|
|
- Lee Watson
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 6: Lgic Based Testing LOGIC BASED TESTING: This unit gives an indepth verview f lgic based testing and its implementatin. At the end f this unit, the student will be able t: Understand the cncept f Lgic based testing. Learn abut Decisin Tables and their applicatin Understand the use f decisin tables in test-case design and knw their limitatins. Understand and interpret KV Charts and knw their limitatins. Learn hw t transfrm specificatins int sentences and map them int KV charts. Understand the imprtance f dnt-care cnditins. OVERVIEW OF LOGIC BASED TESTING: INTRODUCTION: The functinal requirements f many prgrams can be specified by decisin tables, which prvide a useful basis fr prgram and test design. Cnsistency and cmpleteness can be analyzed by using blean algebra, which can als be used as a basis fr test design. Blean algebra is trivialized by using Karnaugh-Veitch charts. "Lgic" is ne f the mst ften used wrds in prgrammers' vcabularies but ne f their least used techniques. Blean algebra is t lgic as arithmetic is t mathematics. Withut it, the tester r prgrammer is cut ff frm many test and design techniques and tls that incrprate thse techniques. Lgic has been, fr several decades, the primary tl f hardware lgic designers. Many test methds develped fr hardware lgic can be adapted t sftware lgic testing. Because hardware testing autmatin is 10 t 15 years ahead f sftware testing autmatin, hardware testing methds and its assciated thery is a fertile grund fr sftware testing methds. As prgramming and test techniques have imprved, the bugs have shifted clser t the prcess frnt end, t requirements and their specificatins. These bugs range frm 8% t 30% f the ttal and because they're first-in and last-ut, they're the cstliest f all. The truble with specificatins is that they're hard t express. Blean algebra (als knwn as the sentential calculus) is the mst basic f all lgic systems. Higher-rder lgic systems are needed and used fr frmal specificatins. Much f lgical analysis can be and is embedded in tls. But these tls incrprate methds t simplify, transfrm, and check specificatins, and the methds are t a large extent based n blean algebra. KWLEDGE BASED SYSTEM: The knwledge-based system (als expert system r artificial intelligence system has becme the prgramming cnstruct f chice fr many applicatins that were nce cnsidered very difficult. Knwledge-based systems incrprate knwledge frm a knwledge dmain such as medicine, law, r civil engineering int a database. The Chapter 6 Page 1
2 Chapter 6: Lgic Based Testing data can then be queried and interacted with t prvide slutins t prblems in that dmain. One implementatin f knwledge-based systems is t incrprate the expert's knwledge int a set f rules. The user can then prvide data and ask questins based n that data. The user's data is prcessed thrugh the rule base t yield cnclusins (tentative r definite) and requests fr mre data. The prcessing is dne by a prgram called the inference engine. Understanding knwledge-based systems and their validatin prblems requires an understanding f frmal lgic. Decisin tables are extensively used in business data prcessing; Decisin-table preprcessrs as extensins t COBOL are in cmmn use; blean algebra is embedded in the implementatin f these prcessrs. Althugh prgrammed tls are nice t have, mst f the benefits f blean algebra can be reaped by whlly manual means if yu have the right cnceptual tl: the Karnaugh-Veitch diagram is that cnceptual tl. DECISION TABLES: Figure 6.1 is a limited - entry decisin table. It cnsists f fur areas called the cnditin stub, the cnditin entry, the actin stub, and the actin entry. Each clumn f the table is a rule that specifies the cnditins under which the actins named in the actin stub will take place. The cnditin stub is a list f names f cnditins. Figure 6.1: Examples f Decisin Table. A mre general decisin table can be as belw: Chapter 6 Page 2
3 Chapter 6: Lgic Based Testing Figure 6.2: Anther Examples f Decisin Table. A rule specifies whether a cnditin shuld r shuld nt be met fr the rule t be satisfied. "" means that the cnditin must be met, "" means that the cnditin must nt be met, and "I" means that the cnditin plays n part in the rule, r it is immaterial t that rule. The actin stub names the actins the rutine will take r initiate if the rule is satisfied. If the actin entry is "", the actin will take place; if "", the actin will nt take place. The table in Figure 6.1 can be translated as fllws: Actin 1 will take place if cnditins 1 and 2 are met and if cnditins 3 and 4 are nt met (rule 1) r if cnditins 1, 3, and 4 are met (rule 2). "Cnditin" is anther wrd fr predicate. Decisin-table uses "cnditin" and "satisfied" r "met". Let us use "predicate" and TRUE / FALSE. Nw the abve translatins becme: 1. Actin 1 will be taken if predicates 1 and 2 are true and if predicates 3 and 4 are false (rule 1), r if predicates 1, 3, and 4 are true (rule 2). 2. Actin 2 will be taken if the predicates are all false, (rule 3). 3. Actin 3 will take place if predicate 1 is false and predicate 4 is true (rule 4). In additin t the stated rules, we als need a Default Rule that specifies the default actin t be taken when all ther rules fail. The default rules fr Table in Figure 6.1 is shwn in Figure 6.3 Chapter 6 Page 3
