Suguru Yamaguchi Nara Institute of Science and Technology Information Science and Technology

Transcription

1 Suguru Yamaguchi Nara Institute of Science and Technology Information Science and Technology I / 4 1

2 ATM: Challenge to integrate circuit switching and packet switching Another main datalink technology Current status of IEEE802.3 IEEE I / 4 2

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4 Wide band datalink technology started to develop and standardize in the late 1980s 150Mbp (OC-3), 662Mbps (OC-12) were target ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode High speed transfer enabling to exchange static 53 octets cell. Cut-through switching based on hardware Low delay link Enables to have both characteristics of packet switching and circuit switching VP (Virtual Path) and VC (Virtual Circuit) ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) defines services I / 4 4

5 VP: Setting by node/node, identified by VPI VC: belonging to one VP, setting by node/node and identified by VCI. I / 4 5

6 Logical topology Distinguishes logical network from physical network. When viewing from network layer, /VC is thought single legacy physical circuit Same as IEEE802.1q Tag VLAN I / 4 6

7 VC configuration control Data transmission I/F Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) ATM Layer Physical Layer Data Transmission Defines various service classes Cell generation Cell multiplexing and demultiplexing Cell flow and order assignment management Dropped cell processing VC/VP based switch routing I / 4 7

8 High-speed synchronous transmission line based on optical fiber SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) Fundamental technology based on digital optical transmission network used by telephone companies OC (Optical Carrier level) OC Mbps OC Mbps OC Mbps OC Mbps OC Gbps Recently, bandwidth speeding-up is remarkable. From OC-3 to OC-12 or OC-48, and further OC-192 I / 4 8

9 Interface Layer defined to use ATM network. AAL1 Constant bit rate transmission (e.g., graphics transmission.) AAL2 Variable bit rate transmission (e.g., movie transmission such as MPEG2) AAL3/4 Packet transmission modeling Not in use AAL5 Packet transmission model by ATM Forum Currently using in ATM computer networks. I / 4 9

10 PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit) Static VC configuration. Used in simple operation SVC (Switched Virtual Circuit) Dynamic VC configuration Used in LAN Emulation NBMA I / 4 10

11 Used as a wire by PVC Setting an independent logical network on a physical network structure. When optical fiber laying is limited, VC can be effectively configured for management purpose. PVP generalization Path is statically set. VC is opened on the user side, and VC configuration is enforced to comply to the usage purpose. I / 4 11

12 Wide-area broadband service such as NTT MegaLink is deployed widely. ATM leased line service Effectively utilizing ATM s characteristics Cheaper than existing leased line in bit-per cost. Can reduce the number of connection devices depending on VC usage. One interface can be assigned to several devices But using Hardware is expensive Single Mode Fiber I/F is necessary Traffic shaper is necessary I / 4 12

13 It emerged as the favorite wide-area bandwith service, but after, being slowly driven out by the extending Ethernet service system (ex LAN) might be a fair recognition. However, it is a formulation of the basic grounds for carrier business as used to be. Outclassing compliance with management system in telecommunication companies. Merit: deployable to various services. Finally, it is used to providing services upon an ATM network, and directly providing ATM to the user is slowly decreasing. I / 4 13

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15 Broadband services using the carrier s line Uses line between the subscriber station and the concentrator Data transmission is done using a frequency band different from the band usually used for voice communication Relatively using wide bandwidth Many different variations ADSL: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Widely used broadband technology nowadays 3Mbps, 8Mbps, 12Mbps VDSL: Very high bit rate Digital Subscriber Line Appearing as the second-generation broadband access technologies 25Mbps ~ 50Mbps Unused technologies SDSL: Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line HDSL: High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line I / 4 15

16 Switchboards concentrator Telephone network DSLAM aggregator Department concentrator CPE Client Data and voice are transmitted using the same medium I / 4 16

17 Evolved as a Peripheral Bus HIPPI (800Mbps/32bit, 1.6Gbps/64bit) FibreChannel (FC) (266Mbps, ) Myrinet ( max 4Gbps) SCI (6.4Gbps and higher) IEEE1394 ( 100Mbps 400Mbps): firewire Characteristics Synchronous Transfer, Error free, good delay characteristics little jitter Changing from Parallel to Serial transfer. Changing from E I/F to Opt I/F. Reduction in its usage as a network The Ethernet family range is rapidly widening I / 4 17

18 Wave-Division Multiplex Technology taking advantage of the fact that several optical signals of different wavelength can be transported in a single optical fiber to increase the range of possible uses without replacing the physical wire e.g., SONET OC-48 Gained attention as a large-scale network broadband technology especially, as a backbone network technology for communication companies bit inflation Currently used WDM technology more than 16 waves: D-WDM (Dense WDM) 8 waves: C-WDM (Coarse WDM) 4 waves: W-WDM (Wide WDM) Future WDM standardization of OIF (Optical Internetworking Forum) Cisco, lucent, AT&T NTT Fujitsu, KDD lab, Ericson DWDM with more than 1024 waves from IP over ATM over SONET/SDH over WDM to IP over WDM I / 4 18

