Drawing Algorithm 6 2 Bresenham s Circle Drawing Algorithm 8 3 Bresenhams Ellipse Generation Algorithm D Transformation 13 5 Cohen Sudherland - Line Clipping Algorithm D Transformation 29 7 Projection of 3D Image 34 8 Color Model 37 9 Text Compression and Decompression Image Compression Animation- Shape to Text Morphing Study of Tools in Photoshop 46 Beyond the Syllabus 13 Animation- Vehicle Moving Image Editing 51 5

6 Exercise Number: 1 Title of the Exercise : Bresenham s Line Drawing Algorithm Date of the Exercise : OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT Write a program in C to draw a line using Bresenham s line drawing algorithm. FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE a) Facilities required to do the experiment: Sl.No. Facilities required Quantity 1 System 1 2 Operating System Windows XP 3 S/W Name TURBOC3 b) Procedure for doing the experiment: Step Details of the step no. 1 Start the program. 2 Declare the variables and declare the DRAWLINE function. 3 Using input primitive function for detecting and initializing the graph. To give the parameter and using line drawing to draw the line in X-axis and Y 4 axis. 5 In DRAWLINE function, 6 Start the program. 7 Declare the variables and declare the DRAWLINE function. 8 Using input primitive function for detecting and initializing the graph. c) Program: #include<graphics.h> #include<iostream.h> #include<conio.h> #include<math.h> void main() int gd=detect,gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\turboc3\\big"); int x1,x2,y1,y2; int dx,dy,x,y,p,xend; cout<<"enter the value X1"<<endl; cin>>x1; cout<<"enter the value X2"<<endl; cin>>x2; cout<<"enter the value y1"<<endl; cin>>y1; cout<<"enter the value y2"<<endl; cin>>y2; dx=abs(x1-x2); dy=abs(y1-y2); p=2*dy-dx; if(x1>x2) x=x2;y=y2;xend=x1; else 6

7 x=x1;y=y1;xend=x2; putpixel(x,y,100); outtextxy(x1,y1,"(x1,y1)"); outtextxy(x2,y2,"(x2,y2)"); while(x<xend) x=x+1; if(p<0) p=p+2*dy; else y=y+1; p=p+2*(dy-dx); putpixel(x,y,100); getch(); closegraph(); d) Output: ENTER THE VALUE FOR X1 200 ENTER THE VALUE FOR Y1 300 ENTER THE VALUE FOR X2 300 ENTER THE VALUE FOR Y2 400 (x1,y1) (x2,y2) e) Result: Thus the program in c to draw a line using Bresenham s algorithm was executed successfully VIVA QUESTIONS & ANSWERS & ANSWERS 1. What is pixel? Each screen point in a monitor is called a pixel/pel. It is also called picture element. 2. Define aspect ratio. It is a property of video monitors. This number gives the ratio of vertical points to horizontal points necessary to produce equal-length lines in both directions on the screen. 3. What is Output Primitive? Basic geometric structures that describe a scene are referred to as Output Primitives. Points and straight lines segments are the simplest geometric components of pictures. Additional output primitives that can be used to construct a picture include circles and other conic sections, quadric surfaces, spline curves and surfaces, polygon color areas, and character strings. 7

8 Exercise Number: 2 Title of the Exercise : Bresenham s Circle Drawing Algorithm Date of the Exercise : AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT Write a program for drawing a circle in C using mid point circle algorithm. FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE a) Facilities required to do the experiment: Sl.No. Facilities required Quantity 1 System 1 2 Operating System Windows XP 3 S/W Name TURBOC3 b) Procedure for doing the experiment: Step Details of the step no. 1 Start the program. 2 Declare the variables and initiate the graph. 3 To read the values of X-axis,Y-axis and radius co-ordinates. 4 Calculate the pixel position(x,y) onto the circular path(x1,y1) Give the condition for drawing a circle whether x is less than y by using WHILE 5 loop. In the loop we put the pixel position in the path by incrementing or decrementing 6 the position. 7 To calculate the value of the parameter by using if loop condition Check whether P is less than zero the X-axis pixel positions are incremented and 8 parameter value also incremented by twice Check whether P is not less than zero X-axis pixel positions are incremented and Y- 9 axis pixel positions are decremented. 10 Finally after finishing the loop condition the pixels are form a circle. 11 Stop the program. c) Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> #include<math.h> #include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h> void main() int xc,yc,x,y,r,p; int gd=detect,gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm," "); cleardevice(); outtextxy(100,10,"bresenhams CIRCLE GENERATION ALGORITHM"); printf("\n\nenter THE VALUE OF CENTER(XC,YC) AND RADIUS:)"); 8

9 scanf("%d%d%d",&xc,&yc,&r); p=3-2*r;x=0;y=r; while(x<=y) putpixel(xc+x,yc-y,40); putpixel(xc-x,yc+y,40); putpixel(xc-y,yc-x,40); putpixel(xc+y,yc-x,40); if(p<0) p=p+4*x+6; else p=p+4*x-4*y+10;y=y-1; x=x+1; setcolor(12);outtextxy(300,275,"circle"); getch();closegraph(); putpixel(xc+x,yc+y,40); putpixel(xc-x,yc-y,40); putpixel(xc-y,yc+x,40); putpixel(xc+y,yc+x,40); d) Output: ENTER THE VALUE FOR (Xc,Yc)AND RADIUS 100,200,5 e) Result Thus the program in c to draw a circle using bresenham s algorithm was successfully executed VIVA QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 1. What is DDA? The Digital Differential Analyzer is a scan-conversion line algorithm based on calculating either difference in y-coordinate (dy) or difference in x-coordinate. We sample the line at unit intervals in one coordinate and determine corresponding integer values nearest the line path for the other coordinate. 2. What are the disadvantages of DDA algorithm? Round-off error in successive additions of the floating-point increment can cause the calculated pixel positions to drift away from the true line path for long line segments. Rounding operations and floating-point arithmetic in procedure are still time consuming. 9

10 Exercise Number: 3 Title of the Exercise : Bresenhams Ellipse Generation Algorithm Date of the Exercise : OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT Write a program for drawing a ellipse in C using Mid point ellipse algorithm. FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE a) Facilities required to do the experiment: Sl.No. Facilities required Quantity 1 System 1 2 Operating System Windows XP 3 S/W TURBOC3 b) Procedure for doing the experiment: Step Details of the step no. 1 Start the program. 2 Declare the variables and initiate the graph. 3 To read the values of X-axis,Y-axis and radius co-ordinates. 4 Calculate the pixel position(x,y) onto the circular path(x1,y1) Give the condition for drawing a circle whether x is less than y by using WHILE 5 loop. In the loop we put the pixel position in the path by incrementing or decrementing 6 the position. 7 To calculate the value of the parameter by using if loop condition Check whether P is less than zero the X-axis pixel positions are incremented and 8 parameter value also incremented by twice Check whether P is not less than zero X-axis pixel positions are incremented and Y- 9 axis pixel positions are decremented. 10 Finally after finishing the loop condition the pixels are form a circle. 11 Stop the program. c) Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h> #include<math.h> #include<dos.h> void main() long int d1,d2,rx,ry,rxsq,rysq,tworxsq,tworysq,dx,dy; 10

11 int i,gd=detect,gm,x,y; printf("\nenter THE RADIUS OF X AND Y OF THE ELLIPSE\n"); scanf("%ld%ld",&rx,&ry); initgraph(&gd,&gm," "); rxsq=rx*rx; rysq=ry*ry; tworxsq=2*rxsq; tworysq=2*rysq; x=0; y=ry; y-ry; d1=rysq-(rxsq*ry)+(0.25*rxsq); dx=tworysq*x; dy=tworxsq*y; do putpixel(200+x,200+y,15); putpixel(200-x,200-y,15); putpixel(200+x,200-y,15); putpixel(200-x,200+y,15); if(d1<0) x=x+1; y=y; dx=dx+tworysq; d1=d1+dx+rysq; else x=x+1; y=y-1; dx=dx+tworysq; dy=dy-tworxsq; d1=d1+dx-dy+rysq; delay(50); while(dx<dy); d2=rysq*(x+0.5)*(x+0.5)+rxsq*(y-1)*(y-1)-rxsq*rysq; do putpixel(200+x,200+y,15); putpixel(200-x,200-y,15); putpixel(200+x,200-y,15); putpixel(200-x,200+y,15); if(d2>0) x=x; 11

12 y=y-1; dy=dy-tworxsq; d2=d2-dy+rxsq; else x=x+1;y=y-1; dx=dx-tworysq; dy=dy-tworxsq; d2=d2+dx-dy+rxsq; delay(50); while(y>0); getch(); closegraph(); d) Output: Enter the values of x radius and y radius: e) Result Thus the program in c to draw a ellipse using bresenham s algorithm was successfully executed VIVA QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 1. What are the basic lines attributes? Basic attributes of a straight line segment are its type, its width, and its color. 2. What is meant by aliasing? The distortion of information due to low frequency sampling (Under sampling) is called aliasing. We can improve the appearance of displayed raster lines by applying antialiasing methods that compensate for the under sampling process. 12

13 Exercise Number: 4 Title of the Exercise : 2D Transformation Date of the Exercise : OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT Write a program in C to draw and manipulate the polygon in two dimensions. FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE a) Facilities required to do the experiment: Sl.No. Facilities required Quantity 1 System 1 b) Procedure for doing the experiment: Step no. 1 Start the program. 2 Operating System Windows XP 3 S/W TURBOC3 Details of the step 2 Declare the variables and detect the graph variables. 3 Draw the polygon and transform the image from the original image using the array. 4 Using the for loop get the polygon variables. 5 Whether the function of the menu() is less than and construct the polygon in different manner by using SWITCH statement. 6 In case 1,transform the polygon by given input length from the original image. 7 In case 2,rotate the polygon using the given angle and looping statement from the original image. 8 In case 3,to scale the polygon from the original image by given input. 9 Menu() function give the menu options. 10 Stop the program. c) Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h> #include<math.h> #define PI void triangle(int,int,int,int,int,int) 13

14 main() int gd=detect,gm,tx,ty,angle,x1=100,y1=100,x2=150,y2=50,x3=200,y3=100,xr,yr,i,x,y,x0,y0; char ch='0',opt; double ang,a; initgraph(&gd,&gm," "); while(ch!='6') cleardevice(); x1=250;y1=250;x2=300;y2=200;x3=350;y3=250; outtextxy(290,170,"menu"); outtextxy(250,180,"translation"); outtextxy(250,190,"scaling"); outtextxy(250,200,"rotation"); outtextxy(250,210,"reflection"); outtextxy(250,220,"shearing"); outtextxy(250,230,"exit"); outtextxy(250,20,"enter THE OPTION:"); ch=getch(); x=getmaxx(); y=getmaxy(); x0=x/2;y0=y/2; switch(ch) case 1: cleardevice(); outtextxy(20,20,"enter TX AND TY VALUE:"); moveto(250,250); scanf("%d%d",&tx,&ty); triangle(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3); triangle(x1+tx,y1+ty,x2+tx,y2+ty,x3+tx,y3+ty); getch(); break; case 2: cleardevice(); triangle(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3); outtextxy(50,40,"enter SX AND SY:"); scanf("%d%d",&tx,&ty); outtextxy(50,60,"1.scaling W.R.T.ORGIN"); outtextxy(50,80,"2.scaling W.R.T.FIXED POINFT"); outtextxy(50,90,"enter YOUR OPTIon:"); opt=getch(); cleardevice(); triangle(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3); if(opt=='1'); 14

