THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS (Introduction)

Transcription

1 Hillingdon U3A Computer Group THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS (Introduction) U3A Presentation J. Martin

2 Early Calculating Tools 500BC. Counting Boards & Abacus. Tools for simple arithmetic processes. About 50BC. TheAntikythera mechanism. An ancient analog computer designed to calculate astronomical positions Pascal s Wheel could add and subtract two numbers directly and multiply and divide by repetition. 1650s. The Slide Rule. A mechanical analog computer used primarily for multiplication and division, and also for functions such as roots, logarithms and trigonometry. 2

3 1800 s Programming Joseph-Marie Jacquard developed a loom. 3

4 1820 s Computers (Mechanical) Charles Babbage's difference engine was created to calculate a series of values automatically. 4

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6 1890 s Computers Herman Hollerith invented a punch card device which was used to tabulate the US 1890 census data in only one year. The 1880 census had taken eight years Hollerith started his own business selling his invention, founding the Tabulating Machine Company. 6

7 1910 s Computers Hollerith's, Tabulating Machine Company, merged with the International Time Recording Company and the Computing Scale Company to form the Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR). 7

8 1920 s Computers Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR) renamed International Business Machines Corporation, later to be abbreviated IBM IBM introduced an 80-column punched card 8

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10 1930 s Computers William Hewlett and David Packard founded Hewlett-Packard (HP) and produced their first product. 10

11 1939. Bell Telephone Laboratories develop The Complex Number Calculator (CNC) designed by George Stibitz. The machine had the capacity to add, subtract, multiply, and divide complex numbers. 11

12 1940 s Computers First Generation Computers ( ) Vacuum Tubes The first Colossus is operational at Bletchley Park. 12

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14 1945. ENIAC built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and

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16 1947. The Tran resister or transistor is invented. 16

17 1949. The Manchester Mark 1 built at Manchester University. 17

18 1949. EDSAC - Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator was constructed at Cambridge University. 18

19 1950 s Computers The Lyons Electronic Office (LEO) was the first computer used for commercial business applications in the world. 19

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21 1951. Magnetic tape was first used to record computer data on the Remington Rand UNIVAC I, the first US-produced commercial computer IBM shipped its first electronic computer, the 701. During three years of production, IBM sold 19 machines to research laboratories, aircraft companies, and the U.S. federal government. 21

22 1954. The IBM 650 was the world s first mass-produced computer, with the company selling 450 in one year. Spinning at 12,500 rpm, the 650 s magnetic datastorage drum allowed much faster access to stored material than drum memory machines The IBM Naval Ordnance Research Calculator (NORC) was a one-of-akind first-generation (vacuum tube) electronic computer built by IBM for the United States Navy's Bureau of Ordnance. It was likely the most powerful computer at the time 22

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24 1956. The IBM 305 RAMAC is launched. 24

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26 Second Generation Computers ( ) Transistors The RCA 501 was the first computer designed as a high-end general purpose system using Transistors. It was sold in the UK by English Electric as the KDP10 26

27 1959. The EMIDEC 1100 computer (first british transistorised computer) was produced by the Computing Services Division of EMI Laboratories in the UK. After merger with ICT, sold as ICT

28 1959. The IBM 7000 series mainframes were IBM s first transistorised computers. 28

29 1950 s. British Computer Companies: British Tabulating Machine Company Limited (1909) Powers-Samas (1932) Elliot Computers (1950) Marconi Computers (1951) Ferranti Computers (1951) LEO Computers (1954) English Electric Computers (1955) EMI Computing services Division (1958) 29

30 1960 s Computers A second generation computer, the IBM 1401, captured about one third of the world market. 30

31 1960. The Control Data Corporation CDC 160 computer was the first truly small (mini) computer to hit the market Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) PDP-1 minicomputer. The average PDP-1 included a cathode ray tube graphic display, needed no air conditioning and required only one operator. 31

32 1961. The first LEO III was completed. LEO III/5 installed at CAV Acton in

33 LEO III/5 installed at CAV Acton in 1963 LEO III Circuit Board 33

34 1962. National Cash Register s NCR-315 computer was the first computer to use NCR s Card Random Access Memory (CRAM). 34

35 1963. Honeywell 200. A small business computer introduced to compete with IBM's The invention of the mouse by Douglas Englebart. 35

