grid Graphics Paul Murrell October 6, 2005
|
|
- Amos Sutton
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 rid Graphics Paul Murrell October 6, 5 rid is a low-level raphics system which provides a reat deal of control and flexibility in the appearance and arranement of raphical output. rid does not provide hih-level functions which create complete plots. What it does provide is a basis for developin such hihlevel functions (e.., the lattice packae), the facilities for customisin and manipulatin lattice output, the ability to produce hih-level plots or non-statistical imaes from scratch, and the ability to add sophisticated annotations to the output from base raphics functions (see the ridbase packae). This document provides an introduction to the fundamental concepts underlyin the rid packae: viewports, units, and raphical parameters. There are also several examples to demonstrate what can be achieved and how to achieve it. The description of the fundamental rid concepts is predicated on the followin approach to constructin a statistical raphic (plot). You must be able to:. create and control different raphical reions and coordinate systems.. control which raphical reion and coordinate system raphical output oes into. 3. produce raphical output (lines, points, text,...) includin controllin its appearance (colour, line type, line width,...). Creatin and Controllin Graphics Reions and Coordinate Systems In rid there can be any number of raphics reions. A raphics reion is referred to as a viewport and is created usin the viewport() function. A viewport can be positioned anywhere on a raphics device (pae, window,...), it can be rotated, and it can be clipped to. The followin code describes a viewport which is centred within the pae, and is half the width of the pae, one quarter of the heiht of the pae, and rotated 45 ; Fiure shows a diaram of this viewport. > viewport(x =.5, y =.5, width =.5, heiht =.5, + anle = 45)
2 The object returned by the viewport() function is only a description of a raphics reion. A raphics reion is only created on a raphics device when a viewport is pushed onto that device. This is achieved usin the pushviewport() function. Each device has only one current viewport (by default this is the entire device), but it maintains a tree of viewports that have been pushed. The current viewport is a node on the viewport tree. The pushviewport() function adds a viewport as a leaf of the tree the previous current viewport becomes the parent of this leaf and the new leaf becomes the current viewport. The popviewport() function prunes the current viewport (and all its children) from the tree the parent of the pruned leaf becomes the current viewport. The function upviewport() acts like popviewport() in terms of settin the current viewport, but does not prune the previous current viewport. The downviewport() function naviates down the tree to a viewport which has been specified by name (it adds no new viewports to the tree). This means that there is always only one raphics reion to draw into, but it is possible to return to a previous raphics reion throuh the appropriate set of push/pop/up/down operations. As an example, the followin code creates a raphics reion in the top-left corner of the pae usin pushviewport(). This viewport is iven the name "vp". It then does some drawin and calls upviewport() to return to the root of the viewport tree. Next, it creates another reion in the bottom-riht corner of the pae (aain usin pushviewport()) and does some drawin there. Finally, it performs an upviewport() to the root of the tree and a downviewport() to return to the first raphics reion and does some more drawin there (see Fiure ). > rid.rect(p = par(lty = "dashed")) > vp <- viewport(x =, y =.5, w =.5, h =.5, + just = c("left", "bottom"), name = "vp") > vp <- viewport(x =.5, y =, w =.5, h =.5, + just = c("left", "bottom")) > pushviewport(vp) > rid.rect(p = par(col = "rey")) > rid.text("some drawin in raphics reion ", + y =.8) > upviewport() > pushviewport(vp) > rid.rect(p = par(col = "rey")) > rid.text("some drawin in raphics reion ", + y =.8) > upviewport() > downviewport("vp") > rid.text("more drawin in raphics reion ", + y =.) > popviewport() When several viewports are pushed onto the viewport tree, leaf viewports are located and sized within the context of their parent viewports. The followin code ives an example; a viewport is defined which is one-quarter the size of its parent (half the width and half the heiht), and this viewport is pushed twice. The first time it ets pushed the parent is the root of the viewport tree (which is the entire device) so it is quarter of the size of the pae. The second time the viewport is pushed, it is quarter of the size of its parent viewport. Fiure 3 shows the output of these commands.
3 .5npc.5npc.5npc.5npc Fiure : A diaram of a simple rid viewport (produced usin the rid.show.viewport() function. Some drawin in raphics reion MORE drawin in raphics reion Some drawin in raphics reion Fiure : Definin and drawin in multiple raphics reions. 3
4 > rid.rect(p = par(lty = "dashed")) > vp <- viewport(width =.5, heiht =.5) > pushviewport(vp) > rid.rect(p = par(col = "rey")) > rid.text("quarter of the pae", y =.85) > pushviewport(vp) > rid.rect() > rid.text("quarter of the\nprevious viewport") > popviewport() Each viewport has a number of coordinate systems available. The full set is described in Table, but there are four main types: absolute coordinates (e.., inches, cm ) allow locations and sizes in terms of physical coordinates there is no dependence on the size of the pae; normalised coordinates (e.., npc ) allow locations and sizes as a proportion of the pae size (or the current viewport); relative coordinates (i.e., native ) allow locations and sizes relative to a user-defined set of x- and y-ranes; referential coordinates (e.., strwidth ) where locations and sizes are based on the size of some other raphical object. It is possible to specify the coordinate system for relative coordinates, but all other coordinate systems are implicitly defined based on the location and size of the viewport and/or the size of other raphical objects. Directin Graphics Output into Different Graphics Reions and Coordinate Systems Graphics output is always relative to the current viewport (on the current device). Selectin which reion you want is a matter of push/pop/up/downin the appropriate viewports. However, that is not all; every viewport has a number of coordinate systems associated with it, so it is also necessary to select the coordinate system that you want to work with. The selection of which coordinate system to use within the current viewport is made usin the unit() function. The unit() function creates an object which is a combination of a value and a coordinate system (plus some extra information for certain coordinate systems). Here are some examples from the help(unit) pae: > unit(, "npc") [] npc > unit(:3/4, "npc") [].5npc.5npc.75npc > unit(:3/4, "npc")[] [].5npc 4
5 Coordinate System Name Description "npc" Normalised Parent Coordinates. Treats the bottom-left corner of the current viewport as the location (, ) and the top-riht corner as (, ). "native" Locations and sizes are relative to the x- and y- scales for the current viewport. "inches" Locations and sizes are in terms of physical inches. For locations, (, ) is at the bottom-left of the viewport. "cm" Same as "inches", except in centimetres. "mm" Millimetres. "points" Points. There are 7.7 points per inch. "bipts" Bi points. There are 7 bi points per inch. "picas" Picas. There are points per pica. "dida" Dida. 57 dida equals 38 points. "cicero" Cicero. There are dida per cicero. "scaledpts" Scaled points. There are scaled points per point. "char" Locations and sizes are specified in terms of multiples of the current nominal fontheiht. "lines" Locations and sizes are specified in terms of multiples of the heiht of a line of text (dependent on both the current fontsize and the current lineheiht). "snpc" Square Normalised Parent Coordinates. Locations and size are expressed as a proportion of the smaller of the width and heiht of the current viewport. "strwidth" Locations and sizes are expressed as multiples of the width of a iven strin (dependent on the strin and the current fontsize). "strheiht" Locations and sizes are expressed as multiples of the heiht of a iven strin (dependent on the strin and the current fontsize). "robwidth" Locations and sizes are expressed as multiples of the width of a iven raphical object (dependent on the current state of the raphical object). "robheiht" Locations and sizes are expressed as multiples of the heiht of a iven raphical object (dependent on the current state of the raphical object). Table : The full set of coordinate systems available in rid viewports. 5
6 > unit(:3/4, "npc") + unit(, "inches") [].5npc+inches.5npc+inches.75npc+inches > min(unit(.5, "npc"), unit(, "inches")) [] min(.5npc, inches) > unit.c(unit(.5, "npc"), unit(, "inches") + unit(:3/4, + "npc"), unit(, "strwidth", "hi there")) [].5npc inches+.5npc inches+.5npc [4] inches+.75npc strwidth Notice that unit objects are treated much like numeric vectors. You can index a unit object, it is possible to do simple arithmetic (includin min and max), and there are several unitversions of common functions (e.., unit.c, unit.rep, and unit.lenth; unit.pmin, and unit.pmax)). rid functions that have aruments specifyin locations and sizes typically assume a default coordinate system is bein used. Most often this default is npc. In other words, if a raw numeric value, x, is specified this is implicitly taken to mean unit(x, "npc"). The viewport() function is one that assumes npc coordinates, so in all of the viewport examples to this point, we have only used npc coordinates to position viewports within the pae or within each other. It is also possible to position viewports usin any of the coordinate systems described in Table. As an example, the followin code makes use of "npc", "native", "inches", and "strwidth" coordinates. It first pushes a viewport with a user-defined x-scale, then pushes another viewport which is centred at the x-value 6 and half-way up the first viewport, and is 3 inches hih and as wide as the text coordinates for everyone. Fiure 4 shows the resultin output. > pushviewport(viewport(y = unit(3, "lines"), width =.9, + heiht =.8, just = "bottom", xscale = c(, + ))) > rid.rect(p = par(col = "rey")) > rid.xaxis() > pushviewport(viewport(x = unit(6, "native"), + y = unit(.5, "npc"), width = unit(, "strwidth", + "coordinates for everyone"), heiht = unit(3, + "inches"))) > rid.rect() > rid.text("coordinates for everyone") > popviewport() If you want to check the fiure, the scalin factor is 3.5/6 (i.e., the rectanle in the fiure should be.75" or 3.94cm hih). 6
7 quarter of the pae quarter of the previous viewport Fiure 3: The result of pushin the same viewport onto the viewport stack twice. coordinates for everyone Fiure 4: A viewport positioned usin a variety of coordinate systems. 7
8 . Layouts rid provides an alternative method for positionin viewports within each other based on layouts. A layout may be specified for any viewport. Any viewport pushed immediately after a viewport containin a layout may specify its location with respect to that layout. In the followin simple example, a viewport is pushed with a layout with 4 rows and 5 columns, then another viewport is pushed which occupies the second and third columns of the third row of the layout. > pushviewport(viewport(layout = rid.layout(4, + 5))) > rid.rect(p = par(col = "rey")) > rid.sements(c(:4/5, rep(, 3)), c(rep(, 4), + :3/4), c(:4/5, rep(, 3)), c(rep(, 4), + :3/4), p = par(col = "rey")) > pushviewport(viewport(layout.pos.col = :3, layout.pos.row = 3)) > rid.rect(p = par(lwd = 3)) > popviewport() Layouts introduce a special sort of unit called null. These can be used in layouts to specify relative column-widths or row-heihts. In the followin, slihtly more complex, example, the layout specifies somethin similar to a standard plot arranement; there are bottom and left marins 3 lines of text wide, top and riht marins cm wide, and two rows and columns within these marins where the bottom row is twice the heiht of the top row (see Fiure 6). > rid.show.layout(rid.layout(4, 4, widths = unit(c(3, +,, ), c("lines", "null", "null", "cm")), + heihts = c(,,, 3), c("cm", "null", "null", + "lines"))) 3 Producin Graphics Output rid provides a standard set of raphical primitives: lines, text, points, rectanles, polyons, and circles. There are also two hiher level components: x- and y-axes. Table lists the rid functions that produce these primitives. NOTE: all of these raphical primitives are available in all raphical reions and coordinate systems. 3. Controllin the Appearance of Graphics Output rid reconises a fixed set of raphical parameters for modifyin the appearance of raphical output (see Table 3). The primary reference for layouts is []. Layouts in rid represent an extension of the idea to allow 8
9 Fiure 5: A viewport positioned usin a layout. 3lines null null cm cm (, ) (, ) (, 3) (, 4) cm null (, ) (, ) (, 3) (, 4) null null (3, ) (3, ) (3, 3) (3, 4) null 3lines (4, ) (4, ) (4, 3) (4, 4) 3lines 3lines null null cm Fiure 6: A more complex layout. 9
10 rid.text rid.rect rid.circle rid.polyon rid.points rid.lines rid.sements rid.arrows rid.rill rid.move.to rid.line.to rid.xaxis rid.yaxis Can specify anle of rotation. Can specify type of plottin symbol. Can add these to lines, sements, and line.to s Convenience function for drawin rid lines Top or bottom axis Left or riht axis Table : rid raphical primitives. col colour of lines, text,... fill colour for fillin rectanles, circles, polyons,... lwd line width lty line type fontsize The size of text (in points) fontface The font face (bold, italic,...) fontfamily The font family Table 3: rid raphical parameters. Graphical parameter settins may be specified for both viewports and raphical objects. A raphical parameter settin for a viewport will hold for all raphical output within that viewport and for all viewports subsequently pushed onto the viewport stack, unless the raphical object or viewport specifies a different parameter settin. A description of raphical parameter settins is created usin the par() function, and this description is associated with a viewport or a raphical object via the p arument. The followin code demonstrates the effect of raphical parameter settins (see Fiure 7). > pushviewport(viewport(p = par(fill = "rey", + fontface = "italic"))) > rid.rect() > rid.rect(width =.8, heiht =.6, p = par(fill = "white")) > rid.text(paste("this text and the inner rectanle", + "have specified their own par settins", + sep = "\n"), y =.75, p = par(fontface = "plain")) > rid.text(paste("this text and the outer rectanle", + "accept the par settins of the viewport", a reater rane of units for specifyin row heihts and column widths. rid also differs in the way that children of the layout specify their location within the layout.
11 + sep = "\n"), y =.5) > popviewport() Examples The remainin sections provide some code examples of the use of rid. The first example constructs a simple scatterplot from first principles. Just like in base raphics, it is quite straihtforward to create a simple plot by hand. The followin code produces the equivalent of a standard plot(:) (see Fiure 8). > rid.rect(p = par(lty = "dashed")) > x <- y <- : > pushviewport(plotviewport(c(5., 4., 4.,.))) > pushviewport(dataviewport(x, y)) > rid.rect() > rid.xaxis() > rid.yaxis() > rid.points(x, y) > rid.text(":", x = unit(-3, "lines"), rot = 9) > popviewport() Now consider a more complex example, where we create a barplot with a leend (see Fiure 9). There are two main parts to this because rid has no predefined barplot function; the construction of the barplot will itself be instructive, so we will start with just that. The data to be plotted are as follows: we have four measures to represent at four levels; the data are in a matrix with the measures for each level in a column. > bardata <- matrix(sample(:4, 6, replace = T), + ncol = 4) We will use colours to differentiate the measures. > boxcolours <- :4 We create the barplot within a function so that we can easily reproduce it when we combine it with the leend. > bp <- function(bardata) { + nbars <- dim(bardata)[] + nmeasures <- dim(bardata)[] + bartotals <- rbind(rep(, nbars), apply(bardata, +, cumsum)) + baryscale <- c(, max(bartotals) *.5)
12 This text and the inner rectanle have specified their own par settins This text and the outer rectanle accept the par settins of the viewport Fiure 7: The effect of different raphical parameter settins. 8 : Fiure 8: The rid equivalent of plot(:).
13 + pushviewport(plotviewport(c(5, 4, 4, ), yscale = baryscale, + layout = rid.layout(, nbars))) + rid.rect() + rid.yaxis() + for (i in :nbars) { + pushviewport(viewport(layout.pos.col = i, + yscale = baryscale)) + rid.rect(x = rep(.5, nmeasures), y = unit(bartotals[:nmeasures, + i], "native"), heiht = unit(diff(bartotals[, + i]), "native"), width =.8, just = "bottom", + p = par(fill = boxcolours)) + popviewport() + } + popviewport() + } Now we turn our attention to the leend. We need some labels and we will enforce the constraint that the boxes in the leend should be.5" square: > lelabels <- c("group A", "Group B", "Group C", + "Somethin Loner") > boxsize <- unit(.5, "inches") The followin draws the leend elements in a column, with each element consistin of a box with a label beneath. > le <- function(lelabels) { + nlabels <- lenth(lelabels) + pushviewport(viewport(layout = rid.layout(nlabels, + ))) + for (i in :nlabels) { + pushviewport(viewport(layout.pos.row = i)) + rid.rect(width = boxsize, heiht = boxsize, + just = "bottom", p = par(fill = boxcolours[i])) + rid.text(lelabels[i], y = unit(.5, + "npc") - unit(, "lines")) + popviewport() + } + popviewport() + } Now that we have the two components, we can arrane them toether to form a complete imae. Notice that we can perform some calculations to make sure that we leave enouh room for the leend, includin line of text as left and riht marins. We also impose top and bottom marins on the leend to match the plot marins. > rid.rect(p = par(lty = "dashed")) > leend.width <- max(unit(rep(, lenth(lelabels)), 3
14 + "strwidth", as.list(lelabels)) + unit(, + "lines"), unit(.5, "inches") + unit(, "lines")) > pushviewport(viewport(layout = rid.layout(, +, widths = unit.c(unit(, "null"), leend.width)))) > pushviewport(viewport(layout.pos.col = )) > bp(bardata) > popviewport() > pushviewport(viewport(layout.pos.col = )) > pushviewport(plotviewport(c(5,, 4, ))) > le(lelabels) > popviewport(3) rid and lattice The lattice packae is built on top of rid and provides a quite sophisticated example of writin hih-level plottin functions usin rid. Because lattice consists of rid calls, it is possible to both add rid output to lattice output, and lattice output to rid output. Addin rid to lattice Panel functions in lattice can include rid calls. The followin example adds a horizontal line at to a standard xyplot (see Fiure ): > if ("lattice" %in%.packaes()) { + xyplot(y ~ x, panel = function(x, y) { + panel.xyplot(x, y) + rid.lines(unit(c(, ), "npc"), unit(, + "native"), p = par(col = "rey")) + }) + } The followin example writes a left-justified label in each strip (see Fiure ): > if ("lattice" %in%.packaes()) { + xyplot(y ~ x, strip = function(which.iven, + which.panel, var.name, factor.levels, + shinle.intervals, strip.names = "", style, + b, f, par.strip.text) { + rid.text(paste("variable ", which.iven, + ": Level ", which.panel[which.iven], + sep = ""), unit(, "mm"),.5, just = "left") + }) + } 4
15 5 5 Group A Group B Group C Somethin Loner Fiure 9: A barplot plus leend from first principles usin rid. x y Fiure : A lattice panel function usin rid. 5
16 Addin lattice to rid It is also possible to use a lattice plot as an element of a rid imae. The followin example splits up the pae so that there is an xyplot beside a panel of text (see Fiure ). First of all, the lattice plot is created, but not drawn. rid is used to create some reions and the lattice plot is drawn into one of those reions. > if ("lattice" %in%.packaes()) { + sometext <- paste("a panel of text", "produced usin", + "raw rid code", "that could be used", + "to describe", "the plot", "to the riht.", + sep = "\n") + latticeplot <- xyplot(y ~ x, layout = c(, + 4)) + rid.rect(p = par(lty = "dashed")) + pushviewport(viewport(layout = rid.layout(, +, widths = unit.c(unit(, "strwidth", + sometext) + unit(, "cm"), unit(, + "null"))))) + pushviewport(viewport(layout.pos.col = )) + rid.rect(p = par(fill = "liht rey")) + rid.text(sometext, x = unit(, "cm"), y = unit(, + "npc") - unit(, "inches"), just = c("left", + "top")) + popviewport() + pushviewport(viewport(layout.pos.col = )) + print(latticeplot, newpae = FALSE) + popviewport() + } References [] Paul R. Murrell. Layouts: A mechanism for arranin plots on a pae. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics,
17 Variable : Level 7 Variable : Level 8 y Variable : Level 4 Variable : Level Variable : Level 5 Variable : Level Variable : Level 6 Variable : Level 3 x Fiure : A lattice strip function usin rid. A panel of text produced usin raw rid code that could be used to describe the plot to the riht. y x Fiure : A lattice plot used as a component of a larer rid imae. 7
grid Graphics Paul Murrell December 7, 2017
rid Graphics Paul Murrell December 7, 7 rid is a low-level raphics system which provides a reat deal of control and flexibility in the appearance and arranement of raphical output. rid does not provide
More informationR Graphics. Paul Murrell. The University of Auckland. R Graphics p.1/47
R Graphics p.1/47 R Graphics Paul Murrell paul@stat.auckland.ac.nz The University of Auckland R Graphics p.2/47 Overview Standard (base) R graphics grid graphics Graphics Regions and Coordinate Systems
More informationWorking with grid Viewports
Working with grid Viewports Paul Murrell December 14, 2009 This document describes some features of grid viewports which make it easy to travel back and forth between multiple regions on a device (without
More informationWorking with grid Viewports
Working with grid Viewports Paul Murrell October 16, 2017 This document describes some features of grid viewports which make it easy to travel back and forth between multiple regions on a device (without
More informationR Lattice Graphics. Paul Murrell
New URL: http://www.r-project.org/conferences/dsc-21/ DSC 21 Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Distributed Statistical Computing March 15-17, Vienna, Austria http://www.ci.tuwien.ac.at/conferences/dsc-21
More informationWriting grid Code. Paul Murrell. December 14, 2009
Writing grid Code Paul Murrell December 4, 29 The grid system contains a degree of complexity in order to allow things like editing graphical objects, packing graphical objects, and so on. This means that
More informationModifying grid grobs
Modifying grid grobs Paul Murrell October 16, 2017 There is a distinction between grobs which are just stored in user-level R objects and grobs which represent drawn output (i.e., grobs on the grid display
More informationTalk Overview. grid Graphics and Programming. The Structure of R Graphics. Introduction to grid
Talk Overview grid Graphics and Programming Introduction to grid Important grid concepts Sketching with grid Annotating with grid Editing with grid Combining grid with traditional graphics Developing new
More informationA GUI-Builder Approach to grid Graphics
A GUI-Builder Approach to grid Graphics Paul Murrell April 26, 2018 Grid contains a lot of support for locating, sizing, and arranging graphical components on a device and with respect to each other. However,
More informationThe gridsvg package. Paul Murrell. October 30, 2017
The gridsvg package Paul Murrell October 30, 2017 Introduction This package is an experiment in writing a graphics device, purely in R code, for the grid graphics system. The specific device implemented
More informationGraphical Programming: R Graphics from the Ground Up
CSSS 569: Visualizing Data Graphical Programming: R Graphics from the Ground Up Christopher Adolph Department of Political Science and Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences University of Washington,
More informationDisplay Lists in grid
Display Lists in grid Paul Murrell December 14, 2009 A display list is a record of drawing operations. It is used to redraw graphics output when a graphics window is resized, when graphics output is copied
More informationDisplay Lists in grid
Display Lists in grid Paul Murrell April 13, 2004 A display list is a record of drawing operations. It is used to redraw graphics output when a graphics window is resized, when graphics output is copied
More informationSMART Ink. Windows operating systems. Read this guide on your smart phone or other mobile device. User s guide
SMART Ink Windows operatin systems User s uide Read this uide on your smart phone or other mobile device. Product reistration If you reister your SMART product, we ll notify you of new features and software
More informationChapter 5 THE MODULE FOR DETERMINING AN OBJECT S TRUE GRAY LEVELS
Qian u Chapter 5. Determinin an Object s True Gray evels 3 Chapter 5 THE MODUE OR DETERMNNG AN OJECT S TRUE GRAY EVES This chapter discusses the module for determinin an object s true ray levels. To compute
More informationThe LDheatmap Package
The LDheatmap Package May 6, 2006 Title Graphical display of pairwise linkage disequilibria between SNPs Version 0.2-1 Author Ji-Hyung Shin , Sigal Blay , Nicholas Lewin-Koh
More informationTexture Un mapping. Computer Vision Project May, Figure 1. The output: The object with texture.
Texture Un mappin Shinjiro Sueda sueda@cs.ruters.edu Dinesh K. Pai dpai@cs.ruters.edu Computer Vision Project May, 2003 Abstract In computer raphics, texture mappin refers to the technique where an imae
More informationPackage gridextra. September 9, 2017
License GPL (>= 2) Package gridextra September 9, 2017 Title Miscellaneous Functions for ``Grid'' Graphics Type Package Provides a number of user-level functions to work with ``grid'' graphics, notably
More informationRoger D. Peng, Associate Professor of Biostatistics Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
The Lattice Plotting System in R Roger D. Peng, Associate Professor of Biostatistics Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health The Lattice Plotting System The lattice plotting system is implemented
More informationBright Advance Corporation USER INSTRUCTIONS
Briht Advance Corporation USER INSTRUCTIONS Weihin Scale Briht Advance Corporation TABLE OF CONTENTS BEFORE USING THE SCALE2 PREPARING TO USE THE SCALE2 LCD DISPLAY3 KEYBOARD FUNCTION4 OPERATION5 1 DISPLAY
More informationPackage grimport2. March 20, 2018
Version 0.1-4 Depends R (>= 2.12.0) Package grimport2 March 20, 2018 Imports methods, grdevices, grid, XML, png, jpeg, base64enc Suggests gridsvg, rsvg Title Importing 'SVG' Graphics Functions for importing
More informationCreating a Basic Chart in Excel 2007
Creating a Basic Chart in Excel 2007 A chart is a pictorial representation of the data you enter in a worksheet. Often, a chart can be a more descriptive way of representing your data. As a result, those
More informationCS 465 Program 4: Modeller
CS 465 Program 4: Modeller out: 30 October 2004 due: 16 November 2004 1 Introduction In this assignment you will work on a simple 3D modelling system that uses simple primitives and curved surfaces organized
More informationS206E Lecture 3, 5/15/2017, Rhino 2D drawing an overview
Copyright 2017, Chiu-Shui Chan. All Rights Reserved. S206E057 Spring 2017 Rhino 2D drawing is very much the same as it is developed in AutoCAD. There are a lot of similarities in interface and in executing
More informationImitation: An Alternative to Generalization in Programming by Demonstration Systems
Imitation: An Alternative to Generalization in Prorammin by Demonstration Systems Technical Report UW-CSE-98-08-06 Amir Michail University of Washinton amir@cs.washinton.edu http://www.cs.washinton.edu/homes/amir/opsis.html
More informationGeneral Design of Grid-based Data Replication. Schemes Using Graphs and a Few Rules. availability of read and write operations they oer and
General esin of Grid-based ata Replication Schemes Usin Graphs and a Few Rules Oliver Theel University of California epartment of Computer Science Riverside, C 92521-0304, US bstract Grid-based data replication
More informationSMART Notebook publisher. User s guide
SMART Notebook publisher User s uide Trademark notice SMART Board, SMART Notebook, smarttech, the SMART loo and all SMART talines are trademarks or reistered trademarks of SMART Technoloies ULC in the
More informationPractical training Inga Kindermann; Dominik Haeussler
liht interference Materials: Laserpointer mountin material diffraction ratin with 40 slits per centimetre, CD-ROM (and ), cardboard security advise: Never let the direct beam of a laser hit your eyes!
More informationMicrosoft Word 2007 on Windows
1 Microsoft Word 2007 on Windows Word is a very popular text formatting and editing program. It is the standard for writing papers and other documents. This tutorial and quick start guide will help you
More informationA NEW METHOD FOR EXTRACTING 3D SOLID MODELS OF OBJECTS USING 2D TECHNICAL DRAWINGS
Mathematical and Computational Applications, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 31-39, 2007. Association for Scientific Research A NEW METHOD FOR EXTRACTING 3D SOLID MODELS OF OBJECTS USING 2D TECHNICAL DRAWINGS İrahim
More informationChapter 4 Imaging Lecture 18
Chapter 4 Imain Lecture 18 d (110) Class Announcement Term Project presentation: startin at :03 PM, Monday, Nov. 17, 08 in CHE 10 Presentation time: 10 min./person Submission: submit a PDF file of your
More informationBridgit 4.6. User s guide
Bridit 4.6 User s uide Trade-mark notice Bridit, SMART Board, SMART Meetin Pro, SMART Notebook, SMART Podium, SMART Hub, smarttech, the SMART loo and all SMART talines are trademarks or reistered trade-marks
More informationPackage VennDiagram. February 15, 2013
Package VennDiagram February 15, 2013 Version 1.5.1 Type Package Title Generate high-resolution Venn and Euler plots Date 2012-09-02 Author Hanbo Chen Maintainer Paul Boutros
More informationPackage grimport. R topics documented: February 20, 2015
Version 0.9-0 Depends R (>= 3.0.0), methods, grid, XML Suggests lattice, cluster, colorspace, survival SystemRequirements ghostscript Title Importing Vector Graphics Package grimport February 20, 2015
More informationProbabilistic Gaze Estimation Without Active Personal Calibration
Probabilistic Gaze Estimation Without Active Personal Calibration Jixu Chen Qian Ji Department of Electrical,Computer and System Enineerin Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY 12180 chenji@e.com qji@ecse.rpi.edu
More informationSketchUp. SketchUp. Google SketchUp. Using SketchUp. The Tool Set
Google Google is a 3D Modelling program which specialises in making computer generated representations of real-world objects, especially architectural, mechanical and building components, such as windows,
More informationTSM Report Designer. Even Microsoft Excel s Data Import add-in can be used to extract TSM information into an Excel spread sheet for reporting.