4 Chapter 6: Lgic Based Testing Figure 6.3: The default rules f Table in Figure 6.1 DECISION-TABLE PROCESSORS: Decisin tables can be autmatically translated int cde and, as such, are a higher-rder language If the rule is satisfied, the crrespnding actin takes place Otherwise, rule 2 is tried. This prcess cntinues until either a satisfied rule results in an actin r n rule is satisfied and the default actin is taken Decisin tables have becme a useful tl in the prgrammers kit, in business data prcessing. DECISION-TABLES AS BASIS FOR TEST CASE DESIGN: 0. The specificatin is given as a decisin table r can be easily cnverted int ne. 1. The rder in which the predicates are evaluated des nt affect interpretatin f the rules r the resulting actin - i.e., an arbitrary permutatin f the predicate rder will nt, r shuld nt, affect which actin takes place. 2. The rder in which the rules are evaluated des nt affect the resulting actin - i.e., an arbitrary permutatin f rules will nt, r shuld nt, affect which actin takes place. 3. Once a rule is satisfied and an actin selected, n ther rule need be examined. 4. If several actins can result frm satisfying a rule, the rder in which the actins are executed desn't matter DECISION-TABLES AND STRUCTURE: Decisin tables can als be used t examine a prgram's structure. Figure 6.4 shws a prgram segment that cnsists f a decisin tree. These decisins, in varius cmbinatins, can lead t actins 1, 2, r 3. Chapter 6 Page 4
5 Chapter 6: Lgic Based Testing Figure 6.4 : A Sample Prgram If the decisin appears n a path, put in a r as apprpriate. If the decisin des nt appear n the path, put in an I, Rule 1 des nt cntain decisin C, therefre its entries are:,, I,. The crrespnding decisin table is shwn in Table 6.1 CONDITION A CONDITION B CONDITION C CONDITION D ACTION 1 ACTION 2 ACTION 3 RULE 1 RULE 2 RULE 3 RULE 4 RULE 5 RULE 6 I I I I I I I I Table 6.1 : Decisin Table crrespnding t Figure 6.4 As an example, expanding the immaterial cases results as belw: Similalrly, If we expand the immaterial cases fr the abve Table 6.1, it results in Table 6.2 as belw: Chapter 6 Page 5
6 Chapter 6: Lgic Based Testing CONDITION A CONDITION B CONDITION C CONDITION D R 1 RULE 2 R 3 RULE 4 R 5 R 6 YY YY YN YY YYYY NNNN NNYY YNNY YY YY YN NN NNNN YYNN YYYY NYYN NN NY NN YY NN YN NN NN Table 6.2 : Expansin f Table 6.1 Sixteen cases are represented in Table 6.1, and n case appears twice. Cnsequently, the flwgraph appears t be cmplete and cnsistent. As a first check, befre yu lk fr all sixteen cmbinatins, cunt the number f Y's and N's in each rw. They shuld be equal. We can find the bug that way. ATHER EXAMPLE - A TROUBLE SOME PROGRAM: Cnsider the fllwing specificatin whse putative flwgraph is shwn in Figure 6.5: 1. If cnditin A is met, d prcess A1 n matter what ther actins are taken r what ther cnditins are met. 2. If cnditin B is met, d prcess A2 n matter what ther actins are taken r what ther cnditins are met. 3. If cnditin C is met, d prcess A3 n matter what ther actins are taken r what ther cnditins are met. 4. If nne f the cnditins is met, then d prcesses A1, A2, and A3. 5. When mre than ne prcess is dne, prcess A1 must be dne first, then A2, and then A3. The nly permissible cases are: (A1), (A2), (A3), (A1,A3), (A2,A3) and (A1,A2,A3). Figure 6.5 shws a sample prgram with a bug. Figure 6.5: A Trublesme Prgram Chapter 6 Page 6
7 Chapter 6: Lgic Based Testing The prgrammer tried t frce all three prcesses t be executed fr the cases but frgt that the B and C predicates wuld be dne again, thereby bypassing prcesses A2 and A3. Table 6.3 shws the cnversin f this flwgraph int a decisin table after expansin. Table 6.3: Decisin Table fr Figure 6.5 PATH EXPRESSIONS: GENERAL: Lgic-based testing is structural testing when it's applied t structure (e.g., cntrl flwgraph f an implementatin); it's functinal testing when it's applied t a specificatin. In lgic-based testing we fcus n the truth values f cntrl flw predicates. A predicate is implemented as a prcess whse utcme is a truth-functinal value. Fr ur purpse, lgic-based testing is restricted t binary predicates. We start by generating path expressins by path tracing as in Unit V, but this time, ur purpse is t cnvert the path expressins int blean algebra, using the predicates' truth values (e.g., A and ) as weights. BOOLEAN ALGEBRA: STEPS: 1. Label each decisin with an uppercase letter that represents the truth value f the predicate. The r TRUE branch is labeled with a letter (say A) and the r FALSE branch with the same letter verscred (say ). 2. The truth value f a path is the prduct f the individual labels. Cncatenatin r prducts mean "AND". Fr example, the straightthrugh path f Figure 6.5, which ges via ndes 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, and 2, has a truth value f ABC. The path via ndes 3, 6, 7, 9 and 2 has a value f. 3. If tw r mre paths merge at a nde, the fact is expressed by use f a plus sign (+) which means "OR". Chapter 6 Page 7
8 Chapter 6: Lgic Based Testing Figure 6.5 : A Trublesme Prgram Using this cnventin, the truth-functinal values fr several f the ndes can be expressed in terms f segments frm previus ndes. Use the nde name t identify the pint. There are nly tw numbers in blean algebra: zer (0) and ne (1). One means "always true" and zer means "always false". RULES OF BOOLEAN ALGEBRA: Blean algebra has three peratrs: X (AND), + (OR) and (T) X : meaning AND. Als called multiplicatin. A statement such as AB (A X B) means "A and B are bth true". This symbl is usually left ut as in rdinary algebra. + : meaning OR. "A + B" means "either A is true r B is true r bth". meaning T. Als negatin r cmplementatin. This is read as either "nt A" r "A bar". The entire expressin under the bar is negated. The fllwing are the laws f blean algebra: Chapter 6 Page 8