15 if(tx<3&&ty<3) triangle((x1*tx)-x0+100,(y1*ty)-y0+100,(x2*tx)-x0+100,(y2*ty)-y0+100,(x3*tx)- x0+100,(y3*ty)-y0+100); else if(tx==3&&ty==1) triangle((x1*tx)-x0-100,(y1*ty)-y0+100,(x2*tx)-x0-100,(y2*ty)-y0+100,(x3*tx)-x0-100,(y3*ty)- y0+100); else if(tx<5&&ty<5) trianlge((x1*tx)-x0+100,(y1*ty)-y0-100,(x2*tx)-x0+100,(y2*ty)-y0-100,(x3*tx)- x0+100,(y3*ty)-y0-100); else xr=x1; yr=y1; triangle(xr+(x1*xr)*tx,yr+(y1-yr)*ty,xr+(x2-xr)*tx,yr+(y2-yr)*ty,xr+(x3-xr)*tx,yr+(y3-yr)*ty); getch(); break; case 3: clearedevice(); outtextxy(50,20,"\nenter THE ANGLE:"); scanf("%lf",&a); ang=pi*(a/180); opt=2; cleardevice(); triangle(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3); xr=x1; yr=y1; triangle(xr+(x1-xr)*cos(ang)-(y1-yr)*sin(ang),yr+(x1-xr)*sin(ang)+(y1-yr)*cos(ang),xr+(x2- xr)*cos(ang)-(y2-yr)*sin(ang),yr+(x2-xr)*sin(ang)+(y2-yr)*cos(ang),xr+(x3-xr)*cos(ang)-(y3- yr)*sin(ang),yr+(x3-xr)*sin(ang)+(y3-yr)*cos(ang)); getch(); break; case 4: cleardevice(); x1=100;y1=100;x2=150;y2=50;x3=200;y3=100; outtextxy(20,20,"menu"); outtextxy(20,30,"1.w.r.t X AXIS"); outtextxy(20,40,"2. W.R.T Y AXIS"); outtextxy(20,60,"option"); opt=getch(); cleardevice(); line(x/2,0,x/2,y); line(0,y/2,x,y/2); if(opt='1' opt='2') 15

16 triangle(x0+x1,y0-y1,x0+x2,y0-y2,x0+x3,y0-y3); switch(opt) case 1: triangle(x0+x1,y0+y1,x0+x2,y0+y2,x0+x3,y0-y3);break; case 2: triangle(x0-x1,y0-y1,x0-x2,y0-y2,x0-x3,y0-y3); break; getch(); break; case 5: cleardevice(); outtextxy(50,60,"1. SHIFT X VALUES"); outtextxy(50,80,"2. SHIFT Y VALUES"); outtextxy(50,90,"enter YOUR OPTION"); opt=getch(); if(opt=='1') x1=50;y1=100;x2=100;y2=50;x3=150;y3=100; outtextxy(50,90,"enter THE X VALUE TO SHEAR:"); scanf("%d",&tx); cleardevice(); triangle(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3); triangle(x1+tx*y1,y1,x2+tx*y2,y2,x3+tx*y3,y3); else x1=100;y1=50;x2=150;y2=20;x3=200;y3=50; outtextxy(50,90,"enter THE Y VALUE TO SHEAR:"); scanf("%d",&ty); cleardevice(); triangle(x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3); triangle(x1+tx*y1,y1,x2+tx*y2,y2,x3+tx*y3,y3); getch(); break; closegraph(); void triangle(int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2,int x3,int y3) outtextxy(x1,y1,"x1"); outtextxy(x2,y2,"x2"); outtextxy(x3,y3,"x3"); line(x1,y1,x2,y2); 16

17 line(x1,y1,x3,y3); line(x2,y2,x3,y3); d) Output: MENU 1. TRANSLATION 2. SCALING 3. ROTATION 4. REFLECTION 5. SHEARING 6. EXIT ENTER THE OPTION: 1 ENTER TX AND TY VALUE X1 X1 X1 X3 ENTER THE OPTION: 2 ENTER SX AND SY: SCALING W.R.T ORGIN 2. SCALING W.R.T FIXED POINT OPTION: 1 X2 X3 X2 X2 X1 X3 X3 17

18 ENTER THE OPTION: 2 ENTER SX AND SY: SCALING W.R.T ORGIN 2. SCALING W.R.T FIXED POINT X1 OPTION: 2 X2 X1 X3 X1 X3 ENTER THE OPTION: 3 ENTER THE ANGLE: 90 X1 X3 X2 X3 X2 X1 ENTER THE OPTION: 4 MENU 1. W.R.T X AXIS 2. W.R.T Y AXIS OPTION: 1 ENTER THE OPTION: 4 18

19 MENU 1. W.R.T X AXIS 2. W.R.T Y AXIS OPTION: 2 X1 X1 X3 X2 X3 X2 ENTER THE OPTION: 5 1. SHIFT X VALUES 2. SHIFT Y VALUES OPTION: 1 ENTER X VALUE TO SHEAR: 5 X1 X1 X3 X2 X3 X2 ENTER THE OPTION: 5 19

20 1. SHIFT X VALUES 2. SHIFT Y VALUES OPTION: 2 ENTER Y VALUE TO SHEAR: 3 X1 X1 X2 X2 X3 X3 e) Result Thus the program line clipping using c was successfully completed. VIVA QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 1. Define Translation. A translation is applied to an object by repositioning it along a straight line path from one coordinate location to another. We translate a two-dimensional point by adding translation distances, tx and ty, to original coordinate position (x, y) to move the point toa new position (x', y'). x' = x + tx, y' = y + ty. The translation distance pair (tx, ty ) is called a translation vector or shift vector. 2. Define Rotation. A 2-D rotation is applied to an object by repositioning it along a circular path in the xy plane. 3. Define Scaling. A scaling transformation alters the size of an object. This operation can be carried out for polygons by multiplying the coordinate values (x,y) of each vertex by scaling factors sx and sy to produce the transformed coordinates ( x', y' ). x' = x. sx, y' = y. sy. 4. Define Reflection. A Reflection is a transformation that produces a mirror image of an object. The mirror image for a 2D reflection is generated relative to an axis of reflection by rotatingthe object 180 degree about the reflection axis. 20

21 Exercise Number: 5 Title of the Exercise : Cohen Sudherland and Line Clipping Algorithm Date of the Exercise : OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT Write a program in C to draw and line clipping and window -view port mapping.. FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE a) Facilities required to do the experiment: Sl.No. Facilities required Quantity 1 System 1 2 Operating System Windows XP 3 S/W Turboc3 b) Procedure for doing the experiment: Step Details of the step no. 1 Start the program. 2 Declare the variables and detect the graph variables. 3 Draw the line clipping and window-viewport mapping.. 4 Using the for loop get the polygon variables. Whether the function of the menu() is less than and construct 5 the polygon in different manner by using SWITCH statement. In case 1,transform the polygon by given input length from 6 the original image. In case 2,rotate the polygon using the given angle and looping statement from the 7 original image. In case 3,to scale the polygon from the original image by given 8 input 9 Menu() function give the menu options. 10 Stop the program c) Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h> #include<dos.h> #include<stdlib.h> typedef struct coord 21