TSM Report Designer The TSM Report Designer is used to create and modify your TSM reports. Each report in TSM prints data found in the databases assigned to that report. TSM opens these databases according
More informationControlling the Control Palette
Controlling the Control Palette By Olav Martin Kvern Presented at the PageMaker Conference, Dallas November 11 13, 1996 Click here to return to the Thunder Lizard Productions home page. www.thunderlizard.com
More informationCIND123 Module 6.2 Screen Capture
CIND123 Module 6.2 Screen Capture Hello, everyone. In this segment, we will discuss the basic plottings in R. Mainly; we will see line charts, bar charts, histograms, pie charts, and dot charts. Here is
More informationFigure 1: The trajectory of a projectile launched at θ 1 > 0.
3 Projectile Motion Introduction Important: Complete and submit the Lab 3 problem set on WebAssin before you leave lab today. Your instructor and lab assistant will be happy to help. In Lab 2, you tested
More informationONE BUSINESS - ONE APP TROUBLESHOOTING MANUAL
ONE BUSINESS - ONE APP TROUBLESHOOTING MANUAL 1 In the unlikely event that Shopbox appears to act a little lazy and some of its functions refuse to follow your orders, there is no reason to panic. Most
More informationGEOMETRICAL ASPECTS OF RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CYLINDRICAL PANORAMA
he Journal of Polish ociety for Geometry and Enineerin Graphics Volume 24 (2013), 9-14 9 GEOMEICAL APEC O ECONUCION O HE CYLINDICAL PANOAMA Jolanta DŹWIEZYŃKA zeszow University of echnoloy, Department
More informationChartered Trading Standards Institute Consumer Codes Approval Scheme. CTSI Approved Code Brand Guide
Chartered Tradin Standards Institute CTSI Approved Code Brand Guide Version 4 Date: 4 June 2015 Overview About the CTSI Approved Code scheme The Chartered Tradin Standards Institute operates a Consumer
More informationProtection of Location Privacy using Dummies for Location-based Services
Protection of Location Privacy usin for Location-based Services Hidetoshi Kido y Yutaka Yanaisawa yy Tetsuji Satoh y;yy ygraduate School of Information Science and Technoloy, Osaka University yyntt Communication
More informationSMART Notebook 3D Tools. User s guide
SMART Notebook 3D Tools User s uide Product reistration If you reister your SMART product, we ll notify you of new features and software uprades. Reister online at smarttech.com/reistration. Keep the followin
More informationDATA VISUALIZATION WITH GGPLOT2. Grid Graphics
DATA VISUALIZATION WITH GGPLOT2 Grid Graphics ggplot2 internals Explore grid graphics 35 30 Elements of ggplot2 plot 25 How do graphics work in R? 2 plotting systems mpg 20 15 base package grid graphics
More informationMultiplying and Dividing, Decimals and Fractions Student Signature: Parent/Carer signature:
Preparin yourself for mathematics at Guilsborouh Multiplyin and Dividin, Decimals and Fractions Student Sinature: Parent/Carer sinature: Dear student, This booklet contains work which you need to complete
More informationACTion: Combining Logic Synthesis and Technology Mapping for MUX based FPGAs
IEEE EUROMICRO Conference (EUROMICRO 00) Maastricht, September 2000 ACTion: Combinin Loic Synthesis and Technoloy Mappin for MUX based FPGAs Wolfan Günther Rolf Drechsler Institute of Computer Science
More informationMicrosoft Excel 2002 M O D U L E 2
THE COMPLETE Excel 2002 M O D U L E 2 CompleteVISUAL TM Step-by-step Series Computer Training Manual www.computertrainingmanual.com Copyright Notice Copyright 2002 EBook Publishing. All rights reserved.
More informationMicrosoft Office. Microsoft Office
is an office suite of interrelated desktop applications, servers and services for the Microsoft Windows. It is a horizontal market software that is used in a wide range of industries. was introduced by
More informationImage features extraction using mathematical morphology
Imae features extraction usin mathematical morpholoy Marcin Iwanowski, Sławomir Skoneczny, Jarosław Szostakowski Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics, Warsaw University of Technoloy, ul.koszykowa
More informationINTRODUCTION TO R. Basic Graphics
INTRODUCTION TO R Basic Graphics Graphics in R Create plots with code Replication and modification easy Reproducibility! graphics package ggplot2, ggvis, lattice graphics package Many functions plot()
More informationBar Charts and Frequency Distributions
Bar Charts and Frequency Distributions Use to display the distribution of categorical (nominal or ordinal) variables. For the continuous (numeric) variables, see the page Histograms, Descriptive Stats
More informationPlotting Graphs. Error Bars
E Plotting Graphs Construct your graphs in Excel using the method outlined in the Graphing and Error Analysis lab (in the Phys 124/144/130 laboratory manual). Always choose the x-y scatter plot. Number
More informationPackage VennDiagram. April 16, 2013
Package VennDiagram April 16, 2013 Version 1.6.0 Type Package Title Generate high-resolution Venn and Euler plots Date 2013-04-12 Author Hanbo Chen Maintainer Paul Boutros Depends
More informationBioFuel Graphing instructions using Microsoft Excel 2003 (Microsoft Excel 2007 instructions start on page mei-7)
BioFuel Graphing instructions using Microsoft Excel 2003 (Microsoft Excel 2007 instructions start on page mei-7) Graph as a XY Scatter Chart, add titles for chart and axes, remove gridlines. A. Select
More informationEfficient and Provably Secure Ciphers for Storage Device Block Level Encryption
Efficient and Provably Secure Ciphers for Storae Device Block evel Encryption Yulian Zhen SIS Department, UNC Charlotte yzhen@uncc.edu Yone Wan SIS Department, UNC Charlotte yonwan@uncc.edu ABSTACT Block
More informationEinführung in Visual Computing
Einführung in Visual Computing 186.822 Rasterization Werner Purgathofer Rasterization in the Rendering Pipeline scene objects in object space transformed vertices in clip space scene in normalized device
More informationPlotting Complex Figures Using R. Simon Andrews v
Plotting Complex Figures Using R Simon Andrews simon.andrews@babraham.ac.uk v2017-11 The R Painters Model Plot area Base plot Overlays Core Graph Types Local options to change a specific plot Global options
More informationChapter 4. Coding systems. 4.1 Binary codes Gray (reflected binary) code
