Seminario fine secondo anno di dottorato. Flavia Martelli
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1 Seminario fine secondo anno di dottorato
2 Research context Tutor: Prof. Oreste Andrisano Co-Tutor: Prof. Roberto Verdone Reasearch activity performed in the framework of: European Integrated Project WiserBAN Cost Actions: IC1004 2
3 Introduction WBAN = Wireless Body Area Network Collection of nodes placed on, or optionally inside, the human body Sensing and communication capabilities Applications Medical: monitoring vital parameters, drug delivery, implants, hearing aids Sport/Fitness: rehabilitation, motion capture, monitoring parameters Entertainment: consumer electronics (audio/video streaming, interactive gaming), personal item tracking 3
4 WBAN applications: WiserBAN Use Cases Audio streaming Binaural audio link Digital Audio Audio Streaming Implanted part Telephony Remote control «behind-the-ear» to «in-the-ear» Remote control Clinical Fitting FMT Floating Mass Transducer or Cochlear Implant multichannel electrode Hearing aids Cochlear Implant Glucometer Internet PC Remote control Insulin pump Cardiac Implants 4 Insulin Pumps
5 Research interests Link Adaptation in WBANs Performance evaluation of standards for WBANs: IEEE IEEE Coexistence studies 5
6 Coexistence issues for Wireless Body Area Networks
7 Motivation 2.4 GHz ISM band envisaged for WBAN already used by several wireless devices - standard: IEEE (Wi-Fi), Bluetooth, IEEE (Zigbee) - proprietary WBAN should be used everywhere in the daily life 7
8 Reference WBAN Scenario Coordinator (RC) held in the right hand Star topology Right Ear Left Ear Query-based traffic - One packet per node per query - Packet has to be sent before next query Right Hip Heart Right Hand RC 8
9 WBAN Protocol Architecture (1/2) Physical layer: 1. IEEE compliant PHY (MSK with spreading, R b = 250 kbit/s) 2. MSK without spreading (R b = 2 Mbit/s) 3. Bluetooth Low Energy (BT-LE) - compliant PHY (GMSK, R b = 1 Mbit/s) 9
10 BEACON BEACON WBAN Protocol Architecture (2/2) MAC layer: The network is managed by a Coordinator A superframe structure is established when needed for the communication CSMA/CA Ind CFP ACK Inactive CSMA/CA CAP Superframe t 10
11 Methodology
12 Methodology Interference characterization Performance evaluation Power Spectral Density KNOWN FROM STANDARD Generated traffic f WBAN Simulator WBAN Performance Measurements 12 t
13 Time domain characterization Two different sources of interference: IEEE (Wi-Fi) IEEE (Zigbee) 13
14 Frequency domain characterization WBAN channels f c = i 5 [MHz], i = 0,, 15 B = 5 [MHz] (PHY1,2) or B = 2 [MHz] (PHY3) P int = B i W mj (f) H ri (f) 2 df C I =? I = P int A(d j ) A d = 4π λ 2 d 3 C = P tx A on body IEEE (Wi-Fi) IEEE (Zigbee) 14
15 Simulation scenario Room of 3x3.5m Person wearing a WBAN walking in the room IEEE (Wi-Fi) interference IEEE (Zigbee) interference Case 1: P int = -15 dbm Case 2: P int = +14 dbm 15 Case 1: only ZC and ZR3 Case 2: all nodes
16 Channel Gain [db] WBAN Channel model: on-body Right Ear Left Ear -45 Indoor - Rx Right Hand Heart -50 Right Hip -55 RC Right Hand -60 Right Ear Tx Left Ear Tx Heart Tx Hip Tx Time [s] 16
17 Results
18 BEACON BEACON Performance metrics CSMA/CA Nodes start accessing the channel DELAY Packet correctly received at the coordinator t Superframe 40 ms Evaluation through simulations opacket Loss Rate - Possible causes for packet losses: Connectivity Collisions End of Superframe odelay oenergy consumption 18 PLR N N packets lost packets generated
19 PLR PLR Results: PLR, PHY1 IEEE CSMA/CA IEEE CSMA/CA IEEE CSMA/CA MSK with spreading (15.4-like) PHY kbit/s IEEE CSMA/CA MSK with spreading (15.4-like) PHY kbit/s Interference - case Interference - case Interference - case Interference - case 1 No Interference Interference - case Interference - case Interference - case Interference - case 1 No Interference MAC payload [byte] MAC payload [byte] 19
20 PLR Results: PLR, PHY IEEE CSMA/CA MSK without spreading PHY - 2 Mbit/s MAC payload [byte] Interference - case Interference - case Interference - case Interference - case 1 No Interference 20
21 PLR Results: PLR, PHY IEEE CSMA/CA BT-LE PHY (GMSK) - 1Mbit/s Interference - case Interference - case Interference - case Interference - case 1 No Interference MAC payload [byte] 21
22 Energy [ J] Energy consumption Current consumption TX/RX on: 10 ma stand-by: 1.6 ma Supply voltage: 1.2 V MSK with spreading (15.4-like) PHY kbit/s 15.6 CSMA/CA CSMA/CA Interference - case Interference - case 1 No interference MAC payload [byte] 22
23 Conclusions Study on WBAN coexistence issues at 2.45 GHz Different PHYs Different channel access protocols Results: Newly investigated topic In the mainframe of WiserBAN: helpful in MAC protocol selection Future PhD research topic: Body-to-Body communications Network layer oriented study 23
24 Publications Chiara Buratti, Raffaele D'Errico, Mickael Maman,, Ramona Rosini, Roberto Verdone, Simon Huettinger, "Design of a Body Area Network for Medical Applications: the WiserBAN Project", ACM ISABEL 2011, Barcelona, October 2011, Roberto Verdone, Chiara Buratti, "Link Adaptation in Wireless Body Area Networks", IEEE VTC 2011 Spring, Budapest, May 2011, Chiara Buratti, Roberto Verdone, "On the performance of an IEEE Wireless Body Area Network", EW 2011, Vienna, April 2011, Roberto Verdone, Chiara Buratti, "Link Adaptation in IEEE Based Wireless Body Area Networks", IEEE PIMRC 2010 International Workshop on Body Area Networks, Istanbul, September 2010, Leonardo Goratti, Jussi Haapola, "Performance of Sensor MAC Protocols for Medical ICT using IR-UