An Introduction to the Logic. Silicon Chips

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1 An Introduction to the Logic of Silicon Chips

2 Here is a photo of a typical silicon chip, taken alongside the tip of my little finger. Modern chips can be made a good deal smaller than the one shown - just a few millimetres across The chip comprises a (very small) piece of semiconductor material encapsulated in a plastic package, which has a number of metal terminal pins connected to the semiconductor and leading out of the package. The chip in the photo has 4 pins. Most silicon chips have a set of 'input' pins, 'output' pins and power-supply pins, and the function of the chip is to control the voltages on the output terminals in response to the voltages measured on the input terminals. Chips are manufactured in tjhousands of different types, and a key difference between these is the relationship the chip effects between its inputs and outputs. Digital chips are primarily associated with inputs and outputs that can only take two legitimate values - traditionally called 'nought' and 'one', though the actual voltages may well not be zero and one. But they will have two distinct values and you should not expect to see an output voltage which is not one of these two acceptable values. Analogue chips more commonly deal with voltages that can take an arbitrary (infinite) number of legitimate values between a lower and upper limit.

3 This presentation will cover some simple digital chips, explain some of their internal logic, and show how repeated use of the simplest components can build towards a system of astonishing complexity.

4 + v In In 2 Basic 'Nand' gate v In In2 Truth Table In In 2 Standard Logic Symbol

5 + v In In 2 Basic 'Nand' gate v In In2 Truth Table In In 2 Standard Logic Symbol

6 + v In In 2 Basic 'Nand' gate v In In2 Truth Table In In 2 Standard Logic Symbol

7 + v In In 2 Basic 'Nand' gate v In In2 Truth Table In In 2 Standard Logic Symbol

8 + v In In 2 Basic 'Nand' gate v In In2 Truth Table In In 2 Standard Logic Symbol

9 In ('') 2 ('/') In 2 Basic Latch In In2 / / Truth Table

10 In ('') In 2 2 ('/') Basic Latch In In2 / / Truth Table

11 In ('') In 2 2 ('/') Basic Latch In In2 / / Truth Table

12 In ('') In 2 2 ('/') Basic Latch In In2 / / Truth Table

13 In? ('')? 2 ('/') In 2 Basic Latch In In2 / / Truth Table

14 In? ('')? 2 ('/') In 2 Basic Latch In In2 / / Truth Table

15 In ('')? 2 ('/') In 2 Basic Latch In In2 / / Truth Table

16 In ('')? 2 ('/') In 2 Basic Latch In In2 / / Truth Table

17 In ('') 2 ('/') In 2 Basic Latch In In2 / / Truth Table

18 In ('') 2 ('/') In 2 Basic Latch In In2 / / Truth Table

19 In ('') 2 ('/') In 2 Basic Latch In In2 / / Truth Table

20 In Edge Generator In Timing Diagram

21 In Edge Generator In Timing Diagram

22 In Edge Generator In Timing Diagram

23 In Edge Generator In Timing Diagram

24 In Edge Generator In Timing Diagram

25 In Edge Generator In Timing Diagram

26 In Edge Generator In Timing Diagram

27 Pulse Switching Logic

28 Pulse Switching Logic

29 Pulse Switching Logic

30 Pulse Switching Logic

31 Pulse Switching Logic

32 (pulse) (pulse) Pulse Switching Logic

33 (pulse) (pulse) (pulse) Pulse Switching Logic

34 Pulse Switching Logic

35 Pulse Switching Logic

36 (pulse) (pulse) (pulse) Pulse Switching Logic

37 / D Type Latch / Standard Logic Symbol

38 / D Type Latch / Standard Logic Symbol

39 / D Type Latch / Standard Logic Symbol

40 / D Type Latch / Standard Logic Symbol

41 / D Type Latch / Standard Logic Symbol

42 / D Type Latch / Standard Logic Symbol

43 / D Type Latch / Standard Logic Symbol

44 / D Type Latch / Standard Logic Symbol

45 / D Type Latch / Standard Logic Symbol

46 ???? 4-bit data latch

47 ???? 4-bit data latch

48 ???? 4-bit data latch

49 4-bit data latch

50 4-bit data latch

51 / D Latch as Divide by 2

52 / D Latch as Divide by 2

53 / D Latch as Divide by 2

54 / D Latch as Divide by 2

55 / D Latch as Divide by 2

56 / D Latch as Divide by 2

57 / / / 2 3 In D latches as 3 stage binary counter

58 / / / 2 3 In D latches as 3 stage binary counter

59 / / / 2 3 In D latches as 3 stage binary counter

60 / / / 2 3 In D latches as 3 stage binary counter

61 / / / 2 3 In D latches as 3 stage binary counter

62 / / / 2 3 In D latches as 3 stage binary counter

63 / / / 2 3 In D latches as 3 stage binary counter

64 / / / 2 3 In D latches as 3 stage binary counter

65 / / / 2 3? In D latches as 3 stage binary counter

66 Binary Arithmetic Reminder of Decimal Arithmetic The 2 key facts are:- * Symbols available are * n has the value x n (e.g. 4 = 4 x, 5 = 5 x x ) e.g ====== 6 3 Binary Arithmetic has equivalent facts:- * Symbols available are * n has the value 2 x n (e.g. = x 2, = x 2 x 2) Examples Decimal Binary ==== ===== 5 3 * 2 ===== ===== ==== ======= 3

67 In A In B In C! (A & B)! (B & C) 2 or 3 i/ps Carry! (A & C)! (A & B & C) A + B + C One-Bit Binary Adder (with carry) In A In B In C Carry

68 In A In B In C! (A & B)! (B & C) 2 or 3 i/ps Carry! (A & C)! (A & B & C) A + B + C One-Bit Binary Adder (with carry) In A In B In C Carry

69 In A In B In C! (A & B)! (B & C) 2 or 3 i/ps Carry! (A & C)! (A & B & C) A + B + C One-Bit Binary Adder (with carry) In A In B In C Carry

70 In A In B In C! (A & B)! (B & C) 2 or 3 i/ps Carry! (A & C)! (A & B & C) A + B + C One-Bit Binary Adder (with carry) In A In B In C Carry

71 In A In B In C! (A & B)! (B & C) 2 or 3 i/ps Carry! (A & C)! (A & B & C) A + B + C One-Bit Binary Adder (with carry) In A In B In C Carry

72 In A In B In C Carry In A In B In C Carry In A In B In C Carry In A In B In C Carry 4-bit binary adder In A In B In A2 In B2 In A3 In B3 In A4 In B4 Carry In Carry 2 3 4

73 In A In B In C Carry In A In B In C Carry In A In B In C Carry In A In B In C Carry 4-bit binary adder In A In B In A2 In B2 In A3 In B3 In A4 In B4 Carry In Carry 2 3 4

74 In A In B In C Carry In A In B In C Carry In A In B In C Carry In A Carry In B In C 4-bit binary adder In A In B In A2 In B2 In A3 In B3 In A4 In B4 Carry In Carry 2 3 4

75 In / / / 2 3 In D latches as 3 stage shift register

76 In / / / 2 3 In D latches as 3 stage shift register

77 In / / / 2 3 In D latches as 3 stage shift register

78 In / / / 2 3 In D latches as 3 stage shift register

79 In / / / 2 3 In D latches as 3 stage shift register

80 2 3 / /2 / bit decoder

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