22 int x,y; char code[4]; PT; void drawwindow(); void drawline(pt p1,pt p2,int c1); PT setcode(pt p); int visibility(pt p1,pt p2); PT resetendpt(pt p1,pt p2); void main() int gd=detect,gm,v; PT p1,p2,ptemp; initgraph(&gd,&gm," "); cleardevice(); printf("\n\ncohen SUDHERLAND AND LINE CLIPPING ALGORITHM\n\n\n"); printf("\n\nenter THE TWO END POINTS P1(X,Y):\n\n"); scanf("%d%d",&p1.x,&p1.y); printf("\n\nenter THE TWO END POINTSp2(X,Y):\n\n"); scanf("%d%d",&p2.x,&p2.y); cleardevice(); printf("\n\nclipping WINDOW"); drawwindow(); getch(); printf("\n\ncohen SUTHERLAND LINE CLIPPING ALGORITHM\n\n"); printf("\n\t\t BEFORE CLIPPING"); drawline(p1,p2,4); getch(); p1=setcode(p1); p2=setcode(p2); v=visibility(p1,p2); switch(v) case 0: cleardevice(); drawwindow(); drawline(p1,p2,15); break; case 1: cleardevice(); drawwindow(); break; case 2: cleardevice(); p1=resetendpt(p1,p2); p2=resetendpt(p2,p1); drawwindow(); printf("\ncohen SUTHERLAND CLIPPING ALGORITHM"); 22

23 printf("\n \t\t AFTER CLIPPING\n\n"); drawline(p1,p2,15); break; getch(); closegraph(); void drawwindow() setcolor(red); setlinestyle(dotted_line,1,1); line(150,100,100,100); line(150,100,150,50); line(450,100,500,100); line(450,100,450,50); line(450,350,500,350); line(450,350,450,400); line(150,350,150,400); line(150,350,100,350); line(150,100,100,100); line(150,100,150,50); setlinestyle(solid_line,1,1); line(150,100,450,100); line(450,100,450,350); line(450,350,150,350); line(150,350,150,100); outtextxy(450,30,"1001"); outtextxy(470,200,"1000"); outtextxy(470,370,"1010"); outtextxy(300,370,"0010"); outtextxy(120,370,"0110"); outtextxy(120,200,"0100"); outtextxy(120,30,"0101"); outtextxy(300,30,"0001"); outtextxy(300,200,"0000"); void drawline(pt p1,pt p2,int c1) setcolor(c1); line(p1.x,p1.y,p2.x,p2.y); PT setcode(pt p) PT ptemp; if(p.y<100) ptemp.code[0]='1'; else ptemp.code[0]='0'; if(p.y>350) ptemp.code[1]='1'; else ptemp.code[1]='0'; if(p.x>200) ptemp.code[2]='1'; else ptemp.code[2]='0'; if(p.x<150) ptemp.code[3]='1'; 23

24 else ptemp.code[3]='0'; ptemp.x=p.x; ptemp.y=p.y; return(ptemp); int visibility(pt p1,pt p2) int i,flag=0; for(i=0;i<4;i++) if((p1.code[i]!='0') (p2.code[i]!='0')) flag=1; if(flag==0) return 0; for(i=0;i<4;i++) if((p1.code[i]==p2.code[i])&&(p1.code[i]=='1')) flag=0; if(flag==0) return(1); return(2); PT resetendpt(pt p1,pt p2) PT temp; int x,y,i; float m,k; if(p1.code[3]=='1') x=150; if(p1.code[2]=='1') x=450; if((p1.code[3]=='1') (p1.code[2]=='1')) m=(float)(p2.y-p1.y)/(p2.x-p1.x); k=(p1.y+(m*(x-p1.x))); temp.y=k; temp.x=x; for(i=0;i<4;i++) temp.code[i]=p1.code[i]; if(temp.y<=350&&temp.y>=100) return(temp); if(p1.code[0]=='1') 24

25 y=100; if(p1.code[1]=='1') y=350; if((p1.code[0]=='1') (p1.code[1]=='1')) m=(float)(p2.y-p1.y)/(p2.x-p1.x); k=(float)(p1.x+(float)(y-p1.y)/m); temp.y=y; temp.x=k; for(i=0;i<4;i++) temp.code[i]=p1.code[i]; return(temp); else return(p1); return(p2); WINDOW-TO-VIEWPORT TRANSFORMATION #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h> #include<math.h> void main() int xwmin,ywmax,ywmin,xwmax,xv1,yv1,xvmin,yvmin,xvmax,yvmax,xw, yw,xv,yv; int gd=detect,gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm," "); printf("\n ENTER THE WINDOW COORDINATES:\n\n\n"); printf("\n\nxwmin\n\n"); scanf("%d",&xwmin); printf("\n\nxwmax\n\n"); scanf("%d",&xwmax); printf("\n\nywmin\n\n"); scanf("%d",&ywmin); printf("\n\nywmax\n\n"); scanf("%d",&ywmax); line(xwmin-25,xwmin-25,xwmin-25,ywmax+50); line(xwmin-40,ywmax+25,xwmax+50,ywmax+25); outtextxy(xwmin+5,ywmax+5,"window");; line(xwmin,ywmin,xwmin,ywmax); line(xwmin,ywmax,xwmax,ywmax); line(xwmax,ywmax,xwmax,ywmin); line(xwmax,ywmin,xwmin,ywmin); 25

