Telecommunication. Evolution towards broadband networks: N-ISDN, services, B-ISDN. Krzysztof Wajda
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1 Telecommunication Networks and Systems Evolution towards broadband networks: N-ISDN, services, B-ISDN Krzysztof Wajda Department of Telecommunications, AGH-UST October, 2016
2 Outline Evolution of telecommunication systems Telecommunication system Circuit-switching and packet-switching Services N-ISDN N-ISDN - services Fundamentals of ATM Advantages and drawbacks of ATM Perspectives for broadband networking
3 Lecture scope Basic backbone ( core ) concepts: N-ISDN ATM MPLS GMPLS + fundamentals of service implementation
4 Telecommunication system Urządzenia użytkownika CPE Łącza lokalne Local Loop Systemy komutacyjne Switching Systems Systemy transmisyjne Interoffice Trunks Systemy komutacyjne Switching Systems Łącza lokalne Local Loop private network trunk switching carrier system satellite system PBX modem local switch tandem tandem local switch. switch. switch microwave system FAX trunk links fiber system modem local switch Multiplexer Leased line modem Local Area Network gateway modem or other transmisssion system
5 Telecommunication system Urządzenia użytkownika CPE Łącza lokalne Local Loop Systemy komutacyjne Switching Systems Systemy transmisyjne Interoffice Trunks Systemy komutacyjne Switching Systems Łącza lokalne Local Loop private network trunk switching carrier system satellite system PBX FAX modem modem local switch local switch trunk links tandem tandem local switch. switch. switch microwave system access switching tele- fiber system transmission Multiplexer Leased line modem Local Area Network gateway modem or other transmisssion system
6 Telecommunication services Broadband ISDN ISDN EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) packet switching DATA electronic mail telegrafia telefonia Radio telex telemetry circuits switching teletex videotex teleshoppping facsimile color facsimile mobile facsimile GRAPHICS Voice Conferencing Voice-to-text Text-to-voice Satellite Communication Voice Storage VOICE Hifi Telephony Stereo Sound CD-quality Music AUDIO Television Videotelephony Color Television High Definition TV Videoconferencing Cable TV Satellite News Gathering Stereo Television Video on Demend mobile telephony celular telephony digital mobile telephony paging systems alphanumeric paging nationwide paging systems global paging systems wireless digital telephony mobile data transmission VIDEO MOBILE SERVICES
7 Peak traffic in Europe Wire access Mobile access *Sandvine, Global Internet Phenomena Report: 1H 2014
8 Wired users Top applications in Europe Mobile users *Sandvine, Global Internet Phenomena Report: 1H 2014
9 Basic trends evolution towards single multiservice network multimedia services inteligent services fast access line to end-user protection of investments.
10 Circuit and packet switching (1) Circuit-switching connection is identified by index (number) in frame transfer of information is done after set-up phase (signalling) necessity of synchronization between traffic source and transmission system (slot) Packet-switching connection is identified by label generation and sending an information is independent from transport (ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
11 ATM TDM and label multiplexing label multiplexing ATM packet Information field header Time division multiplexing Beginning of frame TDM timeslot Information field channel1 channel 2 channel 3 channel n
12 Circuit and packet switching (2) Circuit-switching pros: transparency of network, independence from protocols, no jitter cons: no tuning of transport resources to intensity of information generation Packet switching pros: optimization of used resources, bandwidth available on demand, transport flexible for bursty traffic cons: strong dependency on protocols, packet delay is variable and difficult for prediction. ATM standard implements advantageous features of both approaches
13 ISDN - intro
14 ... beginning Alexander Graham Bell (1876)
15 ISDN ISDN service is a digital technology for access and intranetwork The basic ISDN bearer capability is circuitswitched mode unrestricted digital transmission, supporting on-demand, point-to-point, bidirectional and symmetric digital connectivity
16 N-ISDN ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network interfaces - access: BRA - Basic Rate Access: 2 channels B each 64 kbps plus channel D 16 kbps PRA - Primary Rate Access: 30 channels B each 64 kbps plus signalling packet channel D 64 kbps plus slot no 0 (not accessible for user)
17 ISDN - access configuration 2B+D 2x 64kbit/s channels + 16 kbit/s packet/signalling channel (Basic Rate Access) 23B+D 23 x 64 kbit/s + 16 kbit/s packet/signalling channel (Primary Rate Access) n x 64 + D n x 64 kbit/s channels (n from 1 to 23) 30B+D channel 30 x 64 kbit/s + 64 kbit/s packet/signalling H0+D A nonchannelized 384 kbit/s channel plus 64 kbit/s packet/signalling channel H11 A nonchannelized (signalling within another D-channel interface) H12 A nonchannelized (signalling within another D-channel interface)
18 ISDN basic approach for services bearer services transport service teleservices focus on terminals, users
19 ISDN bearer services Voice: digital voice signal encoded according to G.711, converters A/µ, echo cancellation, analog links, 3,1kHz, acoustic: extended type of signal (modems, telefaxes type 1,2 i 3 and telephone service), 64 kbps, unlimited: transparent channel PCM 64 kbps, no modification between sender and user
20 ISDN - teleservices
21 ISDN teleservices (1) telephony transfer of digitally encoded audio signal teletex transmission of text telefax - transmission of text and graphics after pixel-based analysis wideotex similar as teletex but sending output to monitor screen sending information (with attachments as text, voice, graphics, video) to mailbox data transmission direct transmission of digital content among computers or networks
22 ISDN teleservices (2) videophony simultaneous transmission of voice and real-time video television - transmission of TV signal teleaction sending short messages telealarm sending alarms from user s sensors telealert similar as for telealarm but in opposite direction telecommand service of remote control of elements in users premices telemetry remote reading of counters or measurement equipment (sensors)
23 ATM - introduction
24 ATM Informacje podstawowe
25
26 ATM fundamental features information is transferred in short packets (cells) connection-oriented solution virtual channelsh asynchronous time division multiplexing advanced support for QoS
27 ATM predecessors Circuits Switching Packet Switching 1980 BERKOM Germany Voice Television static channels ATD Asynchronous Time Division France - CNET Voice Television short, constant-length packets FPS Fast Packet Switching AT&T Bellcore IBM High Speed Data variable-length packets 1985 STM Synchronous Transfer Mode ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode 1989 epoch of 53 bytes?