36 Third Generation Computers ( ) Integrated Circuits IBM announced the System/360. Orders for the system climbed to 1,000 per month within two years. 36

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38 1965. DEC introduced the PDP-8, the first commercially successful minicomputer. 38

39 1965. RCA Spectra series computers were the Radio Corporation of America's first transitorised computer. The RCA Spectra 70/45 was sold in the UK by English Electric as the System Hewlett Packard entered the computer market with the HP 2100 / HP 1000 series of minicomputers. 39

40 1960 s Saw the demise of British Computer Companies British Tabulating Machine Company merge with Powers-Samas to form International Computers and Tabulators (ICT) EMI Computing Services Division merges with ICT Ferranti Computing merges with ICT LEO Computers and English Electric merge to form English Electric Leo (EELEO) Marconi Computers merge with EELEO to form English Electric Leo Marconi (EELM) Elliot Computers merge with ICT EELM merge with ICT to form International Computers Limited (ICL). ICL the last major British computer manufacturer. 40

41 1970 s Computers Fourth Generation Computers (1971-Present) Microprocessors IBM invented the 8-inch floppy diskette, which could hold 80 Kilobytes of data Hewlett-Packard announced the HP- 35 as "a fast, extremely accurate electronic slide rule" with a solid-state memory similar to that of a computer. The first pocket calculator. 41

42 1975. IBM 5100 Portable Computer.. 42

43 1975. Honeywell Level 6 Mini Computer.. 43

44 1975. MITS Altair

45 1976. Steve Wozniak designed the Apple I Apple II computer released. 45

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47 1977. The Commodore Personal Electronic Transactor (PET) was a home/personal computer produced by Commodore from It was a top seller in the Canadian, USA, and UK educational markets 47

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49 1977. Tandy TRS-80. Tandy Corporation teamed up with Radio Shack to release the TRS-80, one of the first personal computers available. Tandy wasn't expecting many sales, but this, their first computer, sold 10,000 units in the first month alone. 49

50 1977. DEC s first VAX model (A 32-bit complex instruction set computer) was the VAX-11/780, which was introduced on October 25, The 5 1/4-inch floppy disk became the standard medium for personal computer software after Apple Computer and Tandy Radio Shack introduced disk drives for this format. Capacities ranged from 110 Kilobytes to 1.2 Megabytes of data. 50

51 1980 s Computers Science of Cambridge Ltd introduced the Sinclair ZX80 home computer. 51

52 1980. IBM hires Paul Allen and Bill Gates (Microsoft) to create an operating system for a new PC. The pair buy the rights to a simple operating system manufactured by Seattle Computer Products and use it as a template. IBM allows Microsoft to keep the marketing rights to the operating system, called DOS.. 52

53 1981. Sinclair released the ZX IBM introduced its PC (Personal Computer - IBM

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55 1981. The BBC Micro was first sold. 55

56 1982. Commodore introduces the Commodore The first 3½-inch diskette introduced. 56

57 1982. The ZX Spectrum released in the United Kingdom by Sinclair Research Ltd. 57

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59 1984. The Dulmont Magnum was an early laptop computer. 59

60 1984. The Amstrad CPC 464 was one of the most successful computers in Europe with more than two million computers being sold. It was an 8 bit computer with a Zilog Z80A CPU and either 64 or 128 KB RAM. It ran an AMSDOS operating system. 60

61 1984. Apple release the Macintosh. 61

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63 1985. The CD-ROM (read-only memory) is introduced The 3½-inch HD diskette introduced MB (2.0 MB unformatted). 63

64 1990 s Computers Fujitsu bought 80% of International Computers Limited (ICL) IBM announced the 2521 ThinkPad computer (Later renamed 700T). 64

65 1996. Deep Blue was a chess playing computer developed by IBM. Deep Blue became the first machine to win a chess game against a reigning world champion (Garry Kasparov) under regular time controls. 65

66 2000 Computers The flash drive Microsoft release the Xbox. The Xbox was the first video game console to feature a built-in hard disk drive. 66

67 2010. Apple ipad. 67

68 2012. Raspberry Pi. A series of small single-board computers developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation to promote the teaching of basic computer science in schools and in developing countries. 68

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