11. Quadrics in OpenGL
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1 11. Quadrics in OpenGL GLU provides routines to model and render tessellated, polygonal approximations of spheres, cylinders, disks and parts of disks These quadric surfaces are described by the following general quadratic equation: a x + a y + a z + a xy + a yz + a zx + a x + a y + a z + a 0 (11.1) = Steps to create a quadric surface using OpenGL: 1. Create an quadric object using glunewquadric() 2. Specify the rendering attributes for the object - Use gluquadricorientation() to differentiate the interior from the exterior - Use gluquadricdrawstyle() to render as points, lines or filled polygons - Use gluquadricnormal() to specify how surface normals should be generated - Use gluquadrictexture() to generate texture coordinates 3. If desired, register an error-handling routine 4. Invoke glusphere(), glucylinder(), gludisk(), or glupartialdisk() to render the object 5. When finished delete the quadric object with gludeletequadric() E.R. Bachmann & P.L. McDowell MV 4202 Page 1 of 8
2 Managing Quadric Objects New quadric objects are created using GLUquadricObj* glunewquadric(void); - The returned value is a pointer to the new quadric object - null is returned if an object could not be created Quadric objects are deleted using void gludeletequadric(gluquadricobj* qobj); - qobj is the object to be deleted Controlling Quadrics Rendering Attributes The drawing style of a specified object is set using void gluquadricdrawstyle(gluquadricobj* qobj GLenum drawstyle); drawstyle may be - GLU_POINTS, GLU_LINE, GLU_SILHOUETTE, or GLU_POLYGON E.R. Bachmann & P.L. McDowell MV 4202 Page 2 of 8
3 The direction in which generated normals point is controlled using void gluquadricorientation(gluquadricobj* qobj GLenum orientation); orientation may be - GLU_OUTSIDE, vectors point in - GLU_INSIDE, vectors point out - for disks, the positive z side of the disk is considered the outside The number of generated normals and subsequently the appearance of a quadric object are controlled using void gluquadricnormals(gluquadricobj* qobj GLenum normals); normals may be - GLU_NONE, object will not be lit - GLU_FLAT, one normal for each facet - GLU_SMOOTH, one normal for each vertex E.R. Bachmann & P.L. McDowell MV 4202 Page 3 of 8
4 Generation of texture coordinates is turned on and off using void gluquadrictexture(gluquadricobj* qobj GLBoolean texturecoords); texturecoords may be - GLU_TRUE, coordinates are generated - GLU_FALSE, no coordinates generated E.R. Bachmann & P.L. McDowell MV 4202 Page 4 of 8
5 Generating Quadric Surfaces Vertices and other quadric data are generated using one of the following depending on the type of surface to be rendered Spheres A quadric sphere is generated using void glusphere(gluquadricobj* qobj GLdouble radius, GLint slices, GLint stacks); - radius is the sphere radius - slices specifies the number of lines of longitude (vertical, around the z axis) - stacks specifies the number of lines of latitude (horizontal, along the z axis) E.R. Bachmann & P.L. McDowell MV 4202 Page 5 of 8
6 Cylinders A quadric cylinder oriented along the z axis is generated using void glucylinder(gluquadricobj* qobj GLdouble height, GLdouble baseradius, GLdouble topradius, GLint slices, GLint stacks); - topradius is the raduis of the cylinder at z = height (zero to create a cone) - BaseRadius is the radius of the cylinder at z = 0 - slices specifies the number of subdivisions around the z axis - stacks specifies the number of subdivisions along the z axis E.R. Bachmann & P.L. McDowell MV 4202 Page 6 of 8
7 Disks A disk and partial disks in the plane z = 0 are generated using void gludisk(gluquadricobj* qobj GLdouble innerradius, GLdouble outerradius, GLint slices, GLint rings); and void glupartialdisk(gluquadricobj* qobj GLdouble innerradius, GLdouble outerradius, GLint slices, GLint rings GLdouble startangle, GLdouble sweepangle); - innerradius is the radius or the inner circle (zero to get a full disk) - BaseRadius is the outer radius of the disk - slices specifies the number of subdivisions around the z axis (pizza slices) - rings specifies the number of subdivisions about the z axis (concentric rings) - startangle and sweepangle are in degrees relative to the +y axis E.R. Bachmann & P.L. McDowell MV 4202 Page 7 of 8
8 Example 11.1 Creating Quadric Objects GLUquadricObj *qobj; // Create 4 display lists, each with a different quadric object. // Different draw styles and surface normal specifications are // demonstrated. startlist = glgenlists( 4 ); qobj = glunewquadric(); gluquadricdrawstyle( qobj, GLU_FILL ); gluquadricnormals( qobj, GLU_SMOOTH ); /* smooth shaded */ glnewlist( startlist, GL_COMPILE ); glusphere( qobj, 0.75, 15, 10 ); glendlist(); gluquadricdrawstyle( qobj, GLU_FILL ); gluquadricnormals( qobj, GLU_FLAT ); /* flat shaded */ glnewlist( startlist+1, GL_COMPILE ); glucylinder( qobj, 0.5, 0.3, 1.0, 15, 5 ); glendlist(); gluquadricdrawstyle( qobj, GLU_LINE ); /* all polygons wireframe */ gluquadricnormals( qobj, GLU_NONE ); glnewlist( startlist+2, GL_COMPILE ); gludisk( qobj, 0.25, 1.0, 20, 4 ); glendlist(); gluquadricdrawstyle( qobj, GLU_SILHOUETTE ); /* boundary only */ gluquadricnormals( qobj, GLU_NONE ); glnewlist( startlist+3, GL_COMPILE ); glupartialdisk( qobj, 0.0, 1.0, 20, 4, 0.0, ); glendlist(); gludeletequadric(qobj); E.R. Bachmann & P.L. McDowell MV 4202 Page 8 of 8
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