Introduction to SDH/SONET. Professor Richard Harris
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1 Introduction to SDH/SONET Professor Richard Harris
2 Objectives You will be able to: Describe the basic frame format of SDH/SONET Discuss architectural issues associated with networks comprising SDH elements SDH Ring structures and options Dynamic reconfiguration methodologies Discuss mathematical models for SDH network design. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 2
3 Presentation Outline Revision of PDH technology The SDH Hierarchy Frame Formats Traffic Management with SDH Network architectures SDH network design methodologies Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 3
4 PDH - Revision Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy - PDH The existing ( old ) digital multiplexing/ transmission systems are not properly bit synchronised since clocks in different parts of the network run at different rates. The differences in clock rates (hence exact bit rates at different locations) are allowed for by bit stuffing and/or data stream buffers. Since the differences in clock rates are tolerably small and are accounted for, these systems are said to be Plesiochronous rather than Asynchronous. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 4
5 SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SONET - Synchronous Optical Network Originally proposed by Bellcore Later standardised by the ITU in recommendations G.707, G.708 and G.709. It has become known as SDH. SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SONET was proposed to take advantage of high speed digital transmission in optical fibres. SONET and SDH are similar in many respects but they are actually not quite identical. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 5
6 Issues addressed by SONET / SDH Standardised multiplexing format Optical standard for interconnection of optical equipment. Administration, Operations and Maintenance (OAM) are all part of the standard. Interworking with existing signals. Able to accommodate future applications including BISDN broadband rates. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 6
7 SONET Frame Structure STS-1 1 Frame Format Transport Overhead 3 octets Payload area Synchronous payload envelope (SPE) 87 octets Section overhead 3 octets Line overhead 6 octets 810 Path overhead 1 octet 90 * 9 = 810 Octets Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 7
8 SDH Frame Structure General format of the STM-N frame structure 270 x N octets Section overheads 9 x N octets STM-N Payload Area 261 x N octets 9 octets Overhead & Pointers Path overhead 1 octet 2430 N Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 8
9 SDH/SONET Frame Structure A note on interpretation of the diagrams The example shows the first 200 (approx.) Octets of a STS-1 Frame Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 9
10 SDH Signal Hierarchy - 1 STS - Synchronous Transport Signal level STS-1 = 51.84Mbps STM - Synchronous Transport Module STM-1 = Mbps Why the discrepancy? The lowest signal for ITU level 4 signal is Mbps STS signals can be multiplexed to produce the following signal levels STS-1, STS-3, STS-9, STS-12, STS-18, STS-24, STS-36, STS48. (The table in the next slide shows the equivalent ITU data rates. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 10
11 SDH Signal Hierarchy - 2 SONET Designation ITU Designation Data Rate (MBPS) Payload Rate STS STS-3 STM STS-9 STM STS-12 STM STS-18 STM STS-24 STM STS-36 STM STS-48 STM Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 11
12 SDH/SONET Frame Formats The basic SONET building block is the STS-1 frame, which has 810 octets transmitted once every 125µsec. Check that this is equivalent to 51.84Mbps!! We can view the basic frame as a matrix of 9 rows with 90 octets each 9 x 90 = 810 octets. Transmission is one row at a time from left to right and top to bottom The first 3 columns (3 x 9 = 27 octets) of the frame are assigned to overheads. 18 octets for line overhead. 9 octets for section overhead. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 12
13 A Synchronous Broadband Network The main components of a synchronous broadband network are: Terminal Multiplexer (TM) Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM) Digital Cross Connect (DXC) Network Management System (NMS) The network elements of SDH have primarily been designed for optical fibre transmission, but is equally applicable to digital microwave radio (DMR). Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 13
14 Add/Drop Multiplexers Node A T Node B ADM Node C T Configurable Customer Tributaries The Add/Drop Multiplexers are used to add or drop traffic to the stream between nodes A and C. Within the ADM there is a small digital cross-connect facility which allows the traffic to be dropped or inserted, passed through or rearranged within the high speed stream. This is known as traffic grooming. Control may be local or remote through the network management system. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 14
15 Digital Cross-Connect Switches Service Service Fibre cut Route A Route B Route A Route B Service Service Network protection is achieved with DXCs and a percentage of excess bandwidth in the transmission system between nodes. Note that the network management system decides which services should have priority and downloads the appropriate switch maps to the DXCs. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 15
