Communication Networks

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1 Communication Networks A Concise Introduction Jean Walrand University of California, Berkeley Shyam Parekh Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON COMMUNICATIONNETWORKS #4

2 vii entsi * s? m :W. m:' isisvim>mm:mmmm: Preface xvii The Internet Basic Operations Hosts, Routers, Links Packet Switching Addressing Routing Error Detection Retransmission of Erroneous Packets Congestio n Co ntrol Flow Control DNS, HTTP So WWW DNS HTTP & WWW Summary Problems References 7 Principles Sharing Metrics Link Rate Link Bandwidth and Capacity Throughput Delay 12

3 2.2.5 Delay Jitter M/M/l Queue Little's Result Fairness Scalability Location-Based Addressing Two-Level Routing Best Effort Service End-to-End Principle and Stateless Routers Hierarchical Naming Application and Technology Independence 2' Layers Application Topology Client/Server P2P Cloud Computing Content Distribution Multkast/Anvcast Push/Pull Discovejy Summary 2.7 Problems 2.8 References / Ethernet 3.1 Typical Installation 3.2 History of Ethernet Aloha Network Cable Ethernet Hub Ethernet Switched Ethernet 3.1

4 ix 3.3 Addresses Frame Physical Layer Switched Ethernet Example Learning Spanning Tree Protocol Aloha Time-Slotted Version Non-Slotted Aloha Hub Ethernet Maximum Collision Detection Time Appendix: Probability Probability Additivity for Exclusive Events Independent Events Slotted Aloha Non-Slotted Aloha Waiting for Success 40 3,10.7Hub Ethernet Summary Problems References 44 4 WiFi Basic Operations Medium Access Control (MAC) MAC Protocol Enhancements for Medium Access MAC Addresses Physical Layer 49

5 x CONTENTS 4.4 Efficiency Analysis Single Multiple of MAC Protocol Device 49 Devices Appendix: Markov Chains 4.6 Summary 4.7 Problems 4.8 References 5 Routing 5.1 Domains and Two-Level Routing Scalability Transit and Peering Inter-Domain Routing Path Vector Algorithm Possible Oscillations Multi-Exit Discriminators Intra-Domnin Shortest Path Routing Dijkstra's Algorithm and Link State Bellman-Ford and Distance Vector Anycast, Multicast Anvcast 67 s Multicast Forward Error Correction Network Coding Ad Hoc Networks AODV OLSR Ant Routing Geographic Routing Backpressure Routing Summary

6 xi 5.7 Problems References 76 Internetworking Objective Basic. Components: Mask, Gateway, A.RP Addresses and Subnets Gateway DNS Server ARP Configuration Examples Same Subnet Different Subnets Finding IP Addresses Fragmentation DHCP NAT Summary Problems References 85 Transport * Transport Services Transport Header TCP States Error Control ^ Stop-and-Wait Go Back N Selective Acknowledgments Timers 92

7 7.5 Congestion Control AIMD Refinements: Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery Adjusting the Rate TCP Window Size Terminology Flow Control 7.7 Summary n't Problems References Models The Role of Layers Congestion Control Fairness vs. Throughput Distributed Congestion Control Dynamic Routing and Congestion Control Appendix: Justification for Primal-Dual Theorem Summary HI 8.6 Problems Ill 8.7 References WiMAX&LTE Technology Evolution Key Aspects ofwimax OFDM A Quality of Service (QpS) Classes Schedulers Handovers Miscellaneous WiMAX Features Key Aspects oflte 1.13

8 xiii LTE Architecture Physical Layer QoS Support Summary Problems References 123 QOS Overview Traffic Shaping Leaky Buckets Delay Bounds Scheduling 127 I GPS WFQ Regulated Flows and WFQ End-to-End QoS End-to-End Admission Control Net Neutrality Summary Problems References 134 Physical Layer How to Transport Bits? Link Characteristics Wired and Wireless Links 136 II. 3.1 Modulation Schemes: BPSK, QPSK, QAM Inter-Cell Interference and OFDM Optical Links Operation of Fiber 141

9 Super CONTENTS OOK Modulation Wavelength Division Multiplexing 142 1L p tic al Switchi ng Passive Optical Network Summary References AdditionalTopics Overlay Networks Applications: CD'N and P2P Routing in Overlay Networks Plow Popular P2P Protocols Work st Generation: Server-Client based nd Generation: Centralized Directory based rd Generation: Purely Distributed Advent of Hierarchical Overlay - Nodes Advanced Distributed File Sharing: BitTorrent Sensor Networks Design Issues Distributed Applications Bellman-Ford Routing Algorithm TCP Power Adjustment Byzantine Agreement Agreeing over an Unreliable Channel Consensus in the Presence ofadversaries Source Compression Summary References 161 Bibliography. 163

10 xv Authors' Biographies 1.69 Index 171

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