Jun-ichi TAKADA and Houtao ZHU. Tokyo Institute of Technology. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.1/28
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1 Multipath Propagation Simulation in Mobile and Wireless Communications Application of Ray-Tracing for the Propagation Prediction in Microcellar Environments Jun-ichi TAKADA and Houtao ZHU Tokyo Institute of Technology Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.1/28
2 Table of Contents Motivation Environment under consideration Ray tracing simulation Electromagnetic theory Tracing of ray Treatment of phase Validation by field test Conclusion and future works Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.2/28
3 Mobile / Wireless Commuications Mobile / Wireless Comm. BS Antenna Diffraction Buildings Reflection Multiple reflected and diffracted paths are arrival. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.3/28
4 Impacts of Multipath Propagation Large propagation loss compared with line-of-sight (LOS) scenarios Fast level fluctuation called fading Time dispersion of channel resulting intersymbol interference (ISI) Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.4/28
5 Purpose of Propagation Simulation Two different purposes Pathloss prediction for cell site design Site-specific information is necessary for smaller cells Channel modeling for transmission evaluation Typical and realistic model is eagerly needed Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.5/28
6 Advanced Transmission Technologies Dependent on the channel properties SIMO (SISO) systems Equalizer : removal of ISI Interleaver : homogenization of fading Diversity antenna : removal of fading Adaptive array antenna : removal of ISI and CCI (co-channel interference) MIMO (MISO) systems Multiuser detectior : separation of CCI Space division multiplex receiver : parallel spatial channels Transmit diversity by space-time coding : removal of fading Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.6/28
7 Environment under Consideration This presentation focuses on Outdoor microcellular environment; Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.7/28
8 Environment under Consideration This presentation focuses on Outdoor microcellular environment; Base station antenna below rooftop; Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.7/28
9 Environment under Consideration This presentation focuses on Outdoor microcellular environment; Base station antenna below rooftop; Diameter less than 500 m. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.7/28
10 Environment under Consideration This presentation focuses on Outdoor microcellular environment; Base station antenna below rooftop; Diameter less than 500 m. Examples : PHS, hot spot wireless access. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.7/28
11 Outdoor Microcellular Environment Main scatterers are buildings and ground. Building database required Otherwise : simulation cost >> measurement cost Full utilization of vector database Useless pixel database extraction of surfaces ZENRIN Z-map Commercial vector database Polygon plan + numerical height Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.8/28
12 Propagation Mechanisms in Ray Tracing Implemented Specular reflection: Fresnel reflection coefficient Edge diffraction: UTD + reflection coefficient (empirical UTD) Under study Surface roughness Edge roughness Items to be modeled non-specular component increase of computational cost loss and its fluctuation stochastic model de-polarization Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.9/28
13 Specular Reflection θ θ Fresnel reflection coefficient for infinite thickness is used for simplicity. Finite thickness model does not result in accuracy improvement due to inhomogenious materials. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.10/28
14 Edge Diffraction Wedge Keller cone Keller cone is considered for direction of diffracted waves. UTD diffraction coefficient for conductor or its empirical modefication for dielectric. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.11/28
15 Ray-Tracing Simulation Ray-Launching Method Launching to each direction from Tx Capture circle Rx Image Method Image source of Tx Huge memory to store various orders of image sources Shadow testing Rx Rx Tx Tx I 1 I2 Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.12/28
16 2D-3D Hybrid Ray-Tracing 1. 2D ray-launching and then 3D ray-path formulation 2. Diffraction edges: treated as new point sources 3. Intersection with points: capture circle 4. Ground reflection : image method Tx X1 X2 diffraction plane Rx incidence plane θ θ θ unfolded plane h T Tx X1 X2 Rx h R h T h R Tx X1 X2 Rx Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.13/28
