Computer System architectures

Transcription

1 CSC Computer System Architecture Budditha Hettige Department of Statistics and Computer Science University of Sri Jayewardenepura 1

2 Historical Developments 2

3 Computer Generation 1. Zeroth generation- Mechanical Computers ( ) 2. First generation - Vacuum Tubes ( ) 3. Second Generation -Transistors ( ) 4. Third Generation - Integrated Circuits ( ) 5. Forth Generation VLS-Integration (1971-present) 6. Fifth Generation Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond) 3

4 The Zero Generation (1) Year Name Made by Comments 1834 Analytical Engine Babbage First attempt to build a digital computer 1936 Z1 Zuse First working relay calculating machine 1943 COLOSSUS British gov't First electronic computer 1944 Mark I Aiken First American general-purpose computer 1946 ENIAC I EckerVMauchley Modern computer history starts here 1949 EDSAC Wilkes First stored-program computer 1951 Whirlwind I M.I.T. First real-time computer 1952 IAS Von Neumann Most current machines use this design 1960 PDP-1 DEC First minicomputer (50 sold) IBM Enormously popular small business machine IBM Dominated scientific computing in the early 1960s 4

5 The Zero Generation (2) 1963 B5000 Burroughs First machine designed for a high-level language IBM First product line designed as a family CDC First scientific supercomputer 1965 PDP-8 DEC First mass-market minicomputer (50,000 sold) 1970 PDP-11 DEC Dominated minicomputers in the 1970s Intel First general-purpose 8-bit computer on a chip 1974 CRAY-1 Cray First vector supercomputer 1978 VAX DEC First 32-bit superminicomputer 1981 IBM PC IBM Started the modern personal computer era 1985 MIPS MIPS First commercial RISC machine 1987 SPARC Sun First SPARC-based RISC workstation 1990 RS6000 IBM First superscalar machine 5

6 The Zero Generation (3) Pascal s machine Addition and Subtraction Analytical engine Four components (Store, mill, input, output) 6

7 Charles Babbage Difference Engine 1823 Analytic Engine 1833 The forerunner of modern digital computer The first conception of a general purpose computer 7

8 Von-Neumann machine 8

9 First Generation-Vacuum Tubes ( ) First generation computers are characterized by the use of vacuum tube logic Developments ABC ENIAC UNIVAC I 9

10 Brief Early Computer Timeline First Generation- Time Line Date Event Description Arithmetic Logic Memory 1942 ABC Atanasoff-Berry Computer binary vacuum tubes capacitors 1946 ENIAC 1947 EDVAC 1948 The Baby 1949 UNIVAC I 1949 EDSAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer Manchester Small Scale Experimental Machine Universal Automatic Computer Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer decimal vacuum tubes vacuum tubes binary vacuum tubes mercury delay lines binary vacuum tubes CRST decimal vacuum tubes mercury delay lines binary vacuum tubes mercury delay lines 1952 IAS Institute for Advanced Study binary vacuum tubes cathode ray tubes 1953 IBM 701 binary vacuum tubes mercury delay lines 10

11 ABC - Atanasoff-Berry Computer world's first electronic digital computer The ABC used binary arithmetic 11

12 ENIAC First general purpose computer Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer Designed and built by Eckert and Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania during capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems The first, completely electronic, operational, general-purpose analytical calculator! 30 tons, 72 square meters, 200KW Performance Read in 120 cards per minute Addition took 200 ms, Division 6 ms 12

13 UNIVAC - UNIVersal Automatic Computer The first commercial computer UNIVAC was delivered in 1951 designed at the outset for business and administrative use The UNIVAC I had 5200 vacuum tubes, weighed 29,000 pounds, and consumed 125 kilowatts of electrical power Originally priced at US$159,000 13

14 The Second Generation-Transistors ( ) Second generation computers are characterized by the use of discrete transistor logic Use of magnetic core for primary storage Developments IBM 1620 System IBM 7030 System IBM 7090 System IBM 7094 System 14

15 IBM 7090 The IBM 7090 system was announced in The 7090 included a multiplexor which supported up to 8 I/O channels. The 7090 supported both fixed point and floating point arithmetic. Two fixed point numbers could be added in 4.8 microseconds, and two floating point numbers could be added in 16.8 microseconds. The 7090 had 32,768 thirty-six bit words of core storage. In 1960, the American Airlines SABRE system used two 7090 systems. Cost of a 7090 system was in the $3,000,000 range. 15

16 IBM 1620 The IBM 1620 system was announced in The IBM 1620 system had up to 60,000 digits of core storage (6 bits each.) Floating point hardware was optional. The IBM 1620 system performed decimal arithmetic. The system was digit oriented, not word oriented. 16

17 IBM 7030 The IBM 7030 system was announced in The IBM 7030 system used magnetic core for main memory, and magnetic disks for secondary storage. The ALU could perform 1,000,000 operations per second. Up to 32 I/O channels were supported. The 7030 was also referred to as "Stretch." Cost of a 7030 system was in the $10,000,000 range. 17

18 IBM 7094 The IBM 7094 system was announced in The 7094 was an improved The 7094 introduced double precision floating point arithmetic. 18

19 Third Generation Third generation computers are characterized by the use of integrated circuit logic. Development IBM System/360 19

20 IBM S 360 The IBM S/360 family was announced in Included both multiplexor and selector I/O channels. Supported both fixed point and floating point arithmetic. Had a microprogrammed instruction set. Cost between $133,000 and $12,500,

21 Forth Generation Very Large Scale(VLSI) and Ultra Large scale(ulsi) Fourth generation computers are characterized by the use of microprocessors. Semiconductor memory was commonly used Development Intel AMD etc 21

22 Intel 4004 The Intel 4004 microprocessor was announced in The Intel 4004 microprocessor had 2,300 transistors. A clock speed of 108 KHz. A die size of 12 sq mm. 4 bit memory access. 4 bit registers. The Intel 4004 microprocessor supported Up to 32,768 bits of program storage. Up to 5,120 bits of data storage. The 4004 was used mainly in calculators. 22

23 Intel

24 MOS 6502 The MOS 6502 microprocessor was announced in The MOS 6502 microprocessor had A clock speed of 1 MHz. 8 bit memory access. 8 bit registers. The MOS 6502 microprocessor supported Up to 65,536 bytes (8 bit) of main memory. The MOS 6502 was used in The Apple II personal computer. The Comodore PET personal computer. The KIM-1 computer kit. The Atari 2600 game system. The Nintendo Famicon game system. Initial price of the 6502 was $

25 Intel Pentium IV State of the art 42 million transistors 2GHz 0.13mm process Could fit ~15, s on this chip! 25

26 Now - zenterprise196 Microprocessor 1.4 billion transistors, Quad core design Up to 96 cores (80 visible to OS) in one multichip module 5.2 GHz, IBM 45nm SOI CMOS technology 64-bit virtual addressing original 360 was 24-bit; 370 was a 31-bit extension Superscalar, out-of-order Up to 72 instructions in flight Variable length instruction pipeline: stages Each core has 2 integer units, 2 load-store units and 2 floating point units 8K-entry Branch Target Buffer Very large buffer to support commercial workload Four Levels of caches: 64KB L1 I-cache, 128KB L1 D-cache 1.5MB L2 cache per core 24MB shared on-chip L3 cache 192MB shared off-chip L4 cache 26

27 Fifth Generation Computing devices, based on artificial intelligence Features Voice recognition, Parallel processing Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization 27