Multimedia Networking Introduction
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1 Multimedia Networking Introduction o What is Multimedia? o How does Multimedia Communication Differ? o Media Data and Metadata o Multimedia Communication Aspects o Multimedia Network Requirements 1 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
2 What is Multimedia? Text Sound Images Video Simultaneous deployment of various media 2 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
3 Networked Multimedia Applications o Multimedia Extended o World Wide Web o Video Distribution Services o Video Conferencing o Interactive Distributed Games o Virtual Reality o Distant Learning o Instant Messaging Alignment of Media requires Synchronisation 3 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
4 Networked Multimedia Applications Sometimes there may be only one media, but similar requirements: o Image Distribution o Telephony o Radio o Jukebox Services o Document Archives 4 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
5 Video Streaming 5 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
6 Video-Conferencing 6 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
7 IP Telephony 7 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
8 How does Multimedia Communication Differ? o Data Formatting the only universal data standard is ASCII o Data Volume many times there are several fat chunks o Data Delivery Demands synchronisation & real-time requirements o Interactive Data Exchange user sensitive to response time o Complex Communication Scenarios additional meta-communication needed 8 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
9 Distinctive Issues o Media Specific Formats o Partitioning of Complex Information into Media Types o Data Compression o Continuous Flows of Data o Data Bound to Real-Time Playout o Interactivity Burdened with Data Complexity o Limited Loss Toleration o Media & Communication Specific Signalling 9 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
10 QoS Layered Model 10 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
11 Types of Media Timeless Text with or without formatting (ASCII, HTML, XML, PDF, ) Images with or without animation (GIF, PNG, JPEG, TIFF, ) Vector graphics (SVG, Vendor Formats) Animation Scripts (Java-/ECMAScript, Flash, ) Time-based Audio (PCM, GSM, G.7xx, MP3, WAV, ) Synthesised Audio (MIDI) Video (MPEG1/2/4, AVC, H.26x, ) Synchronised Media Streams (SMIL, Lingo) 11 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
12 Media Formats & Bandwidths Video (raw) Formats Lines Columns Fps [Hz] Size [kb] Data Rate [Mb/s] QCIF CIF CCIR601 (TV) Audio (raw) Formats Sampling Rate [khz] Size [bit] Data Rate [kb/s] G.711 (Speech) Music CD (Stereo) 44, Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
13 Countermeasure on Bandwidth: Compressive Coding Media Coding: Sampling & Quantisation Apply Compression by o Redundancy Elimination o Data Reduction of Unnoticeable Information o Statistical Reduction (Entropy Coding) o Lossy Adaptation to Bandwidth Limitations Objective: Minimal Data for Given Play-Out Quality 13 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
14 Sampling & Quantisation 14 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
15 Transform Coding Decoding (DCT- or Wavelet- based) Image T Q C lossless decorelation lossy Quantizer entropy coder compressed bitstream Rec.Image IT IQ IC 15 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
16 Temporal Decorrelation for Video: Difference Coding In slow moving scenes many subsequent images are nearly alike: Temporal Redundancy is eliminated by coding only the difference of subsequent images (Inter-Frames). To limit accumulating errors full images (Intra-Frames) are coded regularly ( one of 50 frames) I = Intra P = Inter I P P P P I P P P 16 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt GOP t
17 Coding Video Data: Compression Rates of 1 : 300 up to 1 : 1500 needed Choice of Coding depends on: o Strength of Algorithms o Resource availability in the Network o Compute capabilities at End-nodes o Types of application: Live (real-time) or Store & Retrieve o Quality requirements at End-nodes 17 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
18 Metadata We need assistance to examine media content: o MPEG-7: Multimedia Content Description Interface - Meta data standard - Goal: describe multimedia data for search, retrieval and (combined/synchronized) play out o MPEG-21: Multimedia Framework (just finishing) - Meta data standard for multimedia applications o Signalling: Technical Metadata for content processing - For end-to-end content handling - For stream management at network and nodes 18 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
19 Multimedia Data Exchange o Media specific data encoding results in many different formats o Formats represent media data specific intelligence (e.g. compression) o Media types require classes of applications (e.g. viewers, players) o Applications must understand the media data formats o Format processing forms major application intelligence o Media types, formats and applications open for new development o Data exchange in heterogeneous environments requires standards Any rigid scheme of standards offends innovation & communication 19 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
20 Mime Signalling Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (RFCs et al.) define an extensible meta-communication scheme on media types, formats and applications. Key component: Definition of media specific Tags Content-Type: type/subtype (* = wildcard) Example Content-Type: application/msword image/gif audio/mp3 New 20 Prof. Mime-Types Dr. Thomas Schmidt are appointed continuously.
