Related protocols: 2. Modes of Power Consumption

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1 Volume 119 No , ISSN: (on-line version) url: ijpam.eu CHALLENGES ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN MANET-- A SURVEY K.Anish Pon Yamini 1* K.Suthendran 2 T.Arivoli 3 1 Research Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil , Tamilnadu, India anish.yamini@gmail.com 2 Associate Professor, Department of Information Technology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil , Tamilnadu, India k.suthendran@klu.ac.in 3 Senior Professor, Dept of Electronics and Communication, Karpagam College of Engineering, Coimbatore , Tamilnadu, India t.arivoli@gmail.com Abstract Bounded lifetime of battery is a major constrain in mobile ad-hoc networks. Recharging / replacing a mobile node are not always possible. Power consumption occurs while transmitting and receiving the data, during mobility etc. Power failure affects the overall network lifetime which ultimately results in performance degradation. So far many research works were proposed to achieve power conservation. In this paper a survey of some current literatures to improve the energy conservation in MANET were discussed. Introduction Mobile ad-hoc networks are networks with no base station support and they communicate among themselves over a wireless medium. Wireless hosts are mainly battery operated having a bounded lifetime. When deployed, replacing or servicing of batteries may not be feasible always. So it is a must to have an efficient energy management system in MANET s for extending their network life time [2]. Because of this low energy capacity power consumption control in MANETs has been the focus of extensive research. Power conservation has to be performed on the protocols from physical to transport layers. Wireless channels are shared among the nodes results in signal interference which can be minimized by reducing the power level or the transmission range in network. Thus to increase a node s life the two major means are efficient battery management and transmission power management. Distinct energy aware techniques are recommended for maximizing network lifetime and minimizing energy consumption. Power control, power management and topology control [10] are the different ways of categorizing power saving techniques. Power control relates to transmission power adjustment of mobile nodes and power saving relates to power consumption reduction. The goal of power aware routing protocols are reducing the power consumption and minimizing the probability of retransmissions which results in increased the network lifetime. The time up to which a node in the network is completely depleted of battery power constitute the network lifetime. When a node stops its operation due to power failure, it may result in network partitioning

2 2. Modes of Power Consumption Single radio channel is shared among the hosts in an ad hoc network. When a node can reach other nodes physically, then a direct connection is possible at link layer. Network connectivity is established among the nodes dynamically. These mobile nodes exchange data traffic and all these activities are power consuming. There are 4 energy consumption modes. i. Transmission Mode:[2] ii. iii. iv. Reception Mode Idle Mode Overhearing Mode Energy consumed during idle mode is considered to be wasted energy which should be reduced or eliminated through energy-efficient schemes. Almost same amount of receiving energy is consumed during this mode. Related protocols: To establish an organized route between any 2 nodes many protocols for routing exists. To achieve longer network lifetime and successful end to end communication, energy of the nodes must be minimized both during active communication and inactive state. Because of the energy constraint issue in MANET we are in need to save power between source and destination [2] and [28]. are highly stable. Energy accumulated throughout the path, status regarding the battery lifetime and data type to be transmitted is the three main parameters concentrated by PAR protocol. Depending on different types of data different routes are provided which increases the network lifetime. On comparing PAR with the related protocols such as DSR [26], [27] and AODV [23], the simulation results reveals that PAR outruns them regarding energy-related performance metrics under immense mobility schemes. PAR exhibits higher latency with huge [23] energy saving. PLR (power-aware localized routing) protocol: The PLR [11] protocol is fully localized, distributed power aware routing algorithm. This protocol is executed under the consideration that the source node has clear knowledge about its neighbors and the destination node location. Link costs are the metric used. Consider an topological arrangement as in figure-1, if node A wants to communicate with node D, it can choose a straight path to D or a 2 hop path through its neighbors N1, N 2 or N3.These 2 hop paths through intermediate nodes Ni and D are called indirect paths. In PLR protocol the source lacks the capacity to find the optimal path however it can select the next hop which ultimately ends in overall transmission power reduction. The main drawback is that the power consumption and latency is more in direct transmission when compared to the indirect transmission. This is because if link errors occur in path with direct transmission would cause more retransmissions. Power-aware routing (PAR) Power-aware routing (PAR) [25] minimizes the energy utilization and maximizes the network life time. This is achieved when less congested routes are selected and so the routes 13736