16 Link Rerouting B W-DCS C W-DCS DS3 DS3 DS3 W-DCS A DS3 Replace Link B-C With B-A-D-C Old Path of DS1 Demand New Path of DS1 Demand W-DCS (Where DS1 is USA term for 155Mb/s service and DS3 is the term for 45Mb/s service) Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 16 D
17 Path Rerouting B W-DCS C W-DCS DS3 DS3 DS3 W-DCS A DS3 Reroute A-D DS1 Demand Over Spare Facilities W-DCS D Old Path of DS1 Demand New Path of DS1 Demand Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 17
18 Advanced Network Architectures 2Gb/s ADM ADM 622Mb/S Metropolitan Network ADM DXC DXC DXC Intercapital Network ADM 622Mb/S Distribution Network TERM TERM 155Mb/s ADM HUB Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 18
19 Ring Structures for SONET/SDH The ability of SONET/SDH to be deployed in ring architectures rather than as strictly point-to-point or point-multipoint architectures, has become the defining feature of SONET/SDH to date. The incentive for building SONET rings was to provide a means of standardizing the traditional 1:1 protection switching in a cost-effective manner. The self-healing ring, like 1:1 diverse protection structure, is totally automatic and provides 100% restoration capability for a single fibre cable cut and equipment failure. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 19
20 Ring Structures (Continued) As technology advances and competition drives the prices for higher-rate systems towards those of lower-rate systems, SHRs tend to become even less costly to deploy than low-cost 1:N protection systems. Using these rings, thus improves network survivability and availability, while reducing cost. Hence, SONET self-healing rings are expected to form the major network infrastructure in future B-ISDN. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 20
21 Distinguishing Attributes There are three main features that characterise all SONET rings, each with two alternatives. These basic distinguishing attributes are listed in the table below: Attribute Number of fibres per link Direction of the signal Level of protection switching Choices 2-fibre 4-fibre Unidirectional Bidirectional Line switching Path switching Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 21
22 Possible Ring Configurations Obviously, there are eight different SONET ring configurations arising from these attributes. To designate all these different types of ring architectures, various abbreviations are used. The abbreviations include: Uni-directional Line Switched Ring (ULSR) Bi-directional Line Switched Ring (BLSR) Uni-directional Path Switched Ring (UPSR) Bi-directional Path Switched Ring (BPSR) Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 22
23 Practical Rings In actual practice, however, only three of these eight types of rings have been built on a large scale, including: fibre UPSR fibre ULSR fibre BPSR Most local exchange carriers have tended to favour 2- fibre rings of the unidirectional sort with either line or path switching. Inter-exchange carriers, on the other hand, have favoured 4-fibre BPSR Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 23
24 SONET/SDH Self Healing Rings (a) Unidirectional SHR 1 2 (b) Bidirectional SHR with 2 fibres Counter-rotating ring Protection uses separate fibre Key: Working Protection Point-to-point traffic arrangement Working and protection use the same fibre (reserve half bandwidth for protection) Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 24
25 Sample Rings (c) Bi-directional SHR with 4 fibres Point-to-point traffic arrangement Protection/Restoration uses separate fibres Key: Working Protection Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 25
26 SONET/SDH Rings Compared Two-fibre Two-fibre Four-fibre Unidirectional Bidirectional Bidirectional Usually seen in: Rings Cities Rings Cities Rings Regional and beyond Symmetrical Delays? No Yes Yes Multiple failures Usually a problem Usually a problem Usually not a problem Bandwidth efficiency Medium Medium High Initial cost Medium Medium High Expansion costs Low Medium Low Complexity Low High Medium Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 26
27 Interconnected Rings Although, SHR s are highly survivable the number of nodes on a ring, is limited by its capacity requirement and the number of hops between any two nodes. Hence, in order to utilise SONET self-healing ring technology in large networks, it is important to investigate efficient methods of interconnecting rings to overcome the problems of a large single ring. Desired features of an interconnected ring network include preservation of survivability performance of single rings, efficient routing, simplified network control mechanism, and appropriate control over problems, such as congestion. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 27
28 Example Ring Network SDH/SONET E E E E Ring network E E E E What do you see as the advantages and disadvantages of a network arranged in a ring fashion? E E Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 28
29 Hierarchical self-healing network Two-level single-homing hierarchical SHR network Two-level dual-homing hierarchical SHR network Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 29
30 Interconnected Ring Network Design The major issue in designing survivable SONET selfhealing ring networks is how best to utilize the unique characteristics of SHRs to meet different demand requirements in a cost-effective manner. For instance, the way rings are interconnected and the type of the rings used has an impact on the overall architecture, cost and survivability. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 30
