COMPUTER NETWORK. PREPARED BY: DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 1. Q.1 Explain IP address. IP address is unique number of network device in network.

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1 Q.1 Explain IP address. IP address is unique number of network device in network. Two IP address could not be same. Using this network we can connect the devices with each other. It is separated by dot(.). There are two types of them o IPV4 (32 bit) o IPV6 (128bit) Q.2 Explain IPV4 Header Datagram. PREPARED BY: DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 1

2 Version: o 4 bit field that defines the version of IP packet (IPv4 or IPv6). Header Length: o 4-bit field that defines the header length. Type of Service: o 8-bit field is used to carry Quality of Service information. Total Length: o 16-bit field that defines the total length of the IP datagram. Identifier: o 16-bit field that identifies a fragment. o It identified a packet travels from source to destination. Flags: o 3-bit field that defines how many fragments remain in a series of fragments. Fragment Offset: o 13-bit field that defines where particular fragment message should be placed. Time to Live: o 8-bit field that is set to the maximum number of routers from where the packet can pass. Protocol: o 8-bit field that identifies the higher-layer protocol. Header Checksum: o 16-bit field that contains a checksum used for detecting errors in the IP header. Source Address: o 32-bit field that contains the packets source IP address. Destination Address: o 32-bit field that contains the packets destination IP address. Options: o an optional variable length field that is rarely used, but may be used for purposes of debugging. PREPARED BY: DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 2

3 Q.3 Explain IPV6 features. It have larger Address Space It have Simplified Header which remove all unnecessary information. It have a end-to-end Connectivity so each host reach each other. It can auto-configuration. It can fast Forwarding/Routing packages. It have IPSec which provide more security. It have No Broadcast connection It support any cast. Mobility Using ipv6 we can done Smooth Transition Q.4 Different between IPV4 and IPV 6. PREPARED BY: DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 3

4 Q.5 Explain IP address Class. The different classes of the IPv4 address are the following: 1) Class A address 2) Class B address 3) Class C address 4) Class D address 5) Class E address Class A Address o The first field ranges from The class A address only include IP starting from 0.x.x.x to 127.x.x.x. o In them 8 bit used for network id and 24 bit used for host id. o It is used for internet communication. Class B Address o The first field ranges from The class A address only include IP starting from 128.x.x.x to 191.x.x.x. o In them 16 bit used for network id and 16 bit used for host id. o It is used for internet communication PREPARED BY: DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 4

5 Class C Address o The first field ranges from The class A address only include IP starting from 192.x.x.x to 223.x.x.x. o In them 24 bit used for network id and 8 bit used for host id. o It is used for internet communication. Class D Address o The first field ranges from The class A address only include IP starting from 224.x.x.x to 239.x.x.x. o It is used for multicast communication. Class E Address o The first field ranges from The class A address only include IP starting from 240.x.x.x to 255.x.x.x. o It is used for research. Q.6 Explain Subnet and Subnet Masking Subnets are a subset of the entire network A subnet network will divide the IP address in two part PREPARED BY: DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 5

6 o Host ID will be used to specify the subnet number o The network ID specified the network. A subnet mask is a 32- or 128-bit number. In TCP/IP address divides in network ID and host ID. For traffic control there are router used in network at that time subnet mask is used with IP address. Q.7 Explain MAC Address. A media access control address (MAC address) is a unique identifier assigned to network devices for communications at the data link layer in network. It have 128 bit. Q.8 Explain FTP Protocol. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)defines the way for transfer data over a TCP/IP network. The aim of FTP protocol is to: o It allow file sharing between remote machines o It allow communication between client and server o It enable data transfer over network. During an FTP connection, two transmission channels are open: o A channel for commands (control channel) o A channel for data PREPARED BY: DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 6

7 DTP PI o (Data Transfer Process) is the make connection and managing the data channel. o The server side DTP is called SERVER-DTP, the client side DTP is called USER- DTP o (Protocol Interpreter) allowing the DTP to be controlled commands for received data over the control channel. o It is different on the client and the server: o The SERVER-PI is responsible for listening data coming from a CLIENT-PI. o Q.9 Explain Protocol. The CLIENT-PI is responsible for listening data coming from a USER GUI. PREPARED BY: DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 7

8 SMTP clients and servers have two main components User Agents Prepares the message Also Read the message Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) Transfers the mail across the internet Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) Client It sending mail over internet Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) Server It receive mail over internet Mail Access Agent (MAA) Server It Read the Check the authentication of user Post Office Protocol (POP) It send and receive the . Q.10 Explain HTTP. The operation of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is that communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) server. At client side Use a web browser and at server use IIS (Internet Information Service) Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) uses Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) as the Transport Layer Protocol. HTTP Client Request: Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client sends an Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Request to the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Server. HTTP Server Response: Once the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Request arrived at the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) server, it will process the request and creates an Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Response message. And send to client. PREPARED BY: DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 8

9 Q.11 Explain DNS. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Request and Response. Domain Name System It is used for given the web site name. DNS is the mechanism by which Internet software translates names such as addresses. A domain name is the sequence of labels from a node to the root, separated by dots (. ), read left to right. It have different level At a top level there are root is there. Then after there are domain name is there.(.com) Then after name with country code. Like (co.in).com Commercial website name PREPARED BY: DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 9

