Engineering Problem Solving with C++, Etter/Ingber

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1 Engineering Problem Solving with C++, Etter/Ingber Chapter 1 1

2 Introduction to Computing and Engineering Problem Solving Historical Perspective Recent Engineering Achievements Computing Systems Data Representation and Storage An Engineering Problem Solving Methodology 2

3 Charles Babbage Analytical Engine Augusta Ada Byron Digital Computers HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 3

4 Charles Babbage, Esq English mathematician. Designed the Analytical Engine in the early 1800s. Published Of the Analytical Engine in

5 Analytical Engine Designed to process base ten numbers. Consisted of four parts: Storage unit Processing unit Input device Output device 5

6 Analytical Engine Luigi F. Menabrea, French engineer and mathematician, described Babbage s vision of a machine capable of solving any problem using: Inputs Outputs Programs written on punch cards 6

7 Augusta Ada Byron, Wrote the English translation of Menabrea s Sketch of the Analytical Engine. Envisioned the multidisciplinary potential of the Analytical Engine. Wrote detailed instructions for performing numerical computations using the Analytical Engine. 7

8 Digital Computers ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer) Developed at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942 by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. Weighed 700 pounds. Executed one instruction every 15 seconds. 8

9 Digital Computers ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator) Developed by research team lead by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert during the early 1940s. Weighed 30 tons. Executed hundreds of instructions every second. 9

10 Digital Computers Intel Pentium 4 Processor. Weighs < 16 ounces. Executes trillions of instructions per second. 10

11 RECENT ENGINEERING ACHIEVEMENTS 11

12 Recent Engineering Achievements Digital computers facilitate multidisciplinary engineering achievements that: Improve our lives Expanded the possibilities for our future. Changing engineering environment requires engineers with: Communication skills Skills for working in interdisciplinary teams An awareness of ethic issues and environmental concerns. 12

13 Computer Hardware Computer Software COMPUTING SYSTEMS 13

14 Computing Systems A computing system is a complete working system that includes: Hardware Software 14

15 Hardware Hardware refers to the physical parts off the computing system that have mass (ie they can actually be touched): Computer Display Mouse Printer 15

16 Computer Hardware Jon von Neumann computing model Input device Output device Memory Unit CPU(Central Processing Unit) consisting of: Control Unit ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) 16

17 Von Neumann computing model Memory Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Input Output 17

18 Software Computer software refers to programs that reside and execute electronically on the hardware. Compilers Translate source code Operating systems Provide the HCI (Human Computer Interface) Application programs Provide problem solutions 18

19 Executing a C++ C++ source program Compiler Object Program Linker/Loader Executable Program OS-Execute Output 19

20 Key Terms Source Program printable/readable Program file Object Program nonprintable machine readable file Executable Program nonprintable executable code Syntax errors reported by the compiler Linker errors reported by the linker Execution/Run-time errors reported by the operating system Logic errors not reported 20

21 Number Systems Data Types and Storage DATA REPRESENTATION AND STORAGE 21

22 Data Representation and Storage Digital computers store information as a sequence of bits (binary digits). The value or state of a bit at any given time can be 0 or 1 (off or on). Data is stored as a sequence of bytes. A byte is a sequence of 8 bits. 22

23 Data Representation and Storage: Memory Diagram Address Sixteen Bit Word Address Space = 8 Word Size = 16 23

24 Data Representation and Storage Right most bit is referred to as the least significant bit. Left most bit is referred to as the most significant bit. Value stored at address 000 is = But what does it represent? 24

25 Number Systems Base ten number system Ten decimal digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) Each digit multiplies a power of ten Example: = 2* * *

26 Number Systems Base two (binary) number system Two binary digits (0,1) Each digit multiplies a power of two Example: = 1* * * * *2 0 = 1*16 + 0*8 + 1*4 + 1*2 + 0*1 = =

27 Number Systems Base eight number system Eight octal digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7) Each digit multiplies a power of eight Example: = 2* * *8 0 = 2*64 + 4*8 + 5*1 = =

28 Number Systems Base sixteen number system Sixteen hex digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F) Each digit multiplies a power of sixteen Example: 2FB 16 = 2* F* B*16 0 = 2*256 + F*16 + B*1 = =

29 Number Systems: Practice! =? =? =? 10 3A1B 16 =? 2 29

30 Data Types Integer Data Type: Often represented in 4 bytes (System Dependent) Left most bit is reserved for the sign of the number Remaining 31 bits represent the magnitude of the number. 30

31 Data Types Representation of data affects the efficiency of arithmetic and logic operations. For efficiency, negative integers are often represented in their 2 s complement form. The 2 s complement of an integer is formed by negating all of the bits and adding one. 31

32 Example: 2 s Complement Form the 2 s complement representation for the value assuming a word size of 8 for simplicity = Negate bits: Add 1: s complement is

33 Example: 2 s Complement Add 127 to =

34 Data Types Floating Point Data Floating point types represent real numbers, such as 1.25, that include a decimal point. Digits to the right of the decimal point form the fractional part of the number. Digits to the left of the decimal point form the integral part of the number. 34

35 Practice! Floating Point Data Convert to binary. 35

36 AN ENGINEERING PROBLEM- SOLVING METHODOLOGY 36

37 5 Step Problem Solving Methodology 1. State the problem clearly. 2. Describe the input and output. 3. Work a hand example. 4. Develop a solution. 5. Test your solution. 37

Machine Architecture and Number Systems

Machine Architecture and Number Systems Topics Major Computer Components Bits, Bytes, and Words The Decimal Number System The Binary Number System Converting from Binary to Decimal Converting from Decimal