31 Designing HSHR Networks The problem of designing HSHR networks can be stated as follows: Based on the given information of a network, which includes a set of nodes, the geographical distance, traffic demand between each pair of nodes, and a cost function f(x,y) of a link with length x and capacity y, We need to find an optimal Hierarchical Self Healing Ring accommodating each node and minimising the total cost of the network. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 31
32 Fibre-based Loop Network Design In the previous slide, we dealt with the design of interconnected ring networks, which can be used for designing large SONET survivable transport networks. Here we discuss the design of a fibre-based loop network i.e. an access network. Fibre facilities have been actively deployed in the feeder segment of local loop networks to reduce operating costs of present copper-based networks and to provide a fibre-optic infrastructure that will support new high bandwidth telecommunications services, such as broadband integrated switching services. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 32
33 Fibre-based Loop Network Design The design problem for a loop network is how to interconnect a set of customer locations through a ring of end offices so as to minimize the total tariff cost and provide reliability. The input elements of the problem include a set of end offices, a set of digital hubs (switches), and a set of customer locations that are geographically distributed on a plane. Each customer location is connected directly to its own designated end office, which in turn, needs to be connected to exactly one selected hub. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 33
34 Fibre-based Loop Network Design Then, the selected hubs are connected by a ring. Each hub has a fixed cost for being chosen and each link has a connection cost for being included in the solution. The objective is to design such a network at minimum cost. In other words, the aim is to connect all the end offices to at least one hub, in a most cost-effective way. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 34
35 Problem Formulation Problem: Consider min z CX ij ij i, j = Subject to: C j= 1 X ij = 1 T i= 1 WX i ij W where x ij is binary variable equal to 1 if end office i is assigned to switch j. The first set of constraints guarantees that each end office is associated with a switch. The second set ensures that the switch capacity constraint is not violated. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 35
36 Problem Solution Greedy Heuristic with Tabu Search can be used for solving this network problem. This heuristic method, presented in [2], assumes that switches may be of different types and defines the capacity of a given switch as the number of OC-3 ports that may be used by the clients. The main objective of the Greedy Heuristic is to find a good solution quickly i.e. to design a minimum cost network subject to all the constraints described above. This method incorporates features of the well-known Steiner tree problem and the travelling salesman problem. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 36
37 Conclusions Ring structures are the simplest method for ensuring the minimum level of protection for traffic flowing on high capacity links. Design methodologies can be complex and time consuming to implement and heuristics prevail due to the nature of the problem: Similarity to the travelling salesman problem, etc. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 37
38 Clever ways to change topology! Network on the left is a star network. Flip internal connections in central node and get a? Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 38
39 Models for Dynamic Reconfiguration There have been a number of different models proposed for dynamic reconfiguration in networks: Harris (DSPN model). This is a different technology but the model appears to be relevant to the SDH context. Doverspike, Pack and Jha: Based on a stochastic model for demand at the DS0 and DS1(1.5Mb/s) levels. The system uses state dependent routing of Krishnan and Ott. Herzberg: Simple LP model based around a simplification to the Gopal et al and the DSPN model and uses stochastic demand elements. Gopal, Kim, Weinrib: Model begins as an NLP to optimise a traffic weighted blocking formula. Heuristics used to solve problem. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 39
40 Herzberg Model - 1 Define: g = Group capacity size (g=30 if 2Mb/s trunks) C i = Available bandwidth of link i=1,2,...l N p = Number of OD pairs j=1,,n(n-1)/2 A j = Offered traffic to OD pair j P j = Number of chains for OD pair j X j,p = Amount of bandwidth assigned to OD pair j through chain p Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 40
41 Herzberg Model - 2 One possible objective function to use is to minimise the weighted traffic losses and this is done by Gopel et al. in their ITC paper. Equivalently, Herzberg maximises the carried traffic through the network as follows: N p max Yj( Aj, X j) Subject to: j= 1 Capacity Constraint Bandwidth constraints on OD pair N p j= 1 i δ X C i= 1, 2, L pj jp i Pj x n j j = jp j = 1, 2, p p= 1 M X X M j N X jp 0 and integer Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 41