Chapter 4 Codin systems Codin systems define how information is mapped to numbers. Different codin systems try to store/transmit information more efficiently [Sec. 4.], or protect it from damae while it
More informationGEODESIC RECONSTRUCTION, SADDLE ZONES & HIERARCHICAL SEGMENTATION
Imae Anal Stereol 2001;20:xx-xx Oriinal Research Paper GEODESIC RECONSTRUCTION, SADDLE ZONES & HIERARCHICAL SEGMENTATION SERGE BEUCHER Centre de Morpholoie Mathématique, Ecole des Mines de Paris, 35, Rue
More informationUsing Excel to produce graphs - a quick introduction:
Research Skills -Using Excel to produce graphs: page 1: Using Excel to produce graphs - a quick introduction: This handout presupposes that you know how to start Excel and enter numbers into the cells
More information2D rendering takes a photo of the 2D scene with a virtual camera that selects an axis aligned rectangle from the scene. The photograph is placed into
2D rendering takes a photo of the 2D scene with a virtual camera that selects an axis aligned rectangle from the scene. The photograph is placed into the viewport of the current application window. A pixel
More informationPowerPoint 2002 Manual
PowerPoint 2002 Manual Internet and Technology Training Services Miami-Dade County Public Schools Contents How to Design Your Presentation...3 PowerPoint Templates...6 Formatting Your Slide Show...7 Creating
More informationSTAR OFFICE WRITER. Lesson 2
Lesson 2 STAR OFFICE WRITER 1. A is a named set of defaults for formatting text. a. Font b. Tab c. Page d. Style 2. is the keyboard shortcut for justified alignment. a. Ctrl + J b. Ctrl + C c. Ctrl + V
More informationMiddle Years Data Analysis Display Methods
Middle Years Data Analysis Display Methods Double Bar Graph A double bar graph is an extension of a single bar graph. Any bar graph involves categories and counts of the number of people or things (frequency)
More informationDrawing cubic graphs with the four basic slopes
Drawin cubic raphs with the four basic slopes Padmini Mukkamala and Dömötör Pálvölyi Ruters, the State University of New Jersey Eötvös University, Budapest Abstract We show that every cubic raph can be
More informationFiure 1: Screen Shot of Lolo World 2
The Game of Lolo An Exploration of Object-Oriented Prorammin Timothy A.Budd Oreon State University May 4, 2000 Introduction The ame of Lolo is a classic Nintindo ame. Lolo is a ame in the puzzle tradutuib.
More informationPart 1. Module 3 MODULE OVERVIEW. Microsoft Office Suite. Objectives. What is A Spreadsheet? Microsoft Excel
Module 3 MODULE OVERVIEW Part 1 What is A Spreadsheet? Part 2 Gaining Proficiency: Copying and Formatting Microsoft Office Suite Microsoft Excel Part 3 Using Formulas & Functions Part 4 Graphs and Charts:
More informationCAM Part II: Intersections
CAM Part II: Intersections In the previous part, we looked at the computations of derivatives of B-Splines and NURBS. The first derivatives are of interest, since they are used in computin the tanents
More informationHow to use Excel Spreadsheets for Graphing
How to use Excel Spreadsheets for Graphing 1. Click on the Excel Program on the Desktop 2. You will notice that a screen similar to the above screen comes up. A spreadsheet is divided into Columns (A,
More informationJAVA XML PARSING SPECIFICATION
JAVA XML PARSING SPECIFICATION Joona Palaste Abstract: XML is a mark-up lanuae, or more precisely, a definition of mark-up lanuaes which allows information of arbitrary kind to be accurately and hierarchically
More informationVHSE - COMPUTERISED OFFICE MANAGEMENT MODULE III - Communication and Publishing Art - PageMaker
INTRODUCTION : It is one Adobe PageMaker 7.0 software is the ideal page layout program for business, education, and small- and home-office professionals who want to create high-quality publications such
More informationINTRODUCTION TO THE MATLAB APPLICATION DESIGNER EXERCISES
INTRODUCTION TO THE MATLAB APPLICATION DESIGNER EXERCISES Eric Peasley, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford version 4.6, 2018 MATLAB Application Exercises In these exercises you will
More informationIntroduction to CS Dealing with tables in Word Jacek Wiślicki, Laurent Babout,
Most word processors offer possibility to draw and format even very sophisticated tables. A table consists of rows and columns, forming cells. Cells can be split and merged together. Content of each cell
More informationAdobe Indesign for Beginner - Session Structure
Adobe Indesign for Beginner - Session Structure Hour 01 Introduction to Indesign Indesign Workspace Hide / show palettes Dock / float palettes Group / ungroup palettes Stack / unstack palettes Save / load
More informationDEC HEX ACTION EXTRA DESCRIPTION
PHRAGSOFT 128 X 64 PIXEL LCD DISPLAY DRIVER The display driver uses the equivalent of standard BBC Microcomputer VDU codes, however, because the display is monochrome, with a fixed resolution, there are
More informationezimagex2 User s Guide Version 1.0
ezimagex2 User s Guide Version 1.0 Copyright and Trademark Information The products described in this document are copyrighted works of AVEN, Inc. 2015 AVEN, Inc. 4595 Platt Rd Ann Arbor, MI 48108 All
More informationAdding CSS to your HTML
Adding CSS to your HTML Lecture 3 CGS 3066 Fall 2016 September 27, 2016 Making your document pretty CSS is used to add presentation to the HTML document. We have seen 3 ways of adding CSS. In this lecture,
More informationSupporting the DSL Spectrum 1
Journal of Computin and Information Technoloy - CIT 9, 2001, 4, 263 287 263 Supportin the DSL Spectrum 1 David S. Wile Teknowlede Corp., Marina del Rey, CA 90292, USA A lanuae tailored to the problem domain
More informationWORD Creating Objects: Tables, Charts and More
WORD 2007 Creating Objects: Tables, Charts and More Microsoft Office 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLES... 1 TABLE LAYOUT... 1 TABLE DESIGN... 2 CHARTS... 4 PICTURES AND DRAWINGS... 8 USING DRAWINGS... 8 Drawing
More informationClient-Side Web Technologies. CSS Part II
Client-Side Web Technologies CSS Part II Topics Box model and related properties Visual formatting model and related properties The CSS Box Model Describes the rectangular boxes generated for elements
More informationAccessing Rhino Page Layouts
Accessing Rhino Page Layouts In this exercise, we will use the Page (Sheet) Layout feature to create sheet with Details and title block. The Details will include text and dimensions that are sized correctly
More informationSMART Notebook Gallery 2.0 beta.