26 d) Output: xv=xwmax/2; xvmin=xwmin/2; yvmin=ywmin/2; yvmax=ywmax/2; line(xvmin+275,xvmin+275,xvmin+275,ywmax+325); line(xvmin+255,yvmax+315,xvmax+325,yvmax+315); outtextxy(xvmin+305,yvmax+305,"view PORT"); line(xvmin+300,yvmin+300,xvmin+300,yvmax+300); line(xvmin+300,yvmax+300,xvmax+300,yvmax+300); line(xvmax+300,yvmax+300,xvmax+300,yvmin+300); line(xvmax+300,yvmin+300,xvmin+300,yvmin+300); xw=xwmin+50; yw=ywmin+50; putpixel(xw,yw,13); xv1=(xvmax-xvmin)/(xwmax-xwmin)*(xw-xwmin); xv=xv1+xvmin; yv1=((yvmax-yvmin)/(ywmax-ywmin))*(yw-ywmin); yv=yv1+yvmin; putpixel(xv+325,yv+325,13); getch(); closegraph(); ENTER THE TWO END POINTS P1(X,Y): ENTER THE TWO END POINTS P1(X,Y): CLIPPING WINDOW

27 BEFORE CLIPPING AFTER CLIPPING WINDOW-VIEW PORT MAPPING OUTPUT ENTER THE COORDINATES XWMIN: 100 XWMAX: 200 YWMIN: 100 YWMAX: 200 WINDOW 27

28 VIEW PORT e) Result Thus the program window-viewport mapping using c was successfully completed. VIVA QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 1. Define Window. A world-coordinate area selected for display is called a window. 2. Define view port. An area on a display device to which a window is mapped is called a view port. 3. What is viewing transformation? The mapping of a part of a world-coordinate scene to device coordinates is referred to as viewing transformation. 4. Define Clipping. Any procedure that identifies those portions of a picture that are either inside or outside of a specified region of space is referred to as a clipping algorithm or simply clipping. The region against which an object is clipped is called a clip window. 5. What are the types of Clipping? Point clipping Line clipping Area clipping Curve clipping Text clipping 28

29 Exercise Number: 6 Title of the Exercise : 3D Transformation Date of the Exercise : OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT To write a program in C to draw a 3D transformation. FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE a) Facilities required to do the experiment: Sl.No. Facilities required Quantity 1 System 1 2 Operating System Windows XP 3 S/W Turboc3 b) Procedure for doing the experiment: Step no. 1 start the program. 2 Read the variables x1,y1,x2,y2,d,a,op. Details of the step 3 Get the choice of an action to be performed, whether translation,scaling,rotation using switch case structure. 4 Read the translation factor &scaling,factor for t&s. 5 Read the x,ycordinates 5.1.Read the angle value. 5.2.To calculate x1,y1,x2,y2 values using the formula x1=x+(x1-x)*cos(a)-(y1-y)*sin(a); y1=y+(x1-x)*sin(a)+(y1-y)*cos(a); x2=x+(x2-x)*cos(a)-(y2-y)*sin(a); y2=y+(x2-x)*sin(a)+(y2-y)+cos(a); 6 Stop the program. c) Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<dos.h> #include<graphics.h> #include<stdlib.h> 29

30 #include<math.h> void main() int gd=detect,gm,mx,my,cont=0,ch; int sx,sy,tx,ty,angle,a,b; int xa,xb,ya,yb,xa1,ya1,xb1,yb1,xa2,ya2,xb2,yb2,xa3,ya3,xb3,yb3; initgraph(&gd,&gm," "); cleardevice(); mx=100;my=200;xa=mx-50;xb=mx+50;ya=my-50;yb=my+50; setfillstyle(empty_fill,9); do cleardevice(); printf("\n WHAT DO U WANT TO PERFORM?\n 1.TRANSLATION\n 2.SCALING \n 3.ROTATION\n"); printf("enter your option\n"); scanf("%d",&ch); switch(ch) case 1: printf("\n Enter the translation value tx:\n"); scanf("%d",&tx); printf("\n Enter the translation value ty:\n"); scanf("%d",&ty); xa1=xa+tx; xb1=xb+tx; ya1=ya+ty; yb1=yb+ty; cleardevice(); setfillstyle(line_fill,3); bar3d(xa,ya,xb,yb,25,1); setfillstyle(line_fill,13); bar3d(xa1,ya1,xb1,yb1,25,1); getch(); break; case 2: printf("\n Enter the scaling value sx:\n"); scanf("%d",&sx); printf("\n Enter the scaling value sy:\n"); scanf("%d",&sy); xa2=xa*sx; xb2=xb*sx; ya2=ya*sy; yb2=yb*sy; cleardevice(); setfillstyle(line_fill,3); bar3d(xa,ya,xb,yb,10,1); 30

31 setfillstyle(line_fill,10); bar3d(xa2,ya2,xb2,yb2,10,1); getch();break; case 3: printf("enter the rotation angle\n"); scanf("%d",&angle); a=xb+50; b=yb+50; xa3=a+((xa-a)*cos(angle))-((ya-b)*sin(angle)); ya3=b+((xa-a)*sin(angle))+((ya-b)*cos(angle)); xb3=a+((xb-a)*cos(angle))-((yb-b)*sin(angle)); yb3=b+((xb-a)*sin(angle))-((yb-b)*cos(angle)); cleardevice(); setfillstyle(line_fill,1); bar3d(xa,ya,xb,yb,50,1); setfillstyle(line_fill,5); bar3d(xa3,ya3,xb3,yb3,50,1); getch();break; cleardevice(); printf("\n WANT TO CONTINUE YES(0)/NO(1):"); scanf("%d",&cont); while(cont==0); getch(); closegraph(); d) Output: WHAT DO U WANT TO PERFORM? 1.TRANSLATION 2.SCALING 3.ROTATION ENTER UR OPTION: 1 ENTER THE TRANSLATION VALUE TX: 200 ENTER THE TRANSLATION VALUE TY: 200 WANT TO CONTINUE YES (0)/NO (1):0 WHAT DOES U WANT TO PERFORM? 31

32 ENTER UR OPTION: 2 ENTER THE SCALING VALUE SX: 2 ENTER THE SCALING VALUE SY: 2 WANT TO CONTINUE YES (0)/NO (1):0 ENTER UR OPTION: 3 3D PROJECTION OUTPUT ENTER THE TOP-LEFT AND BOTTOM RIGHT CORNER: ENTER THE DEPTH ALONG Z AXIS: 20 MENU: 1. PARALLEL PROJECTION 2. PRESPECTIVE PROJECTION 3. EXIT ENTER UR OPTION: 1 TOP VIEW SIDE VIEW 32

