History of Unix and the Internet

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1 History of Unix and the Internet The father and mother of Open Technology Karst Koymans Informatics Institute University of Amsterdam (version 17.6, 2017/09/07 13:14:49) Tuesday, September 5, 2017 Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

2 1 Early years 2 Ideas mature 3 Speeding and growing 4 Conquering the world 5 The modern era Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

3 Early years Outline 1 Early years 2 Ideas mature 3 Speeding and growing 4 Conquering the world 5 The modern era Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

4 Early years Question for the audience Why did Internet start? When did Internet start? And when did Unix originate? What is the difference between Unix and UNIX? Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

Early years Why did Internet start Source: http://www.nationalmuseum.af.

5 Early years Why did Internet start Source: Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

6 Early years 1958 Creation of (D)ARPA and ARPANET The launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 led to the creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1958, later renamed into Defense ARPA (DARPA). Plans for an ARPANET were started in 1966 as the first wide-area packet switching network. Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

7 Early years : Theoretical buildup Leonard Kleinrock studies message switching in his PhD thesis in 1963 Packet Switching Paul Baran (UCLA/RAND) RAND (Research ANd Development) Corporation On Distributed Communications (1964) Message blocks Donald Davies National Physics Laboratory, England Introduced the term packet ( ) Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

8 Early years 1967 ARPANET/ Internet (1) IPTO Information Processing Techniques Office Agency of (D)ARPA Larry Roberts (MIT/ARPA) Fourth director of IPTO Father of the ARPANET Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

9 Early years 1967 ARPANET/ Internet (2) IMP Interface Message Processor Wesley Clark (MIT) IPTO investigator who suggested the use of mini-computers for network packet switches Leonard Kleinrock (UCLA) Scientist who connected the first IMP as an ARPANET node in 1969 Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

Early years 1967 ARPANET/ Internet (3) Source: http://www.lk.cs.ucla.edu/personal_history.

10 Early years 1967 ARPANET/ Internet (3) Source: See also Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

11 Early years 1969 ARPANET/ Internet (1) ARPANET Based on IMPs and NCP (Network Control Program) BBN (Bolt, Beranek and Newman) Company that got the development contract (January 1969) UCLA Steve Crocker Father of the RFCs RFC #1 on Host Software Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

12 Early years 1969 Unics Bell Laboratories Ken Thompson (B 1 ) and Dennis Ritchie (C 2 ) Unics (PDP-7), influenced by CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) Important features Interactive access Time-sharing (multitasking) 1 B is a simpler version of BCPL 2 C developed from B and is alphabetically the next letter Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

13 Early years 1969 ARPANET/ Internet (2) First TELNET connection UCLA (Kleinrock) SRI (Engelbart) University of California, Los Angeles Stanford Research Institute, near San Francisco Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

14 Early years 1969 ARPANET/ Internet (3) Four node ARPANET UCLA (Sigma 7) SRI (SDS 940) UCSB (IBM 360/75) University of Utah (PDP-10) Source: Casting the Net, Peter Salus Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

15 Early years Question for the audience What were the first available protocols? What were the first applications? Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

16 Early years 1971 ARPANET/ Internet Available protocols TELNET (AEN 3 :1), FTP (AEN:3) First ARPANET Tomlinson, inventor of the use ( At -sign) in was not used for something else on TENEX, the operating system Tomlinson used Uses SNDMSG as MTA and READMAIL 4 as MUA Uses FTP subcommands MAIL, MLFL (Mail File),... 3 Another Eightbit Number, part of the 40-bit socket number 4 SNDMSG and READMAIL are TENEX commands Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

17 Early years 1971 Unix Unix V1 (version 1) chmod, chown, chdir, cmp, date, cp, db, df, du ld, ln, mail, mv, od, pr, roff,... No pipes (yet) Runs on PDP-7 and PDP From version 2 on it ran on the well-known PDP-11 Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

Early years Ritchie and Thompson running Unix on a PDP-11 Source: http://history-computer.

18 Early years Ritchie and Thompson running Unix on a PDP-11 Source: Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

19 Early years 1973 Unix Unix V4 (version 4) Completely written in C High level of portability Pipes 6 Simple modular programming Filters 6 In fact introduced in version 3 Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

20 Ideas mature Outline 1 Early years 2 Ideas mature 3 Speeding and growing 4 Conquering the world 5 The modern era Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

21 Ideas mature 1974 Internet/ Internet TCP/IP specified Vinton Cerf (Stanford) Bob Kahn (DARPA) Replaces NCP First use of the term Internet RFC #675 Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

Ideas mature Question for the audience Source: http://www.blogoftheworld.