9 Chapter 6: Lgic Based Testing In all f the abve, a letter can represent a single sentence r an entire blean algebra expressin. Individual letters in a blean algebra expressin are called Literals (e.g. A,B) The prduct f several literals is called a prduct term (e.g., ABC, DE). An arbitrary blean expressin that has been multiplied ut s that it cnsists f the sum f prducts (e.g., ABC + DEF + GH) is said t be in sum-f-prducts frm. The result f simplificatins (using the rules abve) is again in the sum f prduct frm and each prduct term in such a simplified versin is called a prime implicant. Fr example, ABC + AB + DEF reduces by rule 20 t AB + DEF; that is, AB and DEF are prime implicants. The path expressins f Figure 6.5 can nw be simplified by applying the rules. The fllwing are the laws f blean algebra: Chapter 6 Page 9
10 Chapter 6: Lgic Based Testing Similarly, The deviatin frm the specificatin is nw clear. The functins shuld have been: Lps cmplicate things because we may have t slve a blean equatin t determine what predicate-value cmbinatins lead t where. KV CHARTS: INTRODUCTION: If yu had t deal with expressins in fur, five, r six variables, yu culd get bgged dwn in the algebra and make as many errrs in designing test cases as there are bugs in the rutine yu're testing. Chapter 6 Page 10
11 Chapter 6: Lgic Based Testing Karnaugh-Veitch chart reduces blean algebraic manipulatins t graphical trivia. Beynd six variables these diagrams get cumbersme and may nt be effective. SINGLE VARIABLE: Figure 6.6 shws all the blean functins f a single variable and their equivalent representatin as a KV chart. Figure 6.6 : KV Charts fr Functins f a Single Variable. The charts shw all pssible truth values that the variable A can have. A "1" means the variable s value is "1" r TRUE. A "0" means that the variable's value is 0 r FALSE. The entry in the bx (0 r 1) specifies whether the functin that the chart represents is true r false fr that value f the variable. We usually d nt explicitly put in 0 entries but specify nly the cnditins under which the functin is true. TWO VARIABLES: Figure 6.7 shws eight f the sixteen pssible functins f tw variables. Chapter 6 Page 11
12 Chapter 6: Lgic Based Testing Figure 6.7: KV Charts fr Functins f Tw Variables. Each bx crrespnds t the cmbinatin f values f the variables fr the rw and clumn f that bx. A pair may be adjacent either hrizntally r vertically but nt diagnally. Any variable that changes in either the hrizntal r vertical directin des nt appear in the expressin. In the fifth chart, the B variable changes frm 0 t 1 ging dwn the clumn, and because the A variable's value fr the clumn is 1, the chart is equivalent t a simple A. Figure 6.8 shws the remaining eight functins f tw variables. Chapter 6 Page 12
13 Chapter 6: Lgic Based Testing Figure 6.8: Mre Functins f Tw Variables. The first chart has tw 1's in it, but because they are nt adjacent, each must be taken separately. They are written using a plus sign. It is clear nw why there are sixteen functins f tw variables. Each bx in the KV chart crrespnds t a cmbinatin f the variables' values. That cmbinatin might r might nt be in the functin (i.e., the bx crrespnding t that cmbinatin might have a 1 r 0 entry). Since n variables lead t 2 n cmbinatins f 0 and 1 fr the variables, and each such cmbinatin (bx) can be filled r nt filled, leading t 2 2n ways f ding this. Chapter 6 Page 13
14 Chapter 6: Lgic Based Testing Cnsequently fr ne variable there are 2 21 = 4 functins, 16 functins f 2 variables, 256 functins f 3 variables, 16,384 functins f 4 variables, and s n. Given tw charts ver the same variables, arranged the same way, their prduct is the term by term prduct, their sum is the term by term sum, and the negatin f a chart is gtten by reversing all the 0 and 1 entries in the chart. THREE VARIABLES: KV charts fr three variables are shwn belw. As befre, each bx represents an elementary term f three variables with a bar appearing r nt appearing accrding t whether the rw-clumn heading fr that bx is 0 r 1. A three-variable chart can have grupings f 1, 2, 4, and 8 bxes. A few examples will illustrate the principles: OR Chapter 6 Page 14
15 Chapter 6: Lgic Based Testing Chapter 6 Page 15
16 Chapter 6: Lgic Based Testing Figure 6.8: KV Charts fr Functins f Three Variables. Chapter 6 Page 16
SOFTWARE TESTING UNIT-VI Logic Based Testing
OVERVEW OF LOGC BASED TESTNG : NTRODUCTON: The functional requirements of many programs can be specified by decision tables, which provide a useful basis for program and test design. Consistency and completeness
More informationThis unit gives an in-depth overview of Paths of various flow graphs, their interpretations and application.
PATHS, PATH PRODUCTS AND REGULAR EXPRESSIONS This unit gives an in-depth verview f Paths f varius flw graphs, their interpretatins and applicatin. At the end f this unit, the student will be able t: Interpret
More information1 Version Spaces. CS 478 Homework 1 SOLUTION
CS 478 Hmewrk SOLUTION This is a pssible slutin t the hmewrk, althugh there may be ther crrect respnses t sme f the questins. The questins are repeated in this fnt, while answers are in a mnspaced fnt.