17 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
18 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
19 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
20 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
21 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
22 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
23 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
24 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
25 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
26 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
27 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
28 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
29 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
30 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
31 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
32 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
33 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
34 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
35 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
36 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
37 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
38 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
39 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
40 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
41 Ray Tracing 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
42 Ray Tracing Candidate surfaces 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
43 Ray Tracing Survivor surface 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. 2. Each wall is checked for crossing. 3. All the candidate walls are determined. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.14/28
44 Ray Acceleration Techniques 1. Back-face culling 2. Volume bounding 3. Partition vector Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.15/28
45 Back-Face Culling Only visible faces are tested. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.16/28
46 Back-Face Culling Only visible faces are tested. Normal vectors of faces Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.16/28
47 Back-Face Culling Only visible faces are tested. Negative innter product with ray = visible face Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.16/28
48 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Bounded volumes Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
49 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Bounded volumes Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
50 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Bounded volumes Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
51 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Bounded volumes Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
52 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Bounded volumes Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
53 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Bounded volumes Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
54 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Bounded volumes Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
55 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Bounded volumes Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
56 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Bounded volumes Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
57 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Candidate boundaries Bounded volumes Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
58 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Survivor volume Bounded volumes Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
59 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Check within candidate volume Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
60 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Check within candidate volume Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
61 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Check within candidate volume Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
62 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Check within candidate volume Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
63 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Check within candidate volume Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
64 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Check within candidate volume Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