42 Revised Herzberg Model - 1 Gopal et al. developed an heuristic approach to the solution of this model. Herzberg exploited the nature of the Y functions and represented them as piece-wise linear functions using the coefficients given as Y jk where this represents the amount of traffic the k-th capacity unit assigned to OD pair j will carry, viz: Y jk = A j [B(A j, (k-1)g) - B(A j, kg)] where B(A,n) is the Erlang Loss Formula: Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 42
43 Revised Herzberg Model - 2 x N M P p j j max Yjk X p= 1 j= 1 p= 1 Subject to: jkp x N p M j Pj j= 1 k= 1 p= 1 δ i jkp X jkp C i x M j Pj k= 1 P j p= 1 X p= 1 X X jkp = jkp 1 0or 1 = M j jkp Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 43
44 Doverspike and Pack Model In their paper to Networks '92, Doverspike and Pack describe the SONET Switched Bandwidth Network or SSBN. The SSBN is a dynamic bandwidth strategy that aims to integrate Dimensioning Network operations Customer control Network restoration Network planning. The SSBN aims to "automatically and quickly provision bandwidth, use intelligent network status based routing methods, and dynamically reconfigure the network to provide survivability and service restoration features". Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 44
45 Today's Interoffice Network Design Point-Point Load Forecast Originating DS0 Forecast Originating DS1 Forecast (Unmultiplexed) Originating DS3 Forecast (Unmultiplexed) Grade of Design Trunk Network Service (GOS) DS0 Link Capacities Design DS0 Network Design DS1 Network Design High Rate Network (565MB, 1.2GB, etc.) Design Physical Network (Cable, Radio) DS1 Link Capacities (Multiplexed) DS3 Link Capacities (Multiplexed) High Rate Link Capacities Deterministic Network Design Stochastic Network Design
46 Tomorrow's Interoffice Network Design Process Point-Point Load Forecast Design Trunk Network Grade of Service (GOS) Originating DS0 Forecast Originating DS1 & Multiplexed DS1 Forecast DS1 Link Capacities Level of Design DS0 & DS1 Network Performance DS3 Link Capacities (Multiplexed) Design High Rate Network (565MB, 1.2GB, etc.) High Rate Link Capacities Design Physical Network (Cable, Radio) Deterministic Network Design Stochastic Network Design
47 Demand Model At the DS1 level, the demand for SSBN can be characterised by DS1 requests for service. Their demand modelling is similar to circuit switched telephony in that it requires: Arrival rate Holding time distribution. However, it should be noted that arrivals are not Poissonian, service times are long (in the order of years perhaps!). Steady state conditions are unlikely to be achieved since the arrival rate changes before the end of a typical holding time! (The special service demand model is described in a separate paper which I have obtained from Doverspike.) Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 47
48 Routing Strategies The aim here is to select a path through the digital cross connect switches to service a DS1 demand request. Their system is based upon a modification of the Krishnan and Ott state dependent routing system. (Described shortly.) Network Survivability The proposed SSBN method is designed to use path rerouting as described earlier. (You will see that this is more efficient than link rerouting and I used it in my DSPN model also.) Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 48
49 Overview of State Dependent Routing (Krishnan and Ott) For each link or trunk group k in the network determine a marginal cost f k (j) of adding a call to that trunk group when j of its trunks are already busy, for j=0,1, s k where s k is the number of trunks in the group. This cost represents the effect of the added call on the probable blocking of future calls on the group, and is defined to be the additional number of calls blocked on the group if the present call is accepted. Note that 0 f ( j ) 1and f s k k( k)=1 corresponds to the loss of a blocked call. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 49
50 Ideal SDR Method - 1 Determine the cost for an arriving call in the current network state by considering each of the possible chains over which the call could be routed. If the minimum path cost for the call is < 1 then route the call on that minimum cost chain. Otherwise, reject the call. x k = occupancy of trunk group k D 4 C A B ADB Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 50 V AB f ( x ) V = f ( x ) + f ( x ) ACB = V = f ( x ) + f ( x )
51 Ideal SDR Method - 2 In the original work by Krishnan and Ott the cost function was a ratio of Erlang Loss formulae, viz: B( sk, yk) fk( j) = Bjy (, ) y k is the load induced on link k by a nominal or reference routing scheme in which arriving calls are allocated amongst their admissible paths in a random fashion. It has been shown that these costs approximate a policy iteration method in a Markov decision process. k Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 51
52 Revised SDR Method At the 12th ITC in Torino, Krishnan modified the cost function to take into account the specific OD pairs in the network, viz: f ik (j) = f k (j)g jk Where g jk was calculated from parameters of the nominal traffic allocation scheme mentioned earlier. Practical implementation of the SDR scheme involves obtaining network status information at 5 minute intervals and hence the scheme has become known locally as DR-5. Semester Advanced Telecommunications Slide 52
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