More informationLab 1 - Calculator. K&R All of Chapter 1, 7.4, and Appendix B1.2 Iterative Code Design handout Style Guidelines handout
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ BOARD OF STUDIES IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING CMPE13/L: INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING IN C SPRING 2013 Lab 1 - Calculatr Intrductin Reading Cncepts In this lab yu will be
More informationLab 1 - Calculator. K&R All of Chapter 1, 7.4, and Appendix B1.2
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ BOARD OF STUDIES IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING CMPE13/L: INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING IN C SPRING 2012 Lab 1 - Calculatr Intrductin In this lab yu will be writing yur first
More information1 Binary Trees and Adaptive Data Compression
University f Illinis at Chicag CS 202: Data Structures and Discrete Mathematics II Handut 5 Prfessr Rbert H. Slan September 18, 2002 A Little Bttle... with the wrds DRINK ME, (r Adaptive data cmpressin
More informationUsing the Swiftpage Connect List Manager
Quick Start Guide T: Using the Swiftpage Cnnect List Manager The Swiftpage Cnnect List Manager can be used t imprt yur cntacts, mdify cntact infrmatin, create grups ut f thse cntacts, filter yur cntacts
More informationEastern Mediterranean University School of Computing and Technology Information Technology Lecture2 Functions
Eastern Mediterranean University Schl f Cmputing and Technlgy Infrmatin Technlgy Lecture2 Functins User Defined Functins Why d we need functins? T make yur prgram readable and rganized T reduce repeated
More informationUsing SPLAY Tree s for state-full packet classification
Curse Prject Using SPLAY Tree s fr state-full packet classificatin 1- What is a Splay Tree? These ntes discuss the splay tree, a frm f self-adjusting search tree in which the amrtized time fr an access,
More informationCS1150 Principles of Computer Science Midterm Review
CS1150 Principles f Cmputer Science Midterm Review Yanyan Zhuang Department f Cmputer Science http://www.cs.uccs.edu/~yzhuang CS1150 UC. Clrad Springs Office hurs 10/15, Mnday, 12:05 12:50pm 10/17, Wednesday
More informationReporting Requirements Specification
Cmmunity Mental Health Cmmn Assessment Prject OCAN 2.0 - ing Requirements Specificatin May 4, 2010 Versin 2.0.2 SECURITY NOTICE This material and the infrmatin cntained herein are prprietary t Cmmunity
More informationRelius Documents ASP Checklist Entry
Relius Dcuments ASP Checklist Entry Overview Checklist Entry is the main data entry interface fr the Relius Dcuments ASP system. The data that is cllected within this prgram is used primarily t build dcuments,
More informationCS1150 Principles of Computer Science Loops
CS1150 Principles f Cmputer Science Lps Yanyan Zhuang Department f Cmputer Science http://www.cs.uccs.edu/~yzhuang CS1150 UC. Clrad Springs Annuncement HW1 graded HW2 due tnight HW3 will be psted sn Due
More informationWeb of Science Institutional authored and cited papers
Web f Science Institutinal authred and cited papers Prcedures written by Diane Carrll Washingtn State University Libraries December, 2007, updated Nvember 2009 Annual review f paper s authred and cited
More informationData Structure Interview Questions
Data Structure Interview Questins A list f tp frequently asked Data Structure interview questins and answers are given belw. 1) What is Data Structure? Explain. Data structure is a way that specifies hw
More informationScatter Search And Bionomic Algorithms For The Aircraft Landing Problem
Scatter Search And Binmic Algrithms Fr The Aircraft Landing Prblem J. E. Beasley Mathematical Sciences Brunel University Uxbridge UB8 3PH United Kingdm http://peple.brunel.ac.uk/~mastjjb/jeb/jeb.html Abstract:
More informationUsing the Swiftpage Connect List Manager
Quick Start Guide T: Using the Swiftpage Cnnect List Manager The Swiftpage Cnnect List Manager can be used t imprt yur cntacts, mdify cntact infrmatin, create grups ut f thse cntacts, filter yur cntacts
More informationLab 4. Name: Checked: Objectives:
Lab 4 Name: Checked: Objectives: Learn hw t test cde snippets interactively. Learn abut the Java API Practice using Randm, Math, and String methds and assrted ther methds frm the Java API Part A. Use jgrasp
More informationCOP2800 Homework #3 Assignment Spring 2013
YOUR NAME: DATE: LAST FOUR DIGITS OF YOUR UF-ID: Please Print Clearly (Blck Letters) YOUR PARTNER S NAME: DATE: LAST FOUR DIGITS OF PARTNER S UF-ID: Please Print Clearly Date Assigned: 15 February 2013
More informationIteration Part 2. Review: Iteration [Part 1] Flow charts for two loop constructs. Review: Syntax of loops. while continuation_condition : statement1
Review: Iteratin [Part 1] Iteratin Part 2 CS111 Cmputer Prgramming Department f Cmputer Science Wellesley Cllege Iteratin is the repeated executin f a set f statements until a stpping cnditin is reached.
More informationUML : MODELS, VIEWS, AND DIAGRAMS
UML : MODELS, VIEWS, AND DIAGRAMS Purpse and Target Grup f a Mdel In real life we ften bserve that the results f cumbersme, tedius, and expensive mdeling simply disappear in a stack f paper n smene's desk.