65 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Check within candidate volume Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
66 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Check within candidate volume Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
67 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Check within candidate volume Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
68 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Check within candidate volume Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
69 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Check within candidate volume Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
70 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Check within candidate volume Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
71 Volume Bounding Instead of each of the buildings, bounded volumes are tested for crossing. Survivor surface 1. Semi-infinite ray is drawn as a ray. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.17/28
72 Patition Vectors Instead of searching all the region, only within the region bounded by partition vectors are tested. Partition vectors Search area Bounded volumes Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.18/28
73 perties of Spatio-Temporal Channel Mod Ray parameters Magnitude and phase Directions of arrival and departure Delay time Doppler frequency (spatial / temporal properties) Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.19/28
74 Model of Single Ray Dyadic (vector to vector) complex path gain between Tx and Rx origins = γ l (t, τ, Ω R, Ω T ) [ ˆθ R (Ω Rl ) ˆϕ R (Ω Rl ) ] γθθ l γ ϕθ l δ(ω R Ω Rl )δ(ω T Ω Tl )δ(τ τ l ) γ θϕ l γ ϕϕ l ˆθ T (Ω Tl ) ˆϕ T (Ω Tl ) exp(jψ l )exp(jf dl t)exp( jk(ω Rl ) v R t)exp(+jk(ω Tl ) v T t) Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.20/28
75 Model of Single Ray Dyadic (vector to vector) complex path gain between Tx and Rx origins = γ l (t, τ, Ω R, Ω T ) [ ˆθ R (Ω Rl ) ˆϕ R (Ω Rl ) ] γθθ l γ ϕθ l δ(ω R Ω Rl )δ(ω T Ω Tl )δ(τ τ l ) γ θϕ l γ ϕϕ l ˆθ T (Ω Tl ) ˆϕ T (Ω Tl ) exp(jψ l )exp(jf dl t)exp( jk(ω Rl ) v R t)exp(+jk(ω Tl ) v T t) R: Receiver Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.20/28
76 Model of Single Ray Dyadic (vector to vector) complex path gain between Tx and Rx origins = γ l (t, τ, Ω R, Ω T ) [ ˆθ R (Ω Rl ) ˆϕ R (Ω Rl ) ] γθθ l γ ϕθ l δ(ω R Ω Rl )δ(ω T Ω Tl )δ(τ τ l ) γ θϕ l γ ϕϕ l ˆθ T (Ω Tl ) ˆϕ T (Ω Tl ) exp(jψ l )exp(jf dl t)exp( jk(ω Rl ) v R t)exp(+jk(ω Tl ) v T t) T: Transmitter Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.20/28
77 Model of Single Ray Dyadic (vector to vector) complex path gain between Tx and Rx origins = γ l (t, τ, Ω R, Ω T ) [ ˆθ R (Ω Rl ) ˆϕ R (Ω Rl ) ] γθθ l γ ϕθ l δ(ω R Ω Rl )δ(ω T Ω Tl )δ(τ τ l ) γ θϕ l γ ϕϕ l ˆθ T (Ω Tl ) ˆϕ T (Ω Tl ) exp(j ψ l )exp(jf dl t)exp( jk(ω Rl ) v R t)exp(+jk(ω Tl ) v T t) ψ l : Path phase between Tx and Rx origins Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.20/28
78 Model of Single Ray Dyadic (vector to vector) complex path gain between Tx and Rx origins = γ l (t, τ, Ω R, Ω T ) [ ˆθ R (Ω Rl ) ˆϕ R (Ω Rl ) ] γθθ l γ ϕθ l δ(ω R Ω Rl )δ(ω T Ω Tl )δ(τ τ l ) γ θϕ l γ ϕϕ l ˆθ T (Ω Tl ) ˆϕ T (Ω Tl ) exp(jψ l )exp(j f dl t)exp( jk(ω Rl ) v R t)exp(+jk(ω Tl ) v T t) f dl : Doppler frequency due to motion of scatterer Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.20/28
79 Model of Single Ray Dyadic (vector to vector) complex path gain between Tx and Rx origins = γ l (t, τ, Ω R, Ω T ) [ ˆθ R (Ω Rl ) ˆϕ R (Ω Rl ) ] γθθ l γ ϕθ l δ(ω R Ω Rl )δ(ω T Ω Tl )δ(τ τ l ) γ θϕ l γ ϕϕ l ˆθ T (Ω Tl ) ˆϕ T (Ω Tl ) exp(jψ l )exp(jf dl t)exp( jk( Ω Rl ) v R t)exp(+jk(ω Tl ) v T t) k(ω R ): Propagation vector toward Ω R Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.20/28
80 Model of Single Ray Dyadic (vector to vector) complex path gain between Tx and Rx origins = γ l (t, τ, Ω R, Ω T ) [ ˆθ R (Ω Rl ) ˆϕ R (Ω Rl ) ] γθθ l γ ϕθ l δ(ω R Ω Rl )δ(ω T Ω Tl )δ(τ τ l ) γ θϕ l γ ϕϕ l ˆθ T (Ω Tl ) ˆϕ T (Ω Tl ) exp(jψ l )exp(jf dl t)exp( jk(ω Rl ) v R t)exp(+jk(ω Tl ) v T t) v R : Velocity vector of receiver antenna Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.20/28
81 Model of Single Ray Dyadic (vector to vector) complex path gain between Tx and Rx origins = γ l (t, τ, Ω R, Ω T ) [ ˆθ R (Ω Rl ) ˆϕ R (Ω Rl ) ] γθθ l γ ϕθ l δ(ω R Ω Rl )δ(ω T Ω Tl )δ(τ τ l ) γ θϕ l γ ϕϕ l ˆθ T (Ω Tl ) ˆϕ T (Ω Tl ) exp(jψ l )exp(jf dl t)exp( jk(ω Rl ) v R t)exp(+jk(ω Tl ) v T t) Result of ray tracing Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.20/28