22 Ideas mature Question for the audience Source: What important fact happened in 1975? Except for the prototype of the Apple I by Steve Wozniak :-? Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

23 Ideas mature 1975 Internet Unix on The Net Better than VMS (Bill Joy of UCB) The Net on Unix Steve Holmgren (University of Illinois) RFC #681 (Network UNIX) The Net == ARPANET Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

24 Ideas mature 1975 Unix Version 6 Unix (V6) Still runs on DEC PDP-11 Widely distributed outside Bell Labs Used for education Lions Commentary on UNIX 6th Edition, with Source Code See Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

25 Ideas mature 1976 Internet More support for collaboration ARPANET mailing lists Conferencing Collaboration Community Forums MsgGroup SF-lovers... Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

26 Ideas mature 1977 Internet The great controversy TCP/IP versus ISO 7 -OSI 8 Theory versus 9 Practice Seven layer network model (OSI model) Specification before implementation Five layer network model (TCP/IP) Implementation before specification 7 International Organization for Standardization (notice the chiasmus) 8 Open Systems Interconnection 9 Another chiasmus Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

27 Ideas mature 1979 Unix (1) Unix V7 (version 7) UUCP Mike Lesk (Bell Labs) Message passing/switching system Usenet/Netnews Steven Bellovin (Columbia University) A News (Duke University) fa.* newsgroups ( From ARPANET ) Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

28 Ideas mature 1979 Unix (2) Unix ported to the VAX ( Virtual Address Extension ) Affordable computer from DEC Available to many universities 32-bit successor ISA to PDP-11 s 16-bit 10 ISA 3BSD Berkeley Software Distribution 3.0 for VAX Based on UNIX/32V Implements virtual memory PDP s had a mix of word sizes (12,16,18,36) 11 Still recognizable from the kernel name vmunix Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

29 Ideas mature 1981 Unix A News B News Mark Horton (University of California, Berkeley) Rick Adams (maintainer, later founded UUNET) Moderated newsgroups Coping with volume and complexity Fourth killer app Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

30 Ideas mature 1982 Internet SMTP introduced RFC 821 sendmail (MTA by Eric Allman) complex (ARPANET, both old (NCP) and new (TCP))! (UUCP) : (Berknet) based on rewrite sets Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

31 Speeding and growing Outline 1 Early years 2 Ideas mature 3 Speeding and growing 4 Conquering the world 5 The modern era Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

32 Speeding and growing 1983 Internet The Great Switch January 1, 1983 NCP TCP/IP Our current Internet (without the quotes) Address space grows with factor 2 24 from 2 8 to 2 32, which is a factor from 256 to Almost ten years after the Cerf/Kahn paper We will never do this again (Jon Postel/UCLA/IANA) What about IPv4 IPv6? Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

33 Speeding and growing 1983 Unix (1) 4.2BSD Includes TCP/IP More hardware support Portable r-progs ( s-progs nowadays) HoneyDanBer (HDB) UUCP Improved security and performance Written by Peter Honeyman, David A. Nowitz and Brian E. Redman Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

34 Speeding and growing 1983 Unix (2) System V AT&T s commercial Unix Produced by Bell Labs USL (Unix System Laboratories) Leads to SVR4 (System V Release 4) in 1988 Basis for IBM s AIX, HP s HP-UX and Sun s Solaris STREAMS, TLI/XTI ( System V sockets ), terminfo,... Starting point for the SUS (Single UNIX Specification) Unix wars BSD (open) versus System V (proprietary) Took until 1989 until BSD releases were completely AT&T-license free Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

35 Speeding and growing Question for the audience What important thing happened in 1984? Except for the introduction of the Apple Macintosh :-? Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

36 Speeding and growing 1984 Internet (1) DNS specified (RFC 882 is from November 1983) Paul Mockapetris (ISI/USC) Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California RFC 1034, 1035 (November 1987) Replaces HOSTS.TXT file cmu-cs-c cmu-cs-c.arpa c.cs.cmu.edu Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

