Ubiquitous Computing Introduction

Transcription

1 Ubiquitous Introduction University of Innsbruck WS 2010/2011 Prof. Dr. Thomas Strang

2 Where it all started The term Ubiquitous 1 goes back to the late Mark Weiser, who wrote 1991 in his famous Scientific American article The computer of the 21st century : The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it. [ ] 1) German: allgegenwärtig 2

3 Mark Weiser s Vision Weiser promoted the coming age of a calm technology, where the computer is a quiet, invisible servant which helps the user to do something else. [ ] According to Weiser s vision, the goal should be to design technology "that which informs but doesn't demand our focus or attention." 3

4 Ubiquitous Evolution Chain Evolution Chain Centralized Distributed Remote Communications protocol layering, RPC, end-to-end args... Fault Tolerance & Availablity transactions, replication, load balancing... Management policies, monitoring, managed objects... Remote Information Access distrib. file systems, distrib. databases, caching... Security encryption, authentication & authorisation, PKI... 4

5 Mobile Mobile Paradigm : any service at any place at any time (at any cost) 5

6 Ubiquitous Evolution Chain Evolution Chain Centralized Distributed Mobile Remote Communications protocol layering, RPC, end-to-end args... Fault Tolerance & Availablity transactions, replication, load balancing... Management policies, monitoring, managed objects... Remote Information Access distrib. file systems, distrib. databases, caching... Security encryption, authentication & authorisation, PKI... Mobile Networking Mobile IP, wireless networks... Mobile Information Access partial autonomy, weak connectivity & consistency... Adaptive Applications proxies, transcoding, agility... Position Sensitivity GPS, triangulation... 6

7 Ubiquitous Ubiquitous Paradigm : the right service at the right place at the right time (at the right cost) magic beyond the scene You have been driving for 10 hours now and the weather is becoming bad. How about a stopover at a quiet hotel at the lake nearby? 7

8 Ubiquitous Evolution Chain Evolution Chain Centralized Distributed Mobile Ubiquitous Remote Communications protocol layering, RPC, end-to-end args... Fault Tolerance & Availablity transactions, replication, load balancing... Management policies, monitoring, managed objects... Remote Information Access distrib. file systems, distrib. databases, caching... Security encryption, authentication & authorisation, PKI... Mobile Networking Mobile IP, wireless networks... Mobile Information Access partial autonomy, weak connectivity & consistency... Adaptive Applications proxies, transcoding, agility... Position Sensitivity GPS, triangulation... Ad-hoc Networks collaboration, zero config, rerouting... 8

9 Ad-hoc Networking [Takeda et al., UbiComp 2004] UbiComp2004: Multi-Hop on Table-Top: A Scalable Evaluation Workbench for Wireless Ad-Hoc/Sensor Network Systems Kazuhiro Takeda, Koji Shuto, Kiyoto Tani, Yu Enokibori, Gaute Lambertsen and Nobuhiko Nishio Ritsumeikan University / Japan Science and Technology Agency Video! [ 9

10 Towards Autonomy: Self-* Properties Self-Configuring Self-Regulating Self-Optimising, Self-Tuning Self-Learning Self-Healing, Self-Recovery Self-Protecting Self-Aware Self-Inspection, Self- Decision Self-Organising Self-Creating, Self- Assembly, Self-Replicating Self-Evolution, Emergence Self-Managing or selfgoverning Self-Describing Self- Explaining Self-representing 10

11 Self-* Properties UbiComp systems aim for self-* properties to reduce management load by design: Self-Configuration Self-Organization Self-Healing Self-Optimization Self-Protection

12 Self-Configuration Large distributed systems comprise of a huge amount of different components (services and hardware). Configuration is a challenging task in such environments. The idea of self-configuration is the adoption of the self-organization and fully distributed cooperation capabilities known from groups with cooperative social behavior which collaborate to solve a problem. Every member of the group can decide which part of the problem it can solve and which QoS it can provide.

13 Self-Organization A system is self-organizing if it automatically, dynamically and autonomously adapts itself to achieve global goals more efficiently under changing conditions.

14 Self-Healing The task of self-healing is to assure that a system meets some defined conditions as far as possible, i.e. to guarantee that all services running in the framework stay available, even in the case of partial outages in the system.

15 Self-Optimization The self-configuration is responsible to find a good distribution of the services in terms of the given resources of the service description. The target of the self-optimization is to distribute the services of the application in a way that the considered resources are utilized evenly. A typical approach is to find an adequate configuration at the beginning and to optimize the application during runtime.

16 Self-Protection Self-protection techniques cope with intentionally or unintentionally malicious peers or services in a framework. The behave as the immune system of a service framework as they are permissive to goodnatured services and messages but can detect appearing malicious events.