82 Model of Multipath Γ(t, τ, Ω R, Ω T )= L l=1 γ l (t, τ, Ω R, Ω T ) Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.21/28
83 Ray-Based Channel Response Model h(t, τ) = = L [ l=1 e R (Ω R ) Γ(t, τ, Ω R, Ω T ) e T (Ω T)dΩ R dω T ] γθθ l e Rθ (Ω Rl ) e Rϕ (Ω Rl ) γ ϕθ l γ θϕ l γ ϕϕ l e Tθ (Ω Tl) e Tϕ (Ω Tl) Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.22/28
84 Ray-Based Channel Response Model h(t, τ) = = e R (Ω R ) Γ(t, τ, Ω R, Ω T ) e T (Ω T)dΩ R dω T L [ ] e Rθ (Ω Rl ) e Rϕ (Ω Rl ) γθθ l γ θϕ l l=1 γ ϕθ l γ ϕϕ l e Tθ (Ω Tl) e Tϕ (Ω Tl) Receiver antenna vector complex directivity Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.22/28
85 Ray-Based Channel Response Model h(t, τ) = = e R (Ω R ) Γ(t, τ, Ω R, Ω T ) e T (Ω T)dΩ R dω T L [ ] e Rθ (Ω Rl ) e Rϕ (Ω Rl ) γθθ l γ θϕ l l=1 γ ϕθ l γ ϕϕ l e Tθ (Ω Tl) e Tϕ (Ω Tl) Receiver antenna vector complex directivity Transmitter antenna vector complex directivity Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.22/28
86 Treatment of Phase Effect of phase can be found when bandwidth and baamwidth are finite. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.23/28
87 Treatment of Phase Effect of phase can be found when bandwidth and baamwidth are finite. Four different approaches Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.23/28
88 Treatment of Phase Effect of phase can be found when bandwidth and baamwidth are finite. Four different approaches Deterministic phase : Raytracing phase is used. Not meaningful; limited position accuracy and terminal motion Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.23/28
89 Treatment of Phase Effect of phase can be found when bandwidth and baamwidth are finite. Four different approaches Deterministic phase : Raytracing phase is used. Not meaningful; limited position accuracy and terminal motion Power summing : Rays are incoherently summed. Estimation of average; no fading fluctuation Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.23/28
90 Treatment of Phase Effect of phase can be found when bandwidth and baamwidth are finite. Four different approaches Deterministic phase : Raytracing phase is used. Not meaningful; limited position accuracy and terminal motion Power summing : Rays are incoherently summed. Estimation of average; no fading fluctuation Random phase : Each ray has a random value of phase. Model of fading instant; analytical PDF Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.23/28
91 Treatment of Phase Effect of phase can be found when bandwidth and baamwidth are finite. Four different approaches Deterministic phase : Raytracing phase is used. Not meaningful; limited position accuracy and terminal motion Power summing : Rays are incoherently summed. Estimation of average; no fading fluctuation Random phase : Each ray has a random value of phase. Model of fading instant; analytical PDF Dynamic phase : Motion of terminal is considered. Phase rotation due to Doppler; similar to Jakes model Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.23/28
92 Effect of Finite Beam/Bandwidth Impulse response of system shall be convolved to the raytracing channel model. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.24/28
93 Field Test PN correlation sounder delay spectrum Rotating parabolic antenna angular spectrum Smoothing over 30cm 30cm area to remove fading frequency bandwidth delay resolution Tx antenna Rx antenna beamwidth 8.45 GHz 100 MHz 20 ns vertical halfwave dipole V-pol 50 cm parabola 4 Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.25/28
94 Test Site Yokosuka Highland area, Japan Residential area with wooden houses and concrete walls North 20 m Rx Tx 90 deg 0 deg Average Building Height: 8 m Rx: height 4.4 m Tx: height 2.7 m Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.26/28
95 Azimuth Delay Spectrum Experiment Simulation Path gain [db] Azimuth angle [deg] Delay [ns] Path gain [db] Azimuth angle [deg] 360 Delay [ns] Both results are in agreement w.r.t. dominant signals. Non-specular components are observed in experiment. Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.27/28
96 Conclusion and Future Works Conclusion Ray-based model is flexibly applied to SIMO and MIMO transmission. Ray tracing simulator for microcell environment is presented. The simulator is validated by field test. Commercial softwares are available; rather few validation data. Future works Modeling of non-specular scattering effect 3D propagation mechanism (e.g. path over the roof top) Birth and death of ray shadowing Microwave Simulator Workshop, Mar. 17, 2003 p.28/28
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