19 16 waves 32waves 64waves OC48(2.4G), OC192(9.6G)., OC768(40G) I / 4 19

20 Multi Protocol Label Switching An identifier called label is inserted between Layer-2 and Layer-3 headers In MPLS networks, forwarding packets is done according to the label. Characteristics At first, contribute to speeding up communications It is not necessary to refer to the packet header. Emergence of various applications compliant to label based traffic management Using labels, traffic is controlled under layer 3. Bandwidth assignment, optimal path for specific traffic, bypass, Adopted by large carriers and used in operation. I / 4 20

21 Generalized MPLS Derived from Multi Protocol Lambda Switching Generalization of MPLS technology by using light wave as the label. Managing GMPLS Routing based on optical wavelength. Using IP channel for transmitting a control signal. Starting to provide a communication service. RFC 3471~3473 (as standards) (Jan, 2003) Communication service RENA (Resonant Communication Network Architecture, NTT) Confirming interoperability I / 4 21

22 The so-called Wireless Ethernet a: 54Mbps / 5.7GHz b: 11Mbps / 2.4GHz g: 50Mbps / 2.4GHz n: 600Mbps / 2.4GHz,5GHz Efficient bandwith usage leveraging SS technology. WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) is used as a trademark to brand products. Easiness of network usage and difficulty of network design are two sides of the same coin. Enables invisible wireless. There is a radio wave interference in inter x There is a radio interference in some other wireless devices. e.g., BlueTooth, microwave I / 4 22

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24 WG name topic 802.3z Gigabit Ethernet 802.3ab 1000Base-T 802.3ae 10Gbps Ethernet 802.3af DTE Power via MDI 802.3ah Passive Optical Network 802.3ak 10GBASE-CX an 10GBASE-T 802.3aq 10GBASE-LRM 802.3at DTE Power Enhancements 802.3av 10Gbps PHY for EPON 802.3az Energy-efficient Ethernet 802.3ba 40Gbps and 100Gbps Ethernet

25 Power supply via Ethernet Possible in IEEE 802.3af, but requires far more electric power. Recently devices require far more electric power than IEEE 802.3af maximal capacity af 12.95W(Maximum) 802.3at 24W(Minimum) is only supported by category 5 cables af is supported by both cat3 and cat at is only supported by Category 5 because of low electric resistance. Scheduled to be standardized in Feb

26 Applications requiring wider bandwidth. IPTV,VoD,VoIP 1G-EPON(Ethernet passive optical networks)(802.3ah) is not sufficient. 10G-EPON Enables symmetric and asymmetric communication. Because past technologies can be used, the shift is easy. Scheduled to be standardized in Mar

27 Saving electricity. If NIC communication speed is high, power consumption is high. Reducing power consumption during infrequent communication situations. Frequent usage case: bandwidth is1gbps; infrequent usage case: bandwidth is 100Mbps. Defining a switching mechanism that Seamlessly change from 1GBASE-T to 100BASE-T, and from 1GBASE-T to 10BASE-T. Scheduled to be standardized in Mar

28 Supporting two transmission speeds: 40Gbps and 100Gbps. For carriers: 100Gbps Having a 10 km single mode fiber and 1m coax For datacenters: 40Gbps Having a 40km single mode fiber and 10m coax Scheduled to be standardized in Jun

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31 IEEE (Wireless Personal Area Networks) Summary Personal area wireless network Concrete example Bluetooth IEEE Logical and physical specifications Profile for various communication types UWB IEEE a Wide bandwidth Bandwidth allocation problem ZigBee IEEE Low power consumption I / 4 31

32 IEEE (Broadband Wireless Access Standards) Summary Metropolitan Area Network Characteristics Frequency MHz Cell radius 10km (in the case of high power consumption at high locations, the maximum is 50km) Supporting high speed transportation (120km/h) Concrete example static (IEEE ) mobile (IEEE e) Trends Discussion has started for I j(multi-hop) and IEEE802.11m (IMT-Advanced). I / 4 32

33 IEEE (Resilient Packet Ring) Summary Combines reliability, service quality guarantee and management features to packet network statistical efficiency for SONET Synchronous Optical NETwork Concrete example Spatially Aware Sublayer (802.17b) IEEE (Radio Regulatory TAG) Summary Technical assistance for wireless communications. IEEE (Coexistence Technical Advisory) Summary Technical Assistance for standard Coexistence. I / 4 33

34 IEEE Summary Metropolitan Area Network Characteristics Enforcing transmission error correction with Fast ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) Handover policy is make before break. Better frequent use efficiency than IEEE802.11e IEEE Summary Implementing handover technology. Characteristics Defining a MIH(Media Independent Handover) between layer2 and layer3. Enforcing a seamless handover among WiFi, WiMAX, and cellular I / 4 34

35 IEEE Summary Network service for rural area Characteristics Point to Multipoint static wireless access method Using TV channel in the US is expected WWAN WMAN WLAN WPAN I / 4 35

36 IEEE Summary Aiming to use emergency service (emergency call, 110 number service in Japan) with IEEE802 networks. Characteristics Using VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) Four domains of application Citizen to Authority (emergency call from citizen, for example 110 and 119 in Japan) Authority to Citizen (emergency broadcast warning from governance office to citizen) Authority to Authority (emergency wireless ad hoc network) Citizen to Citizen (ETSI requirements) I / 4 36