10 .org Organize website name.edu Education website name.mil Military website name.gov Government website name Q.12 Explain Twisted Pair Cable. There are cable are twisted with each other so it is called twisted pair cable. For computer networking there are four pair is there and 8 cable is there. o Orange o Orange white o Green o Green White o Blue o Blue white o Brown o Brown white There are two type of them o UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable There are no metal cover on them It is low cost and less strong. o STP Shielded Twisted Pair Cable PREPARED BY: DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 10

11 There are metal cover on them. It is very strong Twisted cable are in market like below o CAT4 o CAT5 o CAT6 Twisted cable have two types of connection o Cross connection Different sequence at both end Use between same devices o Direct connection Same sequence at both end Use between different devices RJ45, RJ11 connector used in twisted pair cable. Q.13 Explain Twisted Pair Cable connector. RJ45 connector used in computer network twisted pair cable. There are 8 metal pin is there. This metal pin is connect with 8 cable of twisted pair cable. Using Crimping tool is fitting with cable There are two types of them o RJ45 Male Connected with cable o RJ45 Female Connected with devices card Q.14 Different between STP and UTP o UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable There are no metal cover on them It is low cost and less strong. Crowding is not possible It have less resistance then STP PREPARED BY: DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 11

12 o STP Shielded Twisted Pair Cable There are metal cover on them. It is very strong Crowding is possible It have good resistance then UTP Q.14 Explain Co-axial Cable. Coaxial cable is the kind of copper cable used by cable TV for community antenna and user homes and businesses. Coaxial cable is sometimes used by telephone companies from their central office to the telephone poles near users. It is also widely installed for use in business and corporation Ethernet and other types of local area network. Conducting Copper wire o It is used for transfer main signal Copper mesh shield Insulator o It is used for grounding the signal o It is used for protect the cable from out side atmosphere and also used between copper wire and mesh shield. Connector o There are BNC(Bayonet Neill Concelman) connector used in them. PREPARED BY: DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 12

13 Q.15 Explain Fiber Optics Cable. A fiber optic cable cable that contains glass coated in plastic that are used to send data by pulses of light. The coating helps protect the fibers from heat, cold, electromagnetic etc. Fiber optics have highest data transferring speed then other cable. From core there are transmit the signal. Outer jacket protect from outer atmosphere effect. The connector ST, SC, FC, MT-RJ and LC are used in fiber optics. PREPARED BY: DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 13

14 Q.16 Explain propagation method in unguided transmission. Ground propagation o The signal transmitted over the earth layer. o It have below 2mhz frequency. o It travel long distance. Sky propagation o The signal transmitted in sky by reflection method. o It have 2mhz to 30 mhz frequency. Line-of-sight propagation o The signal travel in straight direction. o It have more than 30 mhz frequency. o It travel short distance. Q.17 Explain Radio wave. Radio waves are one of many forms of electromagnetic (EM) radiation. They have frequencies from 3 Hz to 300 GHz. It have wavelengths from 1 millimeter to 100 kilometers. The EM spectrum is divided into bands: Radio Waves, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X- Rays, and Gamma Rays Scientists use the terms EM wave and EM radiation interchangeably The Radio spectrum has many sub-bands, grouped by frequency PREPARED BY: DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 14

15 It used in Cellular telephones Wireless LANs AM & FM radio Satellite radio Q.18 Explain Microwave. Microwaves is electromagnetic waves with a frequency between 1GHz to 12GHz It have wavelength from 1mm to 30 com. microwaves frequency are further categorized into frequency bands: L (1-2 GHz), S (2-4 GHz), C (4-8 GHz), X (8-12 GHz) Microwaves are ideal when large areas need to be covered. Use of Microwaves. Satellite communications Cellular communication Bluetooth Wireless local area network GPS (Global Positioning System) Q.19 Explain Infra wave. Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a closed area using line-of-sight propagation. It used in two types of communication. o point-to-point communication o diffuse communication They are used in o Wireless Personal Area Networks o In small area wireless network o Involving computers/laptops, PDAs, cellular phones PREPARED BY: DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 15

16 Q.20 What is guided media? List the different type of them. (For Full Mark Explain all types). The communication using cable for data transmission is called guided communication. There are three types of cable used in them o Twisted pair cable o Co-axial Cable o Fiber Optics o Q.21 What is unguided media? List the different type of them. (For Full Mark Explain all types). The communication without using cable for data transmission is called unguided communication. There are three types of them o Microwave o Radio wave o Infra wave. Q.22 What is recourse sharing? How printer server sharing In computer network system the devices like printer, scanner, hard disk etc. sharing in network is called recourse sharing. Using this system we can run single devices on multiple computer in network. For that purpose we have to use sharing option. Using this system we can sharing the printer in network because of tha we can printing the page from any pc in network Step o First we have to attach the printer on server and install the printer driver on them o After share this driver o On Client side go to printer and scanner option o Where we have to select Install network printer option o In them find printer automatically and select printer from listing PREPARED BY: DHAVAL R. PATEL Page 16