Computer Evolution. Budditha Hettige. Department of Computer Science

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1 Computer Evolution Budditha Hettige Department of Computer Science

2 Computer Generation 1. Zeroth generation- Mechanical Computers ( ) 2. First generation - Vacuum Tubes ( ) 3. Second Generation -Transistors ( ) 4. Third Generation - Integrated Circuits ( ) 5. Forth Generation VLS-Integration (1971-present) 6. Fifth Generation Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond) (2011) Computer System architectures 2

3 The Zero Generation (3) Prior to the 1500s, a typical European businessperson used an abacus for calculations Pascal s machine Addition and Subtraction Analytical engine Four components (Store, mill, input, output) (2011) Computer System architectures 3

4 Charles Babbage Difference Engine 1823 Analytic Engine 1833 The forerunner of modern digital computer The first conception of a general purpose computer (2011) Computer System architectures 4

First Generation-Vacuum Tubes (1945-1955) First generation computers are characterized by the

5 First Generation-Vacuum Tubes ( ) First generation computers are characterized by the use of vacuum tube logic Developments ABC ENIAC UNIVAC I (2011) Computer System architectures 5

6 First Generation- Time Line Date Event Description Arithmetic Logic Memory 1942 ABC Atanasoff-Berry Computer binary vacuum tubes capacitors 1946 ENIAC 1947 EDVAC 1948 The Baby Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer Manchester Small Scale Experimental Machine decimal vacuum tubes vacuum tubes binary vacuum tubes mercury delay lines binary vacuum tubes CRST 1949 UNIVAC I Universal Automatic Computer decimal vacuum tubes mercury delay lines 1949 EDSAC Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer binary vacuum tubes mercury delay lines 1952 IAS Institute for Advanced Study binary vacuum tubes cathode ray tubes 1953 IBM 701 binary vacuum tubes mercury delay lines (2011) Computer System architectures 6

7 Von Neumann architecture 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige 7

8 ABC - Atanasoff-Berry Computer world's first electronic digital computer The ABC used binary arithmetic (2011) Computer System architectures 8

ENIAC First general purpose computer Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Designed and built by Eckert and Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania during 1943-45 capable of being

9 ENIAC First general purpose computer Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Designed and built by Eckert and Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania during capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems The first, completely electronic, operational, general-purpose analytical calculator! 30 tons, 72 square meters, 200KW Performance Read in 120 cards per minute Addition took 200 ms, Division 6 ms (2011) Computer System architectures 9

UNIVAC - UNIVersal Automatic Computer The first commercial computer UNIVAC was delivered in 1951 designed at the outset for business and administrative use The UNIVAC

10 UNIVAC - UNIVersal Automatic Computer The first commercial computer UNIVAC was delivered in 1951 designed at the outset for business and administrative use The UNIVAC I had 5200 vacuum tubes, weighed 29,000 pounds, and consumed 125 kilowatts of electrical power Originally priced at US$159,000 (2011) Computer System architectures 10

The Second Generation-Transistors (1955-1965) Second generation computers are characterized by the use of discrete transistor logic Use of

11 The Second Generation-Transistors ( ) Second generation computers are characterized by the use of discrete transistor logic Use of magnetic core for primary storage Developments IBM 1620 System IBM 7030 System IBM 7090 System IBM 7094 System (2011) Computer System architectures 11

12 IBM 7090 The IBM 7090 system was announced in The 7090 included a multiplexor which supported up to 8 I/O channels. The 7090 supported both fixed point and floating point arithmetic. Two fixed point numbers could be added in 4.8 microseconds, and two floating point numbers could be added in 16.8 microseconds. The 7090 had 32,768 thirty-six bit words of core storage. In 1960, the American Airlines SABRE system used two 7090 systems. Cost of a 7090 system was in the $3,000,000 range. (2011) Computer System architectures 12

IBM 1620 The IBM 1620 system was announced in 1959. The IBM 1620 system had up to 60,000 digits of core storage (6 bits each.

13 IBM 1620 The IBM 1620 system was announced in The IBM 1620 system had up to 60,000 digits of core storage (6 bits each.) Floating point hardware was optional. The IBM 1620 system performed decimal arithmetic. The system was digit oriented, not word oriented. (2011) Computer System architectures 13

IBM 7030 The IBM 7030 system was announced in 1960. The IBM 7030 system used magnetic core for main memory, and magnetic disks for secondary storage.

