3.5 - Concavity. a concave up. a concave down

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1 . - Concavity 1. Concave up and concave down For a function f that is differentiable on an interval I, the graph of f is If f is concave up on a, b, then the secant line passing through points 1, f 1 and, f for any 1 and in a, b are above the curve y f between 1, f 1 and, f. If f is concave down on a, b, then the secant line passing through points 1, f 1 and, f for any 1 and in a, b are below the curve y f between 1, f 1 and, f. y 1 y a concave up -1 a concave down 1

2 Eample: The graph of f is given below. Determine graphically the interval on which f is y 1 (1)concave up; () concave up and decreasing (1) f is concave up on 1. 8,.. () f is concave up and decreasing on 1. 8,. f How can we determine algebraically where f is concave up and where f is concave down?

3 Theorem: Suppose that f is differentiable on an interval a,b. Then the graph of f is (a) concave up on a, b, if f is increasing on a,b ; and (b) concave down on a, b, iff is decreasing on a,b. Or, suppose that f eists on a, b. The graph of f is (a) concave up on a, b, if f for all in a,b ; (b) concave down on a, b, iff for all in a,b.. Inflection points: Definition: Suppose that f is continuous on the interval a, b. Let c be in a, b. Then the point c, f c is called an inflection point of f if the graph of f changes concavity at the point c, f c.

4 Note that: changes concavity at c, f c f changes from increasing to decreasing at c, f c f changes from positive to negativeor from negative to positive at c, f c. Eample: Let the graph of f be y 7. given at right. Find. (1) the coordinate of each inflection point of f; - () where the graph of f is concave up. -7. f (1) f when,, 1 and. f does not change sign at. So, the coordinates of inflection points of f are, 1 and. () f for, 1, and f for, 1. So, the graph of f is concave up on,, 1,. 4

5 Eample: Let the graph of f y 1 be given at right. Find 1 (1) the coordinate of each inflection point of f; 1 4 () where the graph of f is - concave up. -1 f f when. 8,., 4. f f is increasing for. 8,. 4; f f is decreasing for. 8., 4. (1) So,. 8,., 4 are the coordinates of inflection points. () The graph of f is concave up on,. 8.,4.

6 Eample: Let f Find (1) all inflection points of f; () where the graph of f is concave up and is concave down. Verify your answers by graphing both f and f. (1i.) Compute f : f , f (1ii.) Solve f : 1. (1iii.) Check signs of f over intervals:,,, f 1 1 f 1, interval, sign of f, Since f changes sign at the point where,, 79 is an inflection point of f. The graph of f is concave up on, and is concave down on,. Verify the results with the graph of f. 6

7 y red f, green f, blue f 7

8 . Second Derivative Test: Theroem: Suppose that f is continuos on the interval a, b and f c, for some c in a, b. (a) If f c, then f c is a local maimum and (b) if f c, then f c is a local minimum. Eample: The graph of f is given below. Suppose that we know f 1, f and f 4. Determine if f 1, f and f 4 are local maimum, local minimum or neither. y 1 1 f 1 and f 4, so f 1 and f 4 are local maimum values. - f, f is a local minimum value. -1 f 8

9 Eample: Let f 1 1/. Find (1) the intervals of increase and decrease; () all local etrema; () the intervals of concavity; (4) all inflection points; and () sketch the graph of f based on the information in a.-d. The domain of f :, Compute f and f : f 1 1 / 1 1 Find critical numbers of f : type (i): f f /

10 1 1, 1,1 1, , type (ii): f is not defined : 1. Determine the sign change of f over,. 47,. 47, 1, 1, 1. 44, 1.44, f 1 1 1, f f , f interval, ,1 1, , f 1

11 Find where f : Find where f is not defined: 1 Determine the sign change of f over intervals:,1 and 1, f f interval,1 1, f State the results: (1) f is increasing on,. 47, 1. 44, and is decreasing on. 47, 1, 1, () By the first derivative test, f is a local maimum and f is a local minimum. () f is concave up on 1, and is concave down on, 1. (4) f changes concavity at 1 and 1 is in the domain of f so it is an inflection point of f. 11

12 y 1. 1 () Sketch the graph of f based on the information in a.-d

13 Eample: Let f e cos. Find (1) the intervals of increase and decrease; () all local etrema; () the intervals of concavity; (4) all inflection points; and () sketch the graph of f based on the information in a.-d. The domain of f : D f, Compute f and f : f e cos e sin e cos sin f e cos sin e sin cos e sin Find critical numbers of f : type (i): f e cos sin, cos sin, sin cos, tan 1 4 n, n, 1,,... 1

14 type (ii): f is not defined: None. Determine the sign change of f over ,, 4 4, 4, 4,,, 4 7, 7, , f e cos e, f e cos e f 1, f e cos e, f e cos e interval 9 4, 4 4, 4 4, 4 4, 4 4 sign of f Find where f :e sin, n, n,1,,... Find where f is not defined: None. Determine the sign change of f e sin over intervals:...,,,,,,,,... f e / sin, f 1 e / sin 1 14

15 f 1 e / sin 1, f e / sin interval,,,, sign of f State the results: (1) f is increasing on , 4, 4, 4,, 9 4 4,... () f c is a local maimum for c 4,, 9, f c is a local minimum for c... 4,,... 4 () f is concave up on...,,,,... and is concave down on...,,,... (4) Inflection points of f are: n () Sketch the graph of f based on the information in (1)-(4) 1

16 y y

17 Eample: Sketch a graph of a function with the given properties: (i) f (ii) f, for all ; f 1 (iii) f for, f for, f Eample: Sketch a graph of a function with the given properties: (i) f, f 1 1, f 1 1 (ii) f, for 1 and 1, f for 1 and 1; (iii) f for and 17

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