More informationMATH PRACTICE EXAM 2 (Sections 2.6, , )
MATH 1050-90 PRACTICE EXAM 2 (Sectins 2.6, 3.1-3.5, 7.1-7.6) The purpse f the practice exam is t give yu an idea f the fllwing: length f exam difficulty level f prblems Yur actual exam will have different
More informationCS1150 Principles of Computer Science Methods
CS1150 Principles f Cmputer Science Methds Yanyan Zhuang Department f Cmputer Science http://www.cs.uccs.edu/~yzhuang CS1150 UC. Clrad Springs Opening Prblem Find the sum f integers frm 1 t 10, frm 20
More informationTest Pilot User Guide
Test Pilt User Guide Adapted frm http://www.clearlearning.cm Accessing Assessments and Surveys Test Pilt assessments and surveys are designed t be delivered t anyne using a standard web brwser and thus
More informationStealing passwords via browser refresh
Stealing passwrds via brwser refresh Authr: Karmendra Khli [karmendra.khli@paladin.net] Date: August 07, 2004 Versin: 1.1 The brwser s back and refresh features can be used t steal passwrds frm insecurely
More informationHigher Maths EF1.2 and RC1.2 Trigonometry - Revision
Higher Maths EF and R Trignmetry - Revisin This revisin pack cvers the skills at Unit Assessment and exam level fr Trignmetry s yu can evaluate yur learning f this utcme. It is imprtant that yu prepare
More informationPlease contact technical support if you have questions about the directory that your organization uses for user management.
Overview ACTIVE DATA CALENDAR LDAP/AD IMPLEMENTATION GUIDE Active Data Calendar allws fr the use f single authenticatin fr users lgging int the administrative area f the applicatin thrugh LDAP/AD. LDAP
More informationTRAINING GUIDE. Overview of Lucity Spatial
TRAINING GUIDE Overview f Lucity Spatial Overview f Lucity Spatial In this sessin, we ll cver the key cmpnents f Lucity Spatial. Table f Cntents Lucity Spatial... 2 Requirements... 2 Setup... 3 Assign
More informationTwo Dimensional Truss
Tw Dimensinal Truss Intrductin This tutrial was created using ANSYS 7.0 t slve a simple 2D Truss prblem. This is the first f fur intrductry ANSYS tutrials. Prblem Descriptin Determine the ndal deflectins,
More informationFrequently Asked Questions
Frequently Asked Questins Date f Last Update: FAQ SatView 0001 SatView is nt pening and hangs at the initial start-up splash screen This is mst likely an issue with ne f the dependency, SQL LcalDB, missing
More informationRelational Operators, and the If Statement. 9.1 Combined Assignments. Relational Operators (4.1) Last time we discovered combined assignments such as:
Relatinal Operatrs, and the If Statement 9/18/06 CS150 Intrductin t Cmputer Science 1 1 9.1 Cmbined Assignments Last time we discvered cmbined assignments such as: a /= b + c; Which f the fllwing lng frms
More informationGrade 4 Mathematics Item Specification C1 TJ
Claim 1: Cncepts and Prcedures Students can explain and apply mathematical cncepts and carry ut mathematical prcedures with precisin and fluency. Cntent Dmain: Measurement and Data Target J [s]: Represent
More informationof Prolog An Overview 1.1 An example program: defining family relations
An Overview f Prlg This chaptereviews basic mechanisms f Prlg thrugh an example prgram. Althugh the treatment is largely infrmal many imprtant cncepts are intrduced. 1.1 An example prgram: defining family
More informationINSTALLING CCRQINVOICE
INSTALLING CCRQINVOICE Thank yu fr selecting CCRQInvice. This dcument prvides a quick review f hw t install CCRQInvice. Detailed instructins can be fund in the prgram manual. While this may seem like a
More informationAdverse Action Letters
Adverse Actin Letters Setup and Usage Instructins The FRS Adverse Actin Letter mdule was designed t prvide yu with a very elabrate and sphisticated slutin t help autmate and handle all f yur Adverse Actin
More informationAscii Art Capstone project in C
Ascii Art Capstne prject in C CSSE 120 Intrductin t Sftware Develpment (Rbtics) Spring 2010-2011 Hw t begin the Ascii Art prject Page 1 Prceed as fllws, in the rder listed. 1. If yu have nt dne s already,
More informationUser Guide. Document Version: 1.0. Solution Version:
User Guide Dcument Versin: 1.0 Slutin Versin: 365.082017.3.1 Table f Cntents Prduct Overview... 3 Hw t Install and Activate Custmer Satisfactin Survey Slutin?... 4 Security Rles in Custmer Satisfactin
More informationWhitepaper. Migrating External Specs to AutoCAD Plant 3D. Set Up the Required Folder Structure. Migrating External Specs to AutoCAD Plant 3D
Whitepaper The wrkflw fr migrating specs frm 3 rd -party sftware packages t AutCAD Plant 3D is as fllws: Set Up the Required Flder Structure Build CSV Files Cntaining Part Infrmatin Map External Parts
More informationC++ Reference Material Programming Style Conventions
C++ Reference Material Prgramming Style Cnventins What fllws here is a set f reasnably widely used C++ prgramming style cnventins. Whenever yu mve int a new prgramming envirnment, any cnventins yu have
More informationLab 5 Sorting with Linked Lists
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ BOARD OF STUDIES IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING CMPE13/L: INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING IN C WINTER 2013 Lab 5 Srting with Linked Lists Intrductin Reading This lab intrduces
More informationQuerying Data with Transact SQL
Querying Data with Transact SQL Curse Cde: 20761 Certificatin Exam: 70-761 Duratin: 5 Days Certificatin Track: MCSA: SQL 2016 Database Develpment Frmat: Classrm Level: 200 Abut this curse: This curse is
More informationSystems & Operating Systems
McGill University COMP-206 Sftware Systems Due: Octber 1, 2011 n WEB CT at 23:55 (tw late days, -5% each day) Systems & Operating Systems Graphical user interfaces have advanced enugh t permit sftware
More informationFocus University Training Document
Fcus University Training Dcument Fcus Training: Subjects and Curses Setup; Curse Requests Training Agenda: Setting up Subjects and Curses; Entering Curse Requests; Scheduling Reprts 2016 Subject and Curses
More informationPAGE NAMING STRATEGIES
PAGE NAMING STRATEGIES Naming Yur Pages in SiteCatalyst May 14, 2007 Versin 1.1 CHAPTER 1 1 Page Naming The pagename variable is used t identify each page that will be tracked n the web site. If the pagename
More informationROCK-POND REPORTING 2.1
ROCK-POND REPORTING 2.1 AUTO-SCHEDULER USER GUIDE Revised n 08/19/2014 OVERVIEW The purpse f this dcument is t describe the prcess in which t fllw t setup the Rck-Pnd Reprting prduct s that users can schedule
More informationInterfacing to MATLAB. You can download the interface developed in this tutorial. It exists as a collection of 3 MATLAB files.