37 Speeding and growing 1984 Internet (2) USSR on Usenet From Sun Apr 1 15:02: Relay-Version: version B /24/83 (MC840302); site mcvax.uucp Posting-Version: version B /1/84 (SU840401); site kremvax.uucp Path: mcvax!moskvax!kremvax!chernenko From: chernenko@kremvax.uucp Newsgroups: net.general,eunet.general,net.politics,eunet.politics Subject: USSR on Usenet Message-ID: <0001@kremvax.UUCP> Date: Sun, 1-Apr-84 15:02:52 GMT Article-I.D.: kremvax.0001 Posted: Sun Apr 1 15:02: Date-Received: Mon, 1-Apr-84 12:26:02 GMT Organization: MIIA, Moscow Lines: 41 Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

38 Speeding and growing 1986 Internet (1) MX records introduced into DNS Some proposals did not make it MB (MailBox: forwarding) MG (MailGroup: mailing list) MR (Mail Rename: aliasing) MINFO (Mailing list info) Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

39 Speeding and growing 1986 Internet (2) NNTP specified RFC 977 Brian Kantor (UC, San Diego) Phil Lapsley (UC, Berkeley) Uses port 119 Promoted Netnews to a real Internet application Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

Speeding and growing 1986 Unix Source: http://www.unixica.com/images/43beastie.jpeg 4.

40 Speeding and growing 1986 Unix Source: 4.3BSD Includes DNS implementation Easily available Widely deployed Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

41 Speeding and growing 1987 Unix B News C News Geoff Collyer (University of Toronto) Henry Spencer (University of Toronto) Better performance Could use NNTP via nntpd Superseded by INN (Rich Salz, 1991, Open Software Foundation) Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

42 Conquering the world Outline 1 Early years 2 Ideas mature 3 Speeding and growing 4 Conquering the world 5 The modern era Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

43 Conquering the world 1988 Internet NSFNET upgraded to T1 (1.5 Mbps) in the United States Started in 1985, NSFNET leads to shutdown of ARPANET in 1989 Start of SURFnet in the Netherlands NREN-operated networks in many countries IRC invented Jarkko Oikarinen Inspired by Bitnet Relay BITNET: Dialup, store and forward network BITNET: Because It s Time/There Network Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

Conquering the world 1988 Unix Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:lake_tahoe_nv.jpg 4.

44 Conquering the world 1988 Unix Source: Tahoe Open Source BSD style license Leads to Networking Release 1 (Net/1) in 1989 Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

45 Conquering the world 1990 Internet and Unix Source: NSFNET T3 (45 Mbps) 4.3-Reno More hardware support Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

46 Conquering the world Internet and Unix 1991 Gopher ISOC started NET/2 released (Berkeley) Still UUCP improvements (Taylor UUCP) WWW invented and introduced Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

47 Conquering the world Internet and Unix BSD Mosaic launched BSD Lite 1 386BSD Release 1.0 Origin of FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD Linux 1.0 Origin of Red Hat, (open)suse, Debian, Ubuntu,... Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

48 Conquering the world 1995 Internet (Graphical) Web browsing takes off Death of the net Commercialization Lack of security Lack of privacy Legacy obstructs innovation IPv4 IPv6? Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

49 The modern era Outline 1 Early years 2 Ideas mature 3 Speeding and growing 4 Conquering the world 5 The modern era Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

50 The modern era Internet and Unix The modern era Internet everywhere Open source movement Immense security problems Immense privacy issues Internet multinationals Grids, Clouds, Big Data Big Business Critical Infrastructure Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

51 The modern era 1999 Internet XMPP Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol Jabber Google Talk Facebook IM Blogging Napster File sharing P2P technology Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

52 The modern era :-) SNE education (2003) First academic education on Security and Network Engineering Social Networking Facebook (2004) and Twitter (2006) Virtualization Grid (2004) and Cloud (2007) Internet of Things (2008), Big Data and Data Science Fifteenth year of SNE starts (2017) New bright students enroll that will change the world :-) Mix of Dutch and international students Karst Koymans (UvA) History of Unix and the Internet Tuesday, September 5, / 52

Table of Contents. History of Unix and the Internet. Why did Internet start. Question for the audience. Early years

Table of Contents. History of Unix and the Internet. Why did Internet start. Question for the audience. Early years Table of Contents History of Unix and the Internet The father and mother of Open Technology Karst Koymans Informatics Institute University of Amsterdam (version 161, 2016/09/05 09:38:11) Tuesday, September