33 FRONT VIEW MENU: 1. PARALLEL PROJECTION 2. PRESPECTIVE PROJECTION 3. EXIT ENTER UR OPTION: 2 PRESPECTIVE PROJECTION e) RESULT Thus the c program to perform 3D transformation was successfully completed. VIVA QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 1. What is projection? The process of displaying 3D objects on a 2D display is called as Projection 2. What are the types of projection? Perspective projection Parallel projection 3. What is parallel projection? In a parallel projection, coordinate positions are transformed to the view plane along parallel lines. 4. What is Perspective projection? For a perspective projection object positions are transformed to the view plane along lines that converge to a point called the projection reference point 33

34 Exercise Number: 7 Title of the Exercise : Projection of 3D Image Date of the Exercise : OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT Write a c program to perform projection of 3D image. FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE a) Facilities required to do the experiment: Sl.No. Facilities required Quantity 1 System 1 2 Operating System Windows XP 3 S/W TURBOC3 b) Procedure for doing the experiment: Step Details of the step no. 1 Start the program. 2 Declare the variables using structure. 3 Create the function and get the function using create() function. 4 Get the coordinates and assign the values for the coordinates. 5 Define the drawcube() function. 6 Using rotate() function, rotation is performed. 7 End the program. c) Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h> void fun(int xm,int ym,int xma,int yma,int x1,int y1,int x2,int y2) rectangle(xm,ym,xma,yma); rectangle(x1,y1,x2,y2); line(xm,ym,x1,y1); line(xm,yma,x1,x2); line(xma,yma,x1,y2); line(xma,ym,x2,y1); getch(); void main() int x1,y1,x2,y2,xm,ym,xma,yma,dep,ch,d; int gd=detect,gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm," "); printf("\n enter the TOP-LEFT and BOTTOM-RIGHT CORNER:"); scanf("%d%d%d%d",&xm,&ym,&xma,&yma); printf("\n Enter the depth along z axis:"); 34

35 scanf("%d",&dep); cleardevice(); d=dep/2;x1=xm+d;y1=ym-d;x2=xma+d;y2=yma-d; fun(xm,ym,xma,yma,x1,y1,x2,y2); do cleardevice(); outtextxy(20,20,"menu"); outtextxy(20,30,"..."); outtextxy(20,40,"1.parallel PROJECTION"); outtextxy(20,50,"2.prespective PROJECTION"); outtextxy(20,60,"3.exit"); outtextxy(20,70,"enter THE OPTION"); scanf("%d",&ch); switch(ch) case 1: rectangle(xma+100,ym+100,xma+100+dep,yma); outtextxy(xma+150,(ym+10+yma)/2,"slide SHOW"); rectangle(xm,ym+150,xma,yma+150); outtextxy(xm+20,(ym+yma)/2+250,"front VIEW"); outtextxy(xm+20,(ym+yma)/2+20,"to VIEW"); rectangle(xm,ym,xma,xm+dep); getch(); break; case 2: fun(xm/2,ym/2,xma/2,yma/2,x1/2,y1/2,x2/2,y2/2); break; cleardevice(); while(ch==1 ch==2);closegraph(); d) Output: ENTER THE TOP-LEFT AND BOTTOM RIGHT CORNER: ENTER THE DEPTH ALONG Z AXIS: 20 35

36 MENU: 1. PARALLEL PROJECTION 2. PRESPECTIVE PROJECTION 3. EXIT ENTER UR OPTION: 1 TOP VIEW SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW ENTER UR OPTION: 2 PRESPECTIVE PROJECTION e) Result Thus the c program for visualizing projections of 3D images using graphics was successfully executed. VIVA QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 1. What Boundary representation? It describes a 3D object as a set of surfaces that separate the object interior from the environment. e.g. polygon facets and spine patches. 2. What space-partitioning representation? This is used to describe interior properties, by partitioning the spatial region containing an object in to a set of small, non-overlapping, contiguous solids. e.g.octree. 3. What is Perspective projection? For a perspective projection object positions are transformed to the view plane along lines that converge to a point called the projection reference point. 36

37 Title of the Exercise : Color Model Date of the Exercise : Exercise Number: 8 OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT Write a c program to convert between color models. FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE a) Facilities required to do the experiment: Sl.No. Facilities required Quantity 1 System 1 2 Operating System Windows XP 3 S/W Turboc3 b) Procedure for doing the experiment: Step Details of the step no. 1 Start the program. 2 Declare the variables using structure. 3 Create the function and get the function using create() function. 4 Get the coordinates and assign the values for the coordinates. 5 Define the drawcube() function. 6 Using rotate() function, rotation is performed. 7 End the program. c) Program: #include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<graphics.h> #include<dos.h> #include<math.h> void main() int i,j,a,b,c,d,p,q,r,s; int gd=detect,gm; initgraph(&gd,&gm," "); printf("\n enter the color coordinates in RGB:"); scanf("%d%d%d%d",&p,&q,&r,&s); a=1-p; b=1-q; c=1-r; 37

38 d=1-s; i=(8*p)+(4*q)+(2*r)+(1*s); if(i==0 i==1) i= (8*a)+(4*b)+(2*c)+(1*d); else i=(4*b)+(2*c)+(1*d); outtextxy(100,50,"rgb COLOR IS:"); setcolor(i); outtextxy(100,100,"(rgb)"); setcolor(6); delay(400); setcolor(j); printf("\ncmy COLOR is:"); outtextxy(150,150,"(cmy)"); getch(); closegraph(); d) Output: ENTER THE COLOR COORDINATES: RGB COLOR IS RED (RGB) THE CMY COLOR IS (CMY) e) Result Thus the c program to convert between color models was successfully completed. VIVA QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 1. What is chromaticity? The term chromaticity is used to refer collectively to the two properties describing color characteristics: Purity and dominant frequency. 2. Define Color model. A Color model is a method for explaining the properties or behavior of color within some particular context. 3. What are the uses of chromaticity diagram? The chromaticity diagram is useful for the following: Comparing color gamut s for different sets of primaries. Identifying complementary colors. Determining dominant wavelength and purity of a given color. 38