Interfacing t MATLAB Overview: Getting Started Basic Tutrial Interfacing with OCX Installatin GUI with MATLAB's GUIDE First Buttn & Image Mre ActiveX Cntrls Exting the GUI Advanced Tutrial MATLAB Cntrls
More informationFaculty Textbook Adoption Instructions
Faculty Textbk Adptin Instructins The Bkstre has partnered with MBS Direct t prvide textbks t ur students. This partnership ffers ur students and parents mre chices while saving them mney, including ptins
More informationOverview of OPC Alarms and Events
Overview f OPC Alarms and Events Cpyright 2016 EXELE Infrmatin Systems, Inc. EXELE Infrmatin Systems (585) 385-9740 Web: http://www.exele.cm Supprt: supprt@exele.cm Sales: sales@exele.cm Table f Cntents
More informationHigh School - Mathematics Related Basic Skill or Concept
Reprting Categry Knwledge High Schl - Mathematics r Cncept Sample Instructinal Activities Expressins Operatins HSM-EO 1 HSM-EO 2 a) match an algebraic expressin invlving ne peratin t represent a given
More informationExercises: Plotting Complex Figures Using R
Exercises: Pltting Cmplex Figures Using R Versin 2017-11 Exercises: Pltting Cmplex Figures in R 2 Licence This manual is 2016-17, Simn Andrews. This manual is distributed under the creative cmmns Attributin-Nn-Cmmercial-Share
More informationSummary. Server environment: Subversion 1.4.6
Surce Management Tl Server Envirnment Operatin Summary In the e- gvernment standard framewrk, Subversin, an pen surce, is used as the surce management tl fr develpment envirnment. Subversin (SVN, versin
More informationUiPath Automation. Walkthrough. Walkthrough Calculate Client Security Hash
UiPath Autmatin Walkthrugh Walkthrugh Calculate Client Security Hash Walkthrugh Calculate Client Security Hash Start with the REFramewrk template. We start ff with a simple implementatin t demnstrate the
More informationUiPath Automation. Walkthrough. Walkthrough Calculate Client Security Hash
UiPath Autmatin Walkthrugh Walkthrugh Calculate Client Security Hash Walkthrugh Calculate Client Security Hash Start with the REFramewrk template. We start ff with a simple implementatin t demnstrate the
More informationYou may receive a total of two GSA graduate student grants in your entire academic career, regardless of what program you are currently enrolled in.
GSA Research Grant Applicatin GUIDELINES & INSTRUCTIONS GENERAL INFORMATION T apply fr this grant, yu must be a GSA student member wh has renewed r is active thrugh the end f the award year (which is the
More informationData Miner Platinum. DataMinerPlatinum allows you to build custom reports with advanced queries. Reports > DataMinerPlatinum
Data Miner Platinum DataMinerPlatinum allws yu t build custm reprts with advanced queries. Reprts > DataMinerPlatinum Click Add New Recrd. Mve thrugh the tabs alng the tp t build yur reprt, with the end
More informationCourse 10262A: Developing Windows Applications with Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 OVERVIEW
Curse 10262A: Develping Windws Applicatins with Micrsft Visual Studi 2010 OVERVIEW Abut this Curse In this curse, experienced develpers wh knw the basics f Windws Frms develpment gain mre advanced Windws
More informationReport Writing Guidelines Writing Support Services
Reprt Writing Guidelines Writing Supprt Services Overview The guidelines presented here shuld give yu an idea f general cnventins fr writing frmal reprts. Hwever, yu shuld always cnsider yur particular
More informationCS1150 Principles of Computer Science Introduction (Part II)
Principles f Cmputer Science Intrductin (Part II) Yanyan Zhuang Department f Cmputer Science http://www.cs.uccs.edu/~yzhuang UC. Clrad Springs Review Terminlgy Class } Every Java prgram must have at least
More informationThe Mathematics of the Rubik s Cube
The Mathematics f the Rubik s Cube Middle Schl Natinal Standards Cmmn Cre State Standards Materials Instructinal prgrams frm prekindergarten thrugh grade 12 shuld enable all students t: Understand numbers,
More informationTymberwood Academy. Introduction
Tymberwd Academy Intrductin Children are intrduced t the prcesses f calculatin thrugh practical, ral and mental activities. As they begin t understand the underlying ideas, they develp ways f recrding
More informationComputational Methods of Scientific Programming Fall 2008
MIT OpenCurseWare http://cw.mit.edu 12.010 Cmputatinal Methds f Scientific Prgramming Fall 2008 Fr infrmatin abut citing these materials r ur Terms f Use, visit: http://cw.mit.edu/terms. 12.010 Hmewrk
More informationProject #1 - Fraction Calculator