17 Ubiquitous Evolution Chain Evolution Chain Centralized Distributed Mobile Ubiquitous Remote Communications protocol layering, RPC, end-to-end args... Fault Tolerance & Availablity transactions, replication, load balancing... Management policies, monitoring, managed objects... Remote Information Access distrib. file systems, distrib. databases, caching... Security encryption, authentication & authorisation, PKI... Mobile Networking Mobile IP, wireless networks... Mobile Information Access partial autonomy, weak connectivity & consistency... Adaptive Applications proxies, transcoding, agility... Position Sensitivity GPS, triangulation... Ad-hoc Networks collaboration, zero config, rerouting... Smart Sensors & Devices invisibility, ressource limitation awareness... 17

18 Ubiquitous : Smart Devices size of devices 1:N 1:1 time number of devices N:1 actuators (embeddedness) hmi (small, resolution, power consumption) memory (persistent & volatile) sensors (types, accuracy) processing power (cheap, fast, small, energy efficient) 18

19 Smart Mobile Devices... 19

20 Smart Mobile Devices (SmartPhones) multiple inhomogenious networks short range: IrDA, Bluetooth, Wireless LAN wide area: (HS)CSD, GPRS, UMTS sometimes also no network resource limitations battery power processing power (performance) memory (volatile and non-volatile) programmable Java (J2ME, Android) OS level (e.g. Symbian OS) sensor and actuators GPS, accelerometers, pressure... 20

21 or even smaller ones Skin Sensors Coin Sized Sensors Smart Environment 21

22 down to Smart Dust July 99 smart dust devices ( Motes ): tiny wireless microelectromechanical sensors (MEMS) that can detect everything from light to vibrations contain sensors, computing circuits, bidirectional wireless communications technology and a power supply gather scads of data, run computations and communicate that information using two-way band radio between motes at distances approaching 1,000 feet 11.7 mm : 6.6 mm 3 22

23 Ubiquitous : Invisibility implicid use (transparent) explicit use perception level e.g. answering e.g. typing on a keyboard interaction device e.g. walking through an automatic door e.g. holding an automatic door open fully embedded invisibility of technology [Schmidt, 2004] 23

24 Ubiquitous Evolution Chain Evolution Chain Centralized Distributed Mobile Ubiquitous Remote Communications protocol layering, RPC, end-to-end args... Fault Tolerance & Availablity transactions, replication, load balancing... Management policies, monitoring, managed objects... Remote Information Access distrib. file systems, distrib. databases, caching... Security encryption, authentication & authorisation, PKI... Mobile Networking Mobile IP, wireless networks... Mobile Information Access partial autonomy, weak connectivity & consistency... Adaptive Applications proxies, transcoding, agility... Position Sensitivity GPS, triangulation... Ad-hoc Networks collaboration, zero config, rerouting... Smart Sensors & Devices invisibility, ressource limitation awareness... Context-Awareness context refinement, location... 24

25 Ubiquitous : Context-Awareness Definition of Context: Any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity. An Entity is a person, place or object that is considered relevant [..] [concerning service usage.] (A.K.Dey: Understanding and using context ) Definition of Context Awareness: A system is context-aware if it uses context to provide relevant information and/or services to the user, where relevancy depends on the user s task. (A.K.Dey: Understanding and using context ) Location Awareness is specialization of Context Awareness. 25

26 Terminology The term, Pervasive 1 invented by IBM used to describe research that had many similarities to the goals of ubiquitous computing. In fact, Pervasive synonymously used to Ubiquitous 2 (UbiComp) today 1) German: durchdringend, überall vorhanden 2) German: allgegenwärtig 26

27 Possible Terminology Breakdown Low Level of Mobility Pervasive Traditional Business Distributed High Level of Embeddedness Low Ubiquitous Invisible Mobile Nomadic High [Lyytinen & Yoo, 2002] 27

28 Related Terms In Europe also very popular: Ambient Intelligence (AmI) refers to electronic environments that are sensitive and responsive to the presence of people. Mainly used to describe visionary features of consumer electronics. Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the general idea of things, including everyday objects, which are readable, recognisable, locatable, addressable and/or controllable via the Internet of the Future. 28

29 Intelligent Environments: Microsoft Home Example Video! [ ] 29

30 Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) AAL aims to prolong the time people can live in decent way in their own home by increasing their autonomy and self-confidence, the discharge of activities of daily living, to monitor and care for the elderly or ill person, to enhance the security and to save resources It is important to reach these objectives in an unobtrusive and respectful way, i.e. in a UbiComp way 30

31 Outlook Introduction to UbiComp RFID Localization Context and Context-Awareness Sensors Activity Recognition Ubiquitous HMI (Guest Lecture) Optional: Systems, User Studies 31