39 Exercise Number: 9 Title of the Exercise : Text Compression and Decompression Date of the Exercise : OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT Write a program in Java for text compression and decompression. FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE a) Facilities required to do the experiment: Sl.No. Facilities required Quantity 1 System 1 2 Operating System Windows XP 3 S/W Jdk1.5 b) Procedure for doing the experiment: Step Details of the step no. 1 Declare the header files and required variables. 2 Using the file input stream get the input datas. 3 Using GZIP print the output in another file. 4 Check the input data and write it in output file 5 The compression takes place after this condition 6 Close the file and else print error. 7 Halt the program 8 Likewise decompression also takes place. 9 the output file of compression is input for decompression 10 Halt the program c) Program: import java.io.*; import java.net.*; import java.util.zip.*; public class compress1 public static void main(string args[]); 39

40 try int n; File InputStream in=new FileInputStream ( input.txt ); CZIPOutputStream out=new CZIPOutputStream(new FileOutputStream( output1.txt )); Byte b -now byte 1024 ; While(n=in.read(b,0,100))!=1) out.write(b,0,n); out.close(); System.Out.Println( Compression successfully ); catch(exception e) System.Out.Println(e); TEXT DECOMPRESSION import java.io.*; import java.net.*; import java.util.zip.*; public class decompress1 public static void main(string args[]) try int n; FileOutputStream out=new FileOutputStream( output2.txt ); CZIPInputStream in=new CZIPInputStream(new FileInputStream( Output1.txt )); Bytee b -now byte 1024 ; While((n=in.read(b,0,100))!=1) out.write(b,0,n); out.close(); System.Out.Println( decompression successfully ); catch(exception e) 40

41 d) Output: System.Out.Println(e); ENTER THE STRING: GRAPHICS G 000 R 001 A 010 P 011 H 100 I 101 C 110 S 111 e) Result Thus the java program for text compression and decompression was compiled and executed successfully. VIVA QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 1. Define Cadence. Cadence is a term used to define the regular rise and fall in the intensity of sound. 2. Say some loss less compression standards? Pack bits encoding, CCITT Group3 1D, CCITT Group3 2D, CCITT Group4, Lembel-Ziv and Welch algorithm LZW. 3. Say some lossy compression standards? JPEG (Joint photographic Experts Group), MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group), Intel DVI, CCITT H.261 video coding algorithm, Fractals. 4. Define Quantization. It is a process of reducing the precision of an integer, thereby reducing the number of bits required to store the integer. 5. What are the controls in VCR paradigm? Play, fast, forward, rewind, search forward, and rewind search. 41

42 Exercise Number: 10 Title of the Exercise : Image Compression Date of the Exercise : OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT Write a program in JAVA for image compression FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE a) Facilities required to do the experiment: Sl.No. Facilities required Quantity 1 System 1 2 Operating System Windows XP 3 S/W Jdk1.5 b) Procedure for doing the experiment: Step Details of the step no. 1 Declare the required variables 2 Get input image file in Fin and print the output 3 The image file is stored in another folder 4 Check the condition for storage level 5 Print the memory of our folder before and after the addition of image 6 Halt the program. c) Program: import java.io.*; import java.net.*; import java.util.zip.*; class dzip Public static void main(string z[]) throws Exception FileInputStream Fin=new FileInputStream( sunset.jpg ); DeflaterOutputStream dout=new DeflaterOutputStream(new FileOutputStream( sunset.zip ); int b; while((b=fin.read())!=-1) 42

43 dout.write(b); Fin.close(); Dout.close(); File f1=new File( sunset.jpg ); File f2=new File( sunset.zip ); System.out.println( BEFORE: +f1.length()); System.out.println( AFTER: +f2.length()); d) Output: IMAGE COMPRESSION OUTPUT ORGINAL FILE SIZE: KB COMPRESSED FILE: KB NNCE IT e) Result Thus the java program for image compression compiled and executed successfully. VIVA QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 1. What are the advantages of CCITT Group 3 1D? It is simple to implement in both h/w and s/w. It is a world wide standard for facsimile, which is accepted for document imaging application. This allows document-imaging applications to incorporate fax documents easily. 2. What is the disadvantage of CCITT Group 3 2D Scheme? It is complex and relatively difficult to implement in software. 3. What is Luminance? Luminance refers to brightness. This is a measure of the brightness of the light emitted or reflected by an object. 4. What are the levels of definition in JPEG standards? Baseline system, extended system, special loss less function. 43

44 Exercise Number: 11 Title of the Exercise : Animation- Shape to Text Morphing Date of the Exercise : OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT To Develop a program to perform animation using any animation software. FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE a) Facilities required to do the experiment: Sl.No. Facilities required Quantity 1 System 1 2 Operating System Windows XP 3 S/W Any Flash version b) Procedure for doing the experiment: Step Details of the step no. 1 Open Flash5. Place object in the first frame of time line ie., key frame 2 Place another object in the last frame of time line 3 Select each object separately and break it in to pixels using Edit -> Break Apart Hold the mouse pointer between two key frame and right click it then select motion 4 tuning 5 Run the program by pressing CTRL+ Entr c) Output: 44

45 d) Result Thus the program to perform animation using flash software was performed and executed successfully. VIVA QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 1) What are the factors that affect video performance? Microprocessor speed, Play back window size, Frame rate. 2) What is fractal? A fractal is a multidimensional object with an irregular shape or body that has approximately the same shape or body irrespective of size. i.e irrespective of whether it gets smaller/ bigger in size. 3) What are multimedia file formats? Rich-Text Format(RTF), Tagged image file format(tiff), Resource image file format(riff), Musical instrument digital interface(midi), Joint Photographic Experts Group, Audio Video Interchanged Indeo file Format(AVI), TWAIN. 45