AP Cmputer Science Liberty High Schl Prject #1 - Fractin Calculatr Students will implement a basic calculatr that handles fractins. 1. Required Behavir and Grading Scheme (100 pints ttal) Criteria Pints
More informationLecture Handout. Database Management System. Overview of Lecture. Vertical Partitioning. Lecture No. 24
Lecture Handut Database Management System Lecture N. 24 Reading Material Database Systems Principles, Design and Implementatin written by Catherine Ricard, Maxwell Macmillan. Database Management Systems,
More information1 Getting and Extracting the Upgrader
Hughes BGAN-X 9202 Upgrader User Guide (Mac) Rev 1.0 (23-Feb-12) This dcument explains hw t use the Hughes BGAN Upgrader prgram fr the 9202 User Terminal using a Mac Nte: Mac OS X Versin 10.4 r newer is
More informationUser Guide. ACE Data Source. OnCommand Workflow Automation (WFA) Abstract PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
PROFESSIONAL SERVICES User Guide OnCmmand Wrkflw Autmatin (WFA) ACE Data Surce Prepared fr: ACE Data Surce - Versin 2.0.0 Date: Octber 2015 Dcument Versin: 2.0.0 Abstract The ACE Data Surce (ACE-DS) is
More informationCreating Relativity Dynamic Objects
Creating Relativity Dynamic Objects January 29, 2018 - Versin 9.5 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
More informationMOS Access 2013 Quick Reference
MOS Access 2013 Quick Reference Exam 77-424: MOS Access 2013 Objectives http://www.micrsft.cm/learning/en-us/exam.aspx?id=77-424 Create and Manage a Database Create a New Database This bjective may include
More informationCreating Relativity Dynamic Objects
Creating Relativity Dynamic Objects Nvember 22, 2017 - Versin 9.3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
More informationIn-Class Exercise. Hashing Used in: Hashing Algorithm
In-Class Exercise Hashing Used in: Encryptin fr authenticatin Hash a digital signature, get the value assciated with the digital signature,and bth are sent separately t receiver. The receiver then uses
More informationThe UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL
Yu will learn the fllwing in this lab: The UNIVERSITY f NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL Cmp 541 Digital Lgic and Cmputer Design Spring 2016 Lab Prject (PART A): A Full Cmputer! Issued Fri 4/8/16; Suggested
More informationWorkflow Exception Routing for edocs
Wrkflw Exceptin Ruting fr edcs Dcuments that have been apprved by all necessary ndes in wrkflw and are sent t the enrllment engine, but fail fr sme reasn are sent t exceptin ruting. There is ne wrkgrup
More informationAccess 2000 Queries Tips & Techniques
Access 2000 Queries Tips & Techniques Query Basics The query is the basic tl that Access prvides fr retrieving infrmatin frm yur database. Each query functins like a questin that can be asked immediately
More informationQualtrics Instructions
Create a Survey/Prject G t the Ursinus Cllege hmepage and click n Faculty and Staff. Click n Qualtrics. Lgin t Qualtrics using yur Ursinus username and passwrd. Click n +Create Prject. Chse Research Cre.
More informationCase Metrics Guide. January 11, 2019 Version For the most recent version of this document, visit our documentation website.
Case Metrics Guide January 11, 2019 Versin 9.6.202.10 Fr the mst recent versin f this dcument, visit ur dcumentatin website. Table f Cntents 1 Case Metrics 3 1.1 Case Metrics Cmpatibility Matrix 3 1.2
More informationReading and writing data in files
Reading and writing data in files It is ften very useful t stre data in a file n disk fr later reference. But hw des ne put it there, and hw des ne read it back? Each prgramming language has its wn peculiar
More informationInfrastructure Series
Infrastructure Series TechDc WebSphere Message Brker / IBM Integratin Bus Parallel Prcessing (Aggregatin) (Message Flw Develpment) February 2015 Authr(s): - IBM Message Brker - Develpment Parallel Prcessing
More informationsoftpanel generic installation and operation instructions for nanobox products
1 f 10 System Requirements... 3 Installatin... 3 Java... 3 RxTx Serial Drivers... 3 Granting a user permissin t pen a COM Prt in Mac OS X... 3 USB t Serial Drivers... 4 Mac OS X 10.6 Snw Lepard... 4 Operatin...
More informationDECISION CONTROL CONSTRUCTS IN JAVA
DECISION CONTROL CONSTRUCTS IN JAVA Decisin cntrl statements can change the executin flw f a prgram. Decisin cntrl statements in Java are: if statement Cnditinal peratr switch statement If statement The
More informationMcGill University School of Computer Science COMP-206. Software Systems. Due: September 29, 2008 on WEB CT at 23:55.
