Introduction Problems and Improvements RR DLP DisCarte Results. DisCarte. A Disjunctive Internet Cartographer. Sebastian Schlunke
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1 DisCarte A Disjunctive Internet Cartographer Sebastian Schlunke Seminar Internet Measurement Technische Universität Berlin February 23, 2009 Based on: DisCarte: A Disjunctive Internet Cartographer by R. Sherwood, A. Bernder and N. Spring, SIGCOMM 08 1 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
2 Network Topology Discovery Goal: Infer the structure of a network. Necessary, because the structure is mostly unknown/unpublished. More accurate and complete topologies benefit, for example: network diagnostics, overlay construction or measurement Tools: Rocketfuel Passenger Paris traceroute They are based on traceroutes and direct probing. 2 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
3 An Example: The Topology of the Abilene Network Reality: Rocketfuel: 3 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
4 DisCarte: a Network Topology Inference Tool DisCarte uses disjunctive logic programming (DLP) to combine conventional traceroutes, the IP Record Route Option (RR) and observed engineering practices. As result a topology is generated, that is more accurate/complete and contains fewer errors. 4 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
5 Content Problems of current techniques and an introduction of RR How can RR be used to improve topologies? Disjunctive Logic Programming (DLP) How DLP is used by DisCarte Results 5 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
6 Outline Problems of current techniques and an introduction of RR How can RR be used to improve topologies? Disjunctive Logic Programming (DLP) How DLP is used by DisCarte Results 6 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
7 Problems: Problems of Traceroute-based Techniques mid-measurement path instabilities (e.g. due to load-balancing) anonymous routers, that don t send ICMP answers to packets with expired TTL hidden routers, that don t alter the TTL of forwarded packets routers that ignore packets addressed directly to them (direct probing) Consequences: false links missed routers unresolved aliases 7 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
8 Improvement: RR as Independent Source of Information What is RR? packet-option of the IP-protocol allows to track the path of a packet forwarding routers record their address in the packet-header (address of the outgoing interface) Problems: limited header size allows only 9 entries IP options are rarely used and may cause unexpected behaviour (e.g. broken load-balancing or useless firewall responses) 8 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
9 An Example for an IP Header with RR 9 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
10 Outline Problems of current techniques and an introduction of RR How can RR be used to improve topologies? Disjunctive Logic Programming (DLP) How DLP is used by DisCarte Results 10 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
11 Use of RR information RR should enhance information of traceroutes RR and traceroute information have to be merged Address Alignment: Every router found by traceroute has to be associated with one or more IPs found by RR. Gain: path instabilities can be recognized anonymous and hidden routers can be found aliases can be resolved 11 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
12 Observed RR types Problem: Not all routers comply with the specification different implementations complicate the Address Alignment Observed implementation types: Departing: RR entry with the address of the outgoing interface when the packet is forwarded MPLS: like Departing, no RR entry when packet arrives over an MPLS-enables interface NotImpl: router ignores the RR option Arriving: RR entry when packet arrives Lazy: like Departing, but TTL is not decremented Mixed: like Departing if the packet is forwarded, RR entry with incoming interface if TTL is expired 12 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
13 Address Alignment Assignment based on a single RR entry is usually ambiguous. Example: Several assignments are possible. Multiple traces have to be taken into account. 13 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
14 Outline Problems of current techniques and an introduction of RR How can RR be used to improve topologies? Disjunctive Logic Programming (DLP) How DLP is used by DisCarte Results 14 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
15 Use of DLP in DisCarte Address Alignment: given: information (facts): traceroutes and RR-paths number of possible RR implementations wanted: consistent assignment of implementation types and associated IP-addresses to each router 15 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
16 Solution of a logic program: DLP DLP-Solver tries to find an assignment (solution) for variables, so that the statement holds true Solutions are usually not distinct strong/weak constraints narrow/sort the solutionspace A DLP program consist of: Facts: given logical statements Rules: combination of facts, rules and variables with logical operators Rules in a DLP: fact 0 rule 1 rule n 16 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
17 Outline Problems of current techniques and an introduction of RR How can RR be used to improve topologies? Disjunctive Logic Programming (DLP) How DLP is used by DisCarte Results 17 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
18 Example: a Rule used in DisCarte probepair(x, Y, δ), δ = 1 transition(x, Y, Departing, Departing) transition(x, Y, Arriving, Arriving) transition(x, Y, Departing, NotImpl) transition(x, Y, NotImpl, Arriving) transition(x, Y, NotImpl, Hidden, Departing) transition(x, Y, NotImpl, Hidden, NotImpl) or or or or or or 18 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
19 Solutions & Observed Engineering Practices one strong constraint: All interfaces (aliases) of a router have to have the same RR type. weak constraints: 1. no self-loops 2. IP-addresses of a link differ only in one bit 3. information gained by direct probing is probably correct 4. there are few hidden routers 5. there are few routers that do not implement RR The solution with the lowest costs is probably the closest to reality. 19 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
20 Handling of Large Networks problem: large networks produce a lot of measurement data number of possible RR assignment grows exponentially the solution space becomes to large to be handled (effectively) solution: divide & conquer compute small parts of the network and merge the solutions conflicts may occur and have to be solved 20 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
21 Outline Problems of current techniques and an introduction of RR How can RR be used to improve topologies? Disjunctive Logic Programming (DLP) How DLP is used by DisCarte Results 21 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
22 Validating DisCarte Comparison of Results generated by DisCarte, Passenger and Rocketfuel: DisCarte inferred no false links RR resolved aliases, that have been missed by direct probing techniques no addresses were wrongly aliased by DisCarte 22 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
23 The Abilene Topology Rocketfuel DisCarte Reality 23 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
24 Comparison with other Tools 24 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
25 Conclusion The use of RR allows: alias resolution without direct probing discovery of hidden and anonymous routers recognition of load-balancing and path instabilities In addition it has been shown with DisCarte, that: DLP is flexible enough to cope with the task of Address Aligning the process can be scaled to larger networks The quality and accuracy of the inferred topologies could be increased significantly. 25 Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
26 Bibliography Rob Sherwood, Adam Bender, Neil Spring: DisCarte: A Disjunctive Internet Cartographer; ACM SIGCOMM Rob Sherwood, Neil Spring: Touring the Internet in a TCP Sidecar; ACM B. Augustin, et al.: Avoiding traceroute anomalies with Paris traceroute; ICM N. Spring, R. Mahajan, D. Wetherall: Measuring ISP topologies with Rocketfuel; ACM J. Postel, editor. Internet protocol: IETF RFC Sebastian Schlunke DisCarte
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