TOC: Switching & Forwarding
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1 TOC: Switching & Forwarding Why? Switching Techniques Switch Characteristics Switch Examples Switch Architectures Summary Why? Direct vs. Switched Networks: Single link Switches Direct Network Limitations: Distance (coordination delay; propagation limitation Number of hosts (collisions; shared bandwidth; address tables Single link technology (cannot mix optical wireless n links Internetworking: Externality gain at cost TOC Switching TOC Switching Why? Techniques Circuit-Switching (e.g. Telephone net. Packet-Switching Datagram (e.g. IP Ethernet Virtual Circuits (e.g. MPLS ATM Source Routing Comparison TOC Switching Techniques Circuit-Switching Mechanism: Features:!$$% &' (! #% & & *(# TOC Switching Techniques Circuit Packet-Switching Mechanism: ' ( Features: & & #!% & # (!#% TOC Switching Techniques Packet PS - Datagram General idea: no connection establishment but each packet contains enough info to specify destination Switches contain forwarding tables (but no perconnection state Forwarding tables contain info on which outgoing port to use for each destination Two types of addressing: Layer or Layer TOC Switching Techniques Packet - Datagram
2 Layer (e.g. Ethernet Flat address space (no structure Forwarding table: Exact match of destination L address --. Layer (e.g. IP L-network (e.g. IP Topological structure match prefix Either fixed prefix length or longest match / / / //. # 0 / // // // / TOC Switching Techniques Packet Datagram L TOC Switching Techniques Packet Datagram L Layer (e.g. IP '$ $ Layer (e.g. IP / 56 '$ / / / //. # 0 / // // // / / / // /. # 0 / // // // / / TOC Switching Techniques Packet Datagram L TOC Switching Techniques Packet Datagram L Layer (e.g. IP / / // '$ / TOC Switching Techniques Packet Datagram L / / //. # 0 / // // // / / PS Virtual Circuit Connection setup establishes a path through switches A virtual circuit ID (VCI identifies path Uses packet switching with packets containing VCI VCIs are often indices into per-switch connection tables; change at each hop 8 0 TOC Switching Techniques Packet VC 9"
3 Source Routing :!% Comparison Datagram Virtual circuit switching Circuit switching source Forwarding cost high none Bandwidth utilization Resource reservations Robustness* high none high flexible flexible yes ; * ## #9" TOC Switching Techniques Source Routing TOC Switching Techniques Comparison Characteristics Examples Ports Fast Ethernet OC- ATM Protocols ST Link Agg. VLAN OSPF RIP BGP VPN Load Balancing WRED WFQ Performance Throughput Reliability Power Juniper M60 Cisco GSR Cisco 600 Cisco catalyst 6500 Extreme Summit Foundry ServerIron TOC Switching Characteristics TOC Switching Examples Cisco GSR - 6 Juniper M60 WAN Router Large throughput; SONET links Up to 6 line cards at 0 Gbps each Crossbar Fabric 9 s: -port OC-9c -port OC8c Many others (ATM Ethernet 6ft WAN Router Large throughput; SONET links Crossbar Fabric s: -port OC-9c -port OC8c Many others (ATM Ethernet ft 9 Capacity: 80Gb/s Power:.6kW TOC Switching Examples GSR ft TOC Switching Examples M60.5ft
4 Cisco 600 Cisco cat 6500 From LAN to Access MAN-WAN Router Up to 8 Gbps with Crossbar Fabric 0Mbps 0Gbps LAN s OC- to OC-8 SONET s MPLS WFQ LLQ WRED Traffic Shaping 8 to 56 0/00 Ethernet s 0 GE OC- OC- OC-8 ATM QoS ACL Load Balancing; VPN Up to 8Gbps (with crossbar L- Switching VLAN IP Telephony (E T inline-power Ethernet SNMP RMON TOC Switching Examples 600 TOC Switching Examples Cat6k Extreme - Summit Foundry - ServerIron 8 0/00 ports GE (SX LX or LX-0.5Gbps non-blocking 0. Mpps Wire speed L Wire speed L static or RIP OSPF DVRMP PIM Server Load Balancing Transparent Cache Switching Firewall Load Balancing Global Server Load Balancing Extended Layer - functionality including URL- Cookie- and SSL Session ID-based switching Secure Network Address Translation (NAT and Port address translation (PAT TOC Switching Examples Summit TOC Switching Examples ServerIron Architectures Generic Generic Architecture First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Input Functions Output Functions Interconnection Designs OUT IN VOB Combined IN/OUT Input and output interfaces are connected through an interconnect A interconnect can be implemented by Shared memory capacity routers (e.g. PC-based routers Shared bus Medium capacity routers Point-to-point (switched bus High capacity routers input interface Interconnect output interface TOC Switching Architectures TOC Switching Architectures Generic