Quick start uide SMART Notebook Gallery 2.0 beta What s new? If you have SMART Notebook 11 collaborative learnin software, you can install and try the. If you or your system administrator installed Gallery
More informationInteracting Markov Random Fields for Simultaneous Terrain Modeling and Obstacle Detection
Interactin arov Random Fields for Simultaneous Terrain odelin and Obstacle Detection Carl Wellinton Aaron Courville Anthony (Tony) Stentz Robotics Institute Carneie ellon University Pittsburh, Pennsylvania
More informationimos Drawing Output The following document includes the topics borders and viewsets.
imos Drawing Output The following document includes the topics borders and viewsets. We have attempted to keep the content of the document complete, accurate and under permanent review. However, due to
More informationTutorial 3: Constructive Editing (2D-CAD)
(2D-CAD) The editing done up to now is not much different from the normal drawing board techniques. This section deals with commands to copy items we have already drawn, to move them and to make multiple
More informationPLEASE THINK BEFORE YOU PRINT. SMART Bridgit 4.2 User s Guide
PLEASE THINK BEFORE YOU PRINT SMART Bridit 4.2 User s Guide Product Reistration If you reister your SMART product, we ll notify you of new features and software uprades. Reister online at www.smarttech.com/reistration.
More informationIntroduction to Google SketchUp
Introduction to Google SketchUp When initially opening SketchUp, it will be useful to select the Google Earth Modelling Meters option from the initial menu. If this menu doesn t appear, the same option
More informationGuarding Monotone Polygons with Half-Guards
CCCG 2017, Ottawa, Ontario, July 26 28, 2017 Guardin Monotone Polyons with Half-Guards Matt Gibson Erik Krohn Matthew Rayford Abstract We consider a variant of the art allery problem where all uards are
More informationQUADRATIC AND CUBIC GRAPHS
NAME SCHOOL INDEX NUMBER DATE QUADRATIC AND CUBIC GRAPHS KCSE 1989 2012 Form 3 Mathematics Working Space 1. 1989 Q22 P1 (a) Using the grid provided below draw the graph of y = -2x 2 + x + 8 for values
More informationThe first time you open Word
Microsoft Word 2010 The first time you open Word When you open Word, you see two things, or main parts: The ribbon, which sits above the document, and includes a set of buttons and commands that you use
More information6th Grade Math. Parent Handbook
6th Grade Math Benchmark 3 Parent Handbook This handbook will help your child review material learned this quarter, and will help them prepare for their third Benchmark Test. Please allow your child to
More informationLogo & Brand Identity Guidelines. Media Sonar Technologies
Technologies Logo & Brand Identity Guidelines 0 Contents 1.0 Logo Specifics 2.0 Typeface Details 3.0 Icons 4.0 Colour Specifications 5.0 Logo Styles (lock-ups) 5.1 Logo Best Practices Logo Construction
More informationParallel Coordinate Plots
Page 1 of 6 Parallel Coordinate Plots Parallel coordinates plots are a technique used for representing high dimensional data. To show a set of points in an n dimensional space onto a 2D surface (the computer
More informationName Date Types of Graphs and Creating Graphs Notes
Name Date Types of Graphs and Creating Graphs Notes Graphs are helpful visual representations of data. Different graphs display data in different ways. Some graphs show individual data, but many do not.
More informationPackage gggenes. R topics documented: November 7, Title Draw Gene Arrow Maps in 'ggplot2' Version 0.3.2
Title Draw Gene Arrow Maps in 'ggplot2' Version 0.3.2 Package gggenes November 7, 2018 Provides a 'ggplot2' geom and helper functions for drawing gene arrow maps. Depends R (>= 3.3.0) Imports grid (>=
More informationPackage cowplot. March 6, 2016
Package cowplot March 6, 2016 Title Streamlined Plot Theme and Plot Annotations for 'ggplot2' Version 0.6.1 Some helpful extensions and modifications to the 'ggplot2' library. In particular, this package
More informationPackage EnQuireR. R topics documented: February 19, Type Package Title A package dedicated to questionnaires Version 0.
Type Package Title A package dedicated to questionnaires Version 0.10 Date 2009-06-10 Package EnQuireR February 19, 2015 Author Fournier Gwenaelle, Cadoret Marine, Fournier Olivier, Le Poder Francois,
More informationMicrosoft Office PowerPoint 2013 Courses 24 Hours
Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2013 Courses 24 Hours COURSE OUTLINES FOUNDATION LEVEL COURSE OUTLINE Using PowerPoint 2013 Opening PowerPoint 2013 Opening a Presentation Navigating between Slides Using the
More information