14 IBM 7030 The IBM 7030 system was announced in The IBM 7030 system used magnetic core for main memory, and magnetic disks for secondary storage. The ALU could perform 1,000,000 operations per second. Up to 32 I/O channels were supported. The 7030 was also referred to as "Stretch." Cost of a 7030 system was in the $10,000,000 range. (2011) Computer System architectures 14

IBM 7094 The IBM 7094 system was announced in 1962. The 7094 was an improved 7090.

15 IBM 7094 The IBM 7094 system was announced in The 7094 was an improved The 7094 introduced double precision floating point arithmetic. (2011) Computer System architectures 15

16 Third Generation Third generation computers are characterized by the use of integrated circuit logic. Development IBM System/360 (2011) Computer System architectures 16

IBM S 360 The IBM S/360 family was announced in 1964.

Supported both fixed point and floating point arithmetic.

17 IBM S 360 The IBM S/360 family was announced in Included both multiplexor and selector I/O channels. Supported both fixed point and floating point arithmetic. Had a microprogrammed instruction set. Cost between $133,000 and $12,500,000. (2011) Computer System architectures 17

18 Forth Generation Very Large Scale(VLSI) and Ultra Large scale(ulsi) Fourth generation computers are characterized by the use of microprocessors. Semiconductor memory was commonly used Development Intel AMD etc (2011) Computer System architectures 18

19 Intel 4004 The Intel 4004 microprocessor was announced in The Intel 4004 microprocessor had 2,300 transistors. A clock speed of 108 KHz. A die size of 12 sq mm. 4 bit memory access. 4 bit registers. The Intel 4004 microprocessor supported Up to 32,768 bits of program storage. Up to 5,120 bits of data storage. The 4004 was used mainly in calculators. (2011) Computer System architectures 19

20 Intel (2011) Computer System architectures 20

21 MOS 6502 The MOS 6502 microprocessor was announced in The MOS 6502 microprocessor had A clock speed of 1 MHz. 8 bit memory access. 8 bit registers. The MOS 6502 microprocessor supported Up to 65,536 bytes (8 bit) of main memory. The MOS 6502 was used in The Apple II personal computer. The Comodore PET personal computer. The KIM-1 computer kit. The Atari 2600 game system. The Nintendo Famicon game system. Initial price of the 6502 was $ (2011) Computer System architectures 21

Intel Pentium IV - 2001 State of the art 42 million transistors 2GHz 0.

22 Intel Pentium IV State of the art 42 million transistors 2GHz 0.13mm process Could fit ~15, s on this chip! (2011) Computer System architectures 22

23 Now - zenterprise196 Microprocessor 1.4 billion transistors, Quad core design Up to 96 cores (80 visible to OS) in one multichip module 5.2 GHz, IBM 45nm SOI CMOS technology 64-bit virtual addressing original 360 was 24-bit; 370 was a 31-bit extension Superscalar, out-of-order Up to 72 instructions in flight Variable length instruction pipeline: stages Each core has 2 integer units, 2 load-store units and 2 floating point units 8K-entry Branch Target Buffer Very large buffer to support commercial workload Four Levels of caches: 64KB L1 I-cache, 128KB L1 D-cache 1.5MB L2 cache per core 24MB shared on-chip L3 cache 192MB shared off-chip L4 cache (2011) Computer System architectures 23

Fifth Generation Computing devices, based on artificial intelligence Features Voice recognition, Parallel processing Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the

24 Fifth Generation Computing devices, based on artificial intelligence Features Voice recognition, Parallel processing Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization (2011) Computer System architectures 24

25 Fifth Generation 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige 25

26 Type of Computers Supercomputers Mainframe computers Mini Computers Personal Computers 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige 26

27 Supercomputer 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige 27

28 Mainframe computers used primarily by large organizations for critical applications, bulk data processing 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige 28

29 Mini Computers minicomputer, or colloquially mini, is a class of smaller computers that developed in the mid-1960s 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 29

30 Types of Microcomputers Servers Desktop Laptop PDA Mobile phones etc.

31 Server 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige 31

32 Desktop 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige 32

33 Laptop 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige 33

34 PDA 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige 34

35 Tablet 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige 35

36 Virtual Computers 7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige 36

Computer Evolution. Computer Generation. The Zero Generation (3) Charles Babbage. First Generation- Time Line

Computer Evolution. Computer Generation. The Zero Generation (3) Charles Babbage. First Generation- Time Line Computer Generation Computer Evolution Budditha Hettige Department of Computer Science 1. Zeroth generation- Mechanical Computers (1642-1940) 2. First generation - Vacuum Tubes (1940-1955) 3. Second Generation