5 First Generation Second Generation Shared Backplane Route Route Typically < 0.5Gbps aggregate capacity Limited by rate of shared memory Typically < 5Gb/s aggregate capacity Limited by shared bus Cache Cache Cache Slide by Nick McKeown Slide by Nick McKeown TOC Switching Architectures First TOC Switching Architectures Second Third Generation Input Functions Switched Backplane Local Routing Local Packet forwarding: decide to which output interface to forward each packet based on the information in packet header examine packet header lookup in forwarding table update packet header Typically < 50Gbps aggregate capacity Slide by Nick McKeown TOC Switching Architectures Third TOC Switching Architectures Input Functions Output Functions management: decide when and which packet to drop Scheduler: decide when and which packet to transmit Scheduler Output Functions (ct Packet classification: map each packet to a predefined f/connection (for datagram forwarding use to implement more sophisticated services (e.g. QoS F: a subset of packets between any two endpoints in the network Classifier f f Scheduler f n management TOC Switching Architectures Output Functions TOC Switching Architectures Output Functions
6 Output Queued Only output interfaces store packets Advantage Easy to design algorithms: only one congestion point Disadvantage Requires an output speedup Ro/C = N where N is the number of interfaces not feasible for large N input interface Backplane output interface Input Queues Only input interfaces store packets Advantages Easy to build Simple algorithms Disadvantages HOL Blocking In practice: Speedup of suffices input interface output interface Backplane R O C R O C TOC Switching Architectures Output Queued TOC Switching Architectures Input Queued Note: Head-of-line Blocking The cell at the head of an input queue cannot be transferred thus blocking the foling cells <0 # Virtual Output s OUT buffers at each input port Complexity: Matching Problem Full throughput algorithm Good Heuristic Input Input Output Output Input Output # =.#'"(> TOC Switching Architectures Input Queued: HOL TOC Switching Architectures VOB VOB: Full Throughput Maximum Weighted Matching: VOB: Good Heuristic i-slip Inputs request permission to send from outputs Outputs grant permissions to inputs (round-robin Inputs accept permissions (round-robin A: B 8 5 TOC Switching Architectures VOB: Full Throughput B TOC Switching Architectures VOB: islip
7 Combined IN/OUT Both input and output interfaces store packets Advantages Easy to built Utilization can be achieved with limited input/output speedup (<= Disadvantages Harder to design algorithms Two congestion points Need to design f control input interface Backplane output interface R O C Summary Switching needed for big networks Internetworking externality Circuit Packet VC: QoS possible Packet Datagram L: Limited by flat address space L: Exact Match: Easy lookup less efficient Longest Prefix Match Switch functions: control and data Different Architectures: cost vs. performance TOC Switching Architectures IN/OUT TOC Switching Summary
TOC: Switching & Forwarding
TOC: Switching & Forwarding Why? Switching Techniques Switch Characteristics Switch Examples Switch Architectures Summary TOC Switching Why? Direct vs. Switched Networks: n links Single link Direct Network
TOC: Switching & Forwarding
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