21 Mime Signalling (2) 21 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
22 More Signalling Temporal Synchronisation Real-Time Transport (Control) Protocol (RTP/RTCP) Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) Session Handling H.323/H.225/H.245 (POTS compatible) Session Initiation Protocol SIP Session Description Protocol SDP Session Announcement Session Announcement Protocol SAP Internet Media Guides (IMG) 22 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
23 MM Transmission Modes Asynchronous No temporal restriction in data delivery Synchronous Maximal end-to-end delivery delay Isochronous Maximal and minimal end-to-end delivery delay Pseudo-Synchronous Simulated or weakly bound end-to-end delivery delay 23 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
24 MM Communication Aspects Type: Distribution Audio/Video Broadcast, Web, Archives Typical Aspects Asynchronous or pseudo synchronous transmission Client/Server Model, one to many (concurrent) Unidirectional, low interactivity 24 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
25 MM Communication Aspects Type: Exchange Audio/Video Conferencing, Telelearning, Collaboration Tools Typical Aspects Synchronous or isochronous transmission Peer-to-peer, one to one (or multipoint) Bidirectional, highly interactive 25 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
26 MM Communication Aspects Type: Production Multimedia authoring, recording, ( ) Typical Aspects Synchronous or pseudo synchronous transmission Client/Server Model, one to many (competitive) Unidirectional, highly interactive 26 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
27 MM Communication Aspects Type: Synchronisation Data synchronisation, (synchronised) multi-archive retrieval, software distribution Typical Aspects Any mode of transmission Client/Server Model, one to one or many Uni- or bidirectional, low interactivity 27 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
28 Requirements in Multimedia Networking o Sustained availability of NW bandwidth o Predefined reliability and performance of transport o Group communication support o Availability of media-aware middleware o Availability and performance of applications Expected strength of performance strongly (e.g. non-linearly) depends on media quality! 28 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
29 Network Performance Terms and Definitions Bandwidth (sustained) - Average throughput capacity of the network Packet Loss - Measure of network reliability with respect to loss or de-sequencing of (unreliable) packet transport, taken in % End-to-End Latency - Time needed for a packet to travel between application end-points Network Delay - Transit time for a packet within the network Inter-stream Latency - Relative latencies between synchronised streams (e.g. audio and video) Jitter - Delay variation in packet arrival 29 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
30 Critical Issue: Jitter Constant Bit-Rate cells transmitted over packet networks: From Packet Voice Transmitter (PVT) to Receiver (PVR) encounter packet-wise random delays 30 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
31 Estimators How to evaluate delay and jitter? Let t i = Timestamp of the i-th packet r i = Time of reception for the i-th packet Then for appropriate weight 0 < u < 1 d i = (1 u) d i-1 + u (r i t i ) (Delay Estimator) J i = (1 u) J i-1 + u r i t i d i (Jitter Estimator) or J i = (1 u) J i-1 + u (r i t i ) (r i-1 t i-1 ) (Interarrival Jitter Estimator) are smoothed temporal averages 31 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
32 VoIP/VCoIP Real-Time Requirements! Latency < 100 ms! Inter-stream Latency < 30/40 ms audio ahead/behind! Jitter < 50 ms! Packet loss < 1 %! Interruption: 100 ms 1 spoken syllable! Packet reordering may cause loss & jitter 32 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
33 Multimedia Transport Single files (Images, Documents, Video/Audio Scenes, etc): just large chunks for regular (TCP-) transport but real-time streams are incompatible with TCP due to retransmission timing: Originally lost or corrupted packets eventually are useless upon arrival because retransmission took too long UDP used for real-time applications at transport layer 33 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
34 Multimedia Transport: Annoyance to Networks TCP adapts to traffic conditions (per connection states: window sizes) UDP ignores traffic conditions (no connection state) o Multimedia real-time streams may flood networks and routers and harm - other data intensive flows, but - in particular TCP traffic, which is polite o Introduction of multimedia traffic may misbalance well provisioned networks Traffic segregation, policing or bandwidth shaping/engineering 34 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
35 Countermeasures on Delay Delay is added by applications, end-node systems, network nodes and distances. possible preventions depend on application: o Application performance (real-time en-/decoding or pre-encoding) o Overprovisioning in end-nodes and network nodes o Large transmission resources (nw capacity, wire speed routing and switching) o Priorised forwarding o Delay hiding techniques (pre-fetches, buffers, proxies) in applications 35 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
36 Countermeasures on Jitter Delay Variation (Jitter) is the most offending disturbance... due to queuing/multiplexing, host and network overload: o Reliable Jitter compensation: conform each data unit to maximum delay Increase of total delay critical for interactivity o Binding applications to fixed processing times (coding) o Replay buffers and proxies o Over provisioning in end-nodes and network nodes (memory, processing) o Traffic classification & priority queuing o Traffic decrease/adaptation conformal to network capacities o Decrease of overall delay scales 36 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
37 Group Communication o Multicast transmission service - Allows to send a single packet to a group - Needs Multicast routing support - Interactive applications are typically sender & receiver o Server with reflector functionality/multipoint Conference Unit - Introduces additional delay and jitter - Limited scaling 37 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
38 Quality of Service: Problem The ability of networks to guarantee and maintain certain performance levels for each application according to the specified needs of each user IETF QoS is a managed unfairness F.Baker, former IETF Chair In Multimedia Networking QoS is mainly about - Reservation of bandwidth - Predefined delay - Absence of jitter or congestion - Predefined rate of reliability 38 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
39 Quality of Service: Support Adaptation to network capabilities at application: Layered Coding, Adaptive Buffers Traffic Classification: Based on Service Level Agreements Resource Reservation: RSVP based on Flows, Priority Classes Router Scheduling: Priority Queuing, Selective Dropping Service Architectures: DiffServ, IntServ 39 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
40 Reading Rao, Bojkovic, Milovanovic: Introduction to Multimedia Communications, Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, Stallings: High-Speed Networks and Internets, 2 nd Upper Saddle River, NJ, Ed., Prentice-Hall, Künkel: Streaming Media, Wiley & Sons, Chichester, Steinmetz: Multimedia-Technologie, 3 rd Ed., Springer, Berlin IETF Documents: ITU Documents: 40 Prof. Dr. Thomas Schmidt
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