3 nodes called B-nodes. P-nodes have unlimited power sources and B-nodes are battery operated nodes. DELAR is a cross layer design which incorporates the residual energy information, heterogeneity of nodal energy capabilities into established routing protocols. To enhance the end-to-end delay multipacket transmission is employed. OLSR protocol (Optimized Link State Routing): Fig.1.Next hop selection SPAN: Energy Efficient Coordination Algorithm for Topology Maintenance SPAN [5] uses distributed synchronization technique for multi hop wireless networks that reduces power consumption with increased network connectivity. SPAN synchronizes stay-awake and sleep cycles while supporting multi-hop packet routing. Nodes other than the relay nodes continue in power saving mode and awake periodically to verify the coordinator status. Coordinator eligibility rule is given as, any master node with no direct communication between its neighbors or indirect communication via any coordinator then it should turn into a coordinator. To avoid overloading of coordinator nodes each node makes an independent decision of either withdrawing or continuing as a coordinator. SPAN safeguards network connectivity, decreases latency and increases power conservation. DELAR protocol (Device-Energy-Load Aware Relaying): DELAR [24] addresses energy conservation in MANETs by designating certain nodes as P-nodes (powerful nodes) some normal OLSR [9] protocol offers scalability and prolongs the lifetime of the network. OLSR composed of three protocols namely, FDDS, FDDS-M and FDDS-R. The FDDS (fast distribution connected dominating set) techniques are employed to sustain connectivity and traffic pattern. The FDDS-M maintains network connectivity and FDDS-R to maintain the routing part. Initial hierarchical architecture is handled by FDDS in a distributed way by electing CHs and connecting nodes to CHs. FDDS-R is backward combatable that is it can be integrated easily in any current link state routing protocol since FDDS-R uses an perceptive path-selection fuzzy logic controller. The proposed scheme achieves scalability and better energy efficiency. PAMAS (Power Aware Multi-Access protocol with Signaling): PAMAS [19] protocol identify the overhearing nodes and makes these nodes in hibernate state intelligently without causing any delays in the network and without affecting the throughput of the result. Actualy it is the combination 2 protocols namely Signaling channel protocol and MACA protocol. The control messages RTS/CTS (Request to send/clear to send) mechanism of and actual data packets travel over separate channel. This enables the nodes to determine when and how long they have to remain powered off

4 PAAOMDV (Power Aware Ad hoc On Demand multipath distance vector): In PAAOMDV [17], nodes maintain an Energy Reservation Table (ERT) with entries source id, destination id, last operation time, and route, item request id, amount of energy reserved. PAAOMDV has route discovery, data forwarding and route maintenance phases. If a node forwards a data packet, corresponding entry will be updated in the routing table by obtaining the difference between the energy reserved and the consumed energy. When a node drops a faulty data packet a route error packet (RERR) is initiated towards upstream neighbors till it reaches the source. Nodes receiving the RERR would cut out the respective entry from their table and swap to alternate path. Suppose if any node did not get the RERR packet, once the expiration timer times out switches from that path to other. PDTORA (Power and Delay Aware Ondemand Routing for Ad hoc networks): PDTORA [1] protocol is an improvement of Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) Protocol. Before the actual data transmission starts, source node issues a query packet containing of power and delay requirements in addition to the existing address terms towards the destination. Power in the query packet cites the minimum amount of power required for the communication. When compared to TORA, simulation results show a better performance in terms of network lifetime, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay. CMMBCR (Conditional Max-Min Battery Capacity Routing): In the proposed [14] protocol, routes with residual battery power more than a fixed threshold and also among these routes with minimum total transmission power are selected for data transmission. So overall power consumption is reduced and network lifetime extends than the other protocols in literatures. In case if every node of available routes has their battery power below the prescribed threshold, then max-min route is opted. In case if any of the relay nodes battery capacity goes below the threshold routes using these nodes will be avoided. CMMBCR is based on minimum path routing. New performance metric called expiration sequence was proposed for calibrating the energy leftover. Expiration sequence provides highly accurate information about fair power consumption. EELAR (Energy-Efficient Location Aided Routing) Energy Efficient Location Aided Routing (EELAR) Protocol [15] proposed a method to reduce control packet overhead and energy consumption significantly, by narrowing the new route discovery to small zones. The proposed protocol was build over the base algorithm Location Aided Routing (LAR) [12]. The protocol exploits a reference wireless base station with its circular coverage area equally partitioned into six sub-areas. At the time of route discovery phase control packets are broadcasted only in the destination nodes sub area rather than the entire area of the network. The role of base station is to maintain a position table and store the locations of the mobile nodes. On comparison of EELAR protocol with AODV, LAR and DSR, control overhead is highly reduced and delivery ratio is improved. 3. Conclusion Here, we commenced a literature survey, to promote energy consumption control for MANETs. This article studies current energy conservation techniques used at different levels and various approaches adopted for reducing power consumption. From the simulation results of protocols discussed, we conclude that to 13738