28 ATM why short packets? message100 0 bytes 45 Mbps 999 other connections Max. delay (ms) Large overhead from header Message in single cell Payload (B) Waiting for other cells Delay and delay variability small for short messages, e.g. voice samples
29 ATM why 53 bytes?
30 ATM definitions widely accepted and universal telecommunication technology for broadband networking user information is sent in short, fixed-lenght packets (cells - 53 bytes) in connection-oriented mode (virtual channel) intensively standardized since 1989 used in all network areas and for most applications currently decreasing importance
31 ATM quality aspects 1) For ATM it is possible to define different QoS levels (quality parameters in packet layer) packet losses: CLR - Cell Loss Ratio timing : CTD - Cell Transfer Delay CDV - Cell Delay Variation 2) Virtual channel is defined by: PCR - Peak Cell Rate SCR - Sustainable Cell Rate + burst layer parameters
32 ATM service classes CBR - Constant Bit Rate circuitemulation VBR - Variable Bit Rate video and audio services with compression ABR - Available Bit Rate services with bandwidth negotiation UBR - Unspecified Bit Rate no quality specification GFR Guaranteed Frame Rate, quality guarantees for packet and frame levels
33 ATM layered structure of net PCs, terminals LAN access backbone Token Ring ATM switch ATM card (access ATM switch) FDDI video camera net adapter Ethernet
34 ATM in LANs at the beginning the biggest hope in telecom market ATM network is connection-oriented and in LAN has to emulate connectionless mode (LANE - LAN Emulation) LANE protocol has allowed access to ATM from IP, Appletalk, NetBIOS czy APPN best effort service in LAN is well emulated by ABR (Available Bit Rate) service in ATM
35 ATM in the world fast development in USA closed development in Japan static development in Europe about 80 vendors of ATM in 1996, evolution of core switches: Europe: 13 (1994), 47 (1995), 155 (1996), 5220 (2000) USA: 88 (1994), 326 (1995), 991 (1996), (2000)
36 ATM - standardization 2005 Joining The ATM Forum with MPLS Forum and Frame Relay Forum Created MFA Forum
37 ATM summary The ATM technology is NOT considered currently as the target technology for broadband networking Is fully standardized ATM equipment is widely used, mainly in core segment and this is the result of: proliferation of multimedia services using high bandwidths, reasonable prices of ATM equipment (cost/qos rate is attractive) forecasts for ATM are positive for next 2-3 years
38 The future past: ATM + SDH in each network area currently fast development od WDM and DWDM systems access to huge capacities back to IP - with support for QoS. development of MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) and GMPLS successors of ATM.
39 ATM Forum
40 ATM standardization ITU-T general aspects, administration, services ATM Forum all aspects ETSI general architecture, broadband interfaces, access standards (eg. VDSL) DAVIC (Digital Audio-Video Council) multimedia broadband services FSAN (Full Services Access Network) reuqirements for access network (also based on ATM) ADSL-Forum - transport technologies, IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force - IP/ATM interworking
41 ATM Forum 1. Organization established in 1991 by CISCO, NET/Adaptive, Northern Telecom and US Sprint 2. In best period 1000 participants 3. goals: definition of industrial standards for ATM technology 4. ATM Forum had an initiative in ATM standardization cooperating closely with ITU-T, IETF, ADSL Forum, Frame Relay Forum in order to fulfill standard compatibility.
42 Anchorage Accord April 1996 An answer to critics related to ATM instability Declares maturity of ATM technology speciifications: foundation fixed for 18 months period, eg. UNI, PNNI, B-ICI, TM, physical interfaces extended feature - oparta na specyfikacji podstawowej
43 Summary N-ISDN as first flexible networking concept ATM flexible, multi-purpose but very complex solution Growing position of IP over anything below solutions
44 Bibliography ATM Forum standards ITU-T Recommendations D. Ginsburg, ATM. Solutions for enterprise networking, Addison-Wesley, 1999 Lecture notes: Papers from IEEE Communications Magazine
45 Thank you!
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