Schl f Cmputer Science McGill University Schl f Cmputer Science COMP-206 Sftware Systems Due: September 29, 2008 n WEB CT at 23:55 Operating Systems This assignment explres the Unix perating system and
More informationNetwork Rail ARMS - Asbestos Risk Management System. Training Guide for use of the Import Survey Template
Netwrk Rail ARMS - Asbests Risk Management System Training Guide fr use f the Imprt Survey Template The ARMS Imprt Survey Template New Asbests Management Surveys and their Survey Detail reprts can be added
More informationThe UNIVERSITY of NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL
Yu will learn the fllwing in this lab: The UNIVERSITY f NORTH CAROLINA at CHAPEL HILL Designing a mdule with multiple memries Designing and using a bitmap fnt Designing a memry-mapped display Cmp 541 Digital
More informationGetting Started with the Web Designer Suite
Getting Started with the Web Designer Suite The Web Designer Suite prvides yu with a slew f Dreamweaver extensins that will assist yu in the design phase f creating a website. The tls prvided in this suite
More informationChapter 2 Basic Operations
Chapter 2 Basic Operatins Lessn B String Operatins 10 Minutes Lab Gals In this Lessn, yu will: Learn hw t use the fllwing Transfrmatins: Set Replace Extract Cuntpattern Split Learn hw t apply certain Transfrmatins
More informationPower365. Quick Start Guide
Pwer365 Quick Start Guide 12/2017 Table f Cntents Prject Types... 4 The Email Frm File Prject Type... 4 The Email With Discvery Prject Type... 4 The Integratin Prject Type... 4 The Integratin Pr Prject
More informationUNIT 7 RIGHT ANGLE TRIANGLES
UNIT 7 RIGHT ANGLE TRIANGLES Assignment Title Wrk t cmplete Cmplete Cmplete the vcabulary wrds n Vcabulary the attached handut with infrmatin frm the bklet r text. 1 Triangles Labelling Triangles 2 Pythagrean
More information1on1 Sales Manager Tool. User Guide
1n1 Sales Manager Tl User Guide Table f Cntents Install r Upgrade 1n1 Page 2 Setting up Security fr Dynamic Reprting Page 3 Installing ERA-IGNITE Page 4 Cnverting (Imprting) Queries int Dynamic Reprting
More informationCopyrights and Trademarks
Cpyrights and Trademarks Sage One Accunting Cnversin Manual 1 Cpyrights and Trademarks Cpyrights and Trademarks Cpyrights and Trademarks Cpyright 2002-2014 by Us. We hereby acknwledge the cpyrights and
More informationDue Date: Lab report is due on Mar 6 (PRA 01) or Mar 7 (PRA 02)
Lab 3 Packet Scheduling Due Date: Lab reprt is due n Mar 6 (PRA 01) r Mar 7 (PRA 02) Teams: This lab may be cmpleted in teams f 2 students (Teams f three r mre are nt permitted. All members receive the
More informationComputer Organization and Architecture
Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga UNIVERSIDADE DO MINHO ESCOLA DE ENGENHARIA Departament de Infrmática Cmputer Organizatin and Architecture 5th Editin, 2000 by William Stallings Table f Cntents I. OVERVIEW.
More informationStudio One 3.5 Audio Dropout Protection and Low-Latency Monitoring
Studi One 3.5 Audi Drput Prtectin and Lw-Latency Mnitring Handbk Jeff Pettit 5/23/2017 Revisin Histry: 1. Initial Release 5/23/2017 1.1. Added LLM plugins behind the scenes lgic and clean up 5/24/2017
More informationCisco Tetration Analytics, Release , Release Notes
Cisc Tetratin Analytics, Release 1.102.21, Release Ntes This dcument describes the features, caveats, and limitatins fr the Cisc Tetratin Analytics sftware. Additinal prduct Release ntes are smetimes updated
More informationLicensing the Core Client Access License (CAL) Suite and Enterprise CAL Suite
Vlume Licensing brief Licensing the Cre Client Access License (CAL) Suite and Enterprise CAL Suite Table f Cntents This brief applies t all Micrsft Vlume Licensing prgrams. Summary... 1 What s New in this
More informationQuick Start Guide. Basic Concepts. DemoPad Designer - Quick Start Guide
Quick Start Guide This guide will explain the prcess f installing & using the DemPad Designer sftware fr PC, which allws yu t create a custmised Graphical User Interface (GUI) fr an iphne / ipad & embed
More informationUsers, groups, collections and submissions in DSpace. Contents
Users, grups, cllectins and submissins in DSpace Cntents Key cncepts... 2 User accunts and authenticatin... 2 Authrisatin and privileges... 2 Resurce plicies... 2 User rles and grups... 3 Submissin wrkflws...
More informationExtensible Query Processing in Starburst
Extensible Query Prcessing in Starburst Laura M. Haas, J.C. Freytag, G.M. Lhman, and H.Pirahesh IBM Almaden Research Center CS848 Instructr: David Tman Presented By Yunpeng James Liu Outline Intrductin
More informationUniversity Facilities
1 University Facilities WebTMA Requestr Training Manual WebTMA is Drexel University s nline wrk rder management system. The fllwing instructins will walk yu thrugh the steps n hw t: 1. Submit a wrk request
More information1 Getting and Extracting the Upgrader
Hughes BGAN-X 9211 Upgrader User Guide (Mac) Rev 1.2 (6-Jul-17) This dcument explains hw t use the Hughes BGAN Upgrader prgram fr the 9211 User Terminal using a Mac Nte: Mac OS X Versin 10.4 r newer is
More informationCntents 1 Intrductin Kit Cntents Requirements Installatin Gesture Sensr Kit Hardware and Jumper Settings De
Thin Film Pyrelectric IR Gesture Sensr Demnstratr Kit Fr lw pwer, high perfrmance gesture cntrl User Guide Versin 1.0 Dcument Revisin 1.00 20 th February 2012 Cntents 1 Intrductin... 3 1.1 Kit Cntents...
More informationComputer Organization and Architecture
Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga UNIVERSIDADE DO MINHO ESCOLA DE ENGENHARIA Departament de Infrmática Cmputer Organizatin and Architecture 5th Editin, 2000 by William Stallings Table f Cntents I. OVERVIEW.
More informationLAB 7 (June 29/July 4) Structures, Stream I/O, Self-referential structures (Linked list) in C
LAB 7 (June 29/July 4) Structures, Stream I/O, Self-referential structures (Linked list) in C Due: July 9 (Sun) 11:59 pm 1. Prblem A Subject: Structure declaratin, initializatin and assignment. Structure
More information