5 achieve better energy conservation performance metrics tradeoff are advised since a single protocol cannot convey the total performance demands for MANET. Each of these proposed methods saves some energy and if we adopt cross layering technique high energy conservation and increased network lifetime can be achieved.. In near future, we aim to design a protocol that meets the performance demands for MANETs. 1. REFERENCES [1] Alok Kumar Jagadev, Binod Kumar Pattanayak, Manoj Kumar Mishra and Manojranjan Nayak Power and Delay Aware On-Demand Routing For Ad Hoc Networks, (IJCSE) International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering. 02(04): [2] K. Anish Pon Yamini and T. Arivoli, Improved Location-Free Topology control Protocol in MANET, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN Volume 9, Number 23 (2014) pp [3] F. Bertocchi, P. Bergamo, G. Mazzin, Performance Comparison of Routing Protocols for Ad hoc Networks, IEEE GLOBECOM [4] Chaba Y, Singh Y, Joon M., Simulation Based Performance Analysis of On-Demand Routing Protocols in MANETs,Proc.Second International Conference on Computer Modeling and Simulation, pp.80-83,2010. [5] B. Chen, K. Jamieson, H. Balakrishnan, and R. Morris, Span: an energy-efficient coordination algorithm for topology maintenance in ad hoc wireless networks, ACM Wireless Networks Journal, vol. 8, no. 5, pp , [6] P. Chenna Reddy, Dr. P. Chandrasekhar Reddy, Performance Analysis of Adhoc Network Routing Protocols, Academic Open Internet Journal, SSN , Volume 17, [7] Divya Sharma and Ashwani Kush. Power and Mobility Aware Protocol for Ad Hoc Network, IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology. 3(2), April 2011 [8] H. Ehsan and Z. A. Uzmi (2004), Performance Comparison of Ad Hoc Wireless Network Routing Protocols, IEE,E 8th International Multitopic Conference, Proceedingsof INMIC, December 2004, pp [9] Hajj, El,W., Fuqaha, Al,A., Guizani, M., (2009) On efficient network planning and routing in large scale Manet, IEEE Transaction On Vehicular Technology, Vol. 58 Issue 7, pp [10] L. Junhai, Y. Danxia, X. Liu and F. Mingyu A survey of multicast routing protocols for mobile Ad Hoc networks. IEEE Comm. Surveys and Tutorials. 11(1): 78-91, First Quarter [11] J. Kao and R. Marculescu., Predictive EnergyEfficient Multicast for Large Scale Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the Consumer Communications and Networking Conference. pp , January 2008 [12] Ko Y.B. and Vaidya N.H. Location-aided Routing (LAR) in Mobile Ad Hoc networks, Wireless Networks, Volume 6, pp: , 2000 [13] Kumar H, Arora H, Singla RK, Simulation analysis of optimized link state routing protocol in wireless sensor networks, Proc. IEEE International Conference on Emerging Trends in Networks and Computer Communications (ETNCC), pp ,2011. [14] N. Meghanathan Energy Consumption Analysis of the Stable Path and Minimum Hop Path Routing Strategies for Mobile Ad hoc Networks. International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security. 7(10): 30-39, October [15] Mohammed M., Energy Efficient Location Aided Routing Protocol for Wireless MANETs, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, vol. 4, no. 1 & 2, [16] Nyayate M., Singh YN,, Dynamic Safe Transmit Power MAC protocol in Wireless Adhoc MAC protocol., Proc. IEEE Conference TENCON,pp ,2011 [17] Raja ram, A. Dr. and Sugesh, J. (2011), Power Aware Routing for MANET Using Ondemand Multipath Routing Protocol. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science,Vol. 8 Issue 2, pp [18] Shi Y., and Gulliver T. A., An Energy- Efficient MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks, Wireless Sensor Network, 1, pp

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