46 Exercise Number: 12 Title of the Exercise : Study of Tools in Photoshop Date of the Exercise : OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT To perform basic operation on an image using Photoshop. FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE a) Facilities required to do the experiment: Sl.No. Facilities required Quantity 1 System 1 2 Operating System Windows XP 3 S/W Photoshop b) Procedure for doing the experiment: Step no Details of the step Study of Photoshop tools and palette: - The toolbox contains essential tools for painting, selecting and editing graphics. Each tool is depicted by an icon. There are over 22 tools in the Photoshop toolbox each providing a specific utility to aid. When we are creating, editing and color connecting images. The Selection Tool: - At the top left toolbox location is the marquee tool, which allows you to create differently shaped selections. The Cropping Tool: - The cropping tool is used to cut out a portion of an image and then remove the rest. It can also be used to resize an image. We can activate a cropping tool by pressing c from the keyboard. 4 The Move Tool: - The move tool is used to move selections or layers. The Painting Tool: - The painting tools are paint bucket, gradient, lime, eye dropper, 5 eraser, pencil, airbrush in Photoshop the painting color is called the fragment color and the background color is the color that can be used to erase parts of an image or to delete an entire object. 6 The Pen Creating and Path Editing tools: - The pen tool allows you to create paths. Path is often used to create shapes for marks. 7 The Type Tools: - The type tool and type mask tool share a toolbox location. 46

47 8 9 The Color Control Icon: - The right-hand icon represents the quick mask mode, which allows you to easily create view and edit a mask. The Layer Palette: - A layer is like a plastic overlay that can be placed over the background electronic canvas. Object in layer can be easily moved independently of objects in another layer. c) Output 47

48 d) Result: Thus the c program to perform photo shop any photo shop software was compiled and executed successfully. VIVA QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 1) What is the primary n/w topologies used for multimedia? Traditional LANS extended LANS, High-speed LANS, WANS. 2) Give the primary goal of MAPI. Separate client applications from the underlying messaging services, Make basic mail-enabling a standard feature for all applications, Support messaging-reliant workgroup applications. 48

49 Exercise Number: 13 Title of the Exercise : Animation- Vehicle Moving Date of the Exercise : OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT To write a C program to perform animation using any animation software. FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE a) Facilities required to do the experiment: Sl.No. Facilities required Quantity 1 System 1 2 Operating System Windows XP 3 S/W Turboc3 b) Procedure for doing the experiment: Step Details of the step no. 1 Include the necessary header files 2 Initialize the graphic detection and graphic mode to bgi folder that supports graphics 3 Use the line, circle and rectangle function to create a car. 4 Use the for loop up to the value 600 to move the car by setting the delay as 20 5 Display the results. Close the initialized graphic modes. c) Program #include<stdio.h>#include<conio.h> #include<dos.h> #include<graphics.h> void main() int i=0,gd=detect,gm=0; initgraph(&gd,&gm,"c:\\turboc3\\bgi"); for(i=0;i<600;i=i+2) line(50+i,300,100+i,300); line(100+i,300,150+i,250); line(150+i,250,300+i,250);//top line(300+i,250,350+i,300); line(350+i,300,400+i,320); line(400+i,320,450+i,320); line(50+i,350,50+i,300);//left-vertical line(450+i,350,450+i,320);//right-vertical 49

50 d) Output: line(50+i,350,450+i,350);//bottom-vertical circle(150+i,350,20); circle(300+i,350,20); line(165+i,335,135+i,365); line(135+i,335,165+i,365); line(285+i,335,315+i,365); line(315+i,335,285+i,365); rectangle(150+i,260,222+i,325); rectangle(225+i,260,300+i,325); cleardevice(); delay(50); getch(); closegraph(); e) Result Thus the program to perform animation using c was performed and executed successfully. VIVA QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 1) What is the use of line function? Line function is used to draw a line from the starting point (x1, y1) to ending point (x2, y2) Syntax: line(x1, y1, x2, y2); 2) What is the use of rectangle function? Rectangle function is used to draw a rectangle region from the starting point (top-left) (x1, y1) to ending point (bottom right) (x2, y2) Syntax: rectangle(x1, y1, x2, y2); 3) What is the use of circle function? Circle function is used to draw a circle on the point (x1, y1) with radius r. Syntax: circle(x1, y1, x2, r); 50

51 Title of the Exercise : Image Editing Date of the Exercise : Exercise Number: 14 OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXPERIMENT To perform image editing using various Photoshop tools. FACILITIES REQUIRED AND PROCEDURE a) Facilities required to do the experiment: Sl.No. Facilities required Quantity 1 System 1 2 Operating System Windows XP 3 S/W Photoshop b) Procedure for doing the experiment: Step Details of the step no. 1 Open the PhotoShop CS. 2 Create a frame which contain the jpeg image. 3 Create a interval to perform animation. Demonstrate Blur Tool. Demonstrate Sharpen Tool. Demonstrate Texture Tool. 4 Demonstrate Pixelate Tool. Demonstrate Stylize Tool. Demonstrate Photo Editing Tool. 5 Copy the new JPEG and create new layer. Now, paste the image in the new layer. c) Output Blur Tool 51

52 Sharpen Too Texture Tool [Pattern Tool] Pixelate Tool [Crystallize] Stylize Tool [Find Edges] 52

53 Photo Editing d) Result: Thus the editing of a photo using photo shop was done successfully. VIVA QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 1) What is use of selection tool? At the top left toolbox location is the marquee tool, which allows you to create differently shaped selections. 2) What is use of cropping tool? The cropping tool is used to cut out a portion of an image and then remove the rest. It can also be used to resize an image. We can activate a cropping tool by pressing c from the keyboard. 3) What is use of move tool? The move tool is used to move selections or layers. 4) What is use of painting tool? The painting tools are paint bucket, gradient, lime, eye dropper, eraser, pencil, airbrush in Photoshop the painting color is called the fragment color and the background color is the color that can be used to erase parts of an image or to delete an entire object. 53

54 CS GRAPHICS AND MULTIMEDIA LABORATORY LIST OF QUESTION SET 1. Write a program in C to perform bresenham s line drawing algorithm. 2. Write a program in C to implement bresenham s circle drawing algorithm. 3. Write a program in C to perform bresenham s ellipse drawing algorithm. 4. Write a program in C to implement 2D Transformation. 5. Write a program to implement Cohen Sutherland 2D line clipping. 6. Write a program to implement window-to-view port transformation 7. Write a program in C to implement 3D transformation such as translation, scaling, rotation. 8. Write a program to visualize projections of 3D. 9. Write a c program to convert between color model 10. Write a program in java to perform text compression. 11. Write a program in java to perform image compression. 12. Perform animations using any animation software Macromedia Flash. 13. Perform editing operation using an image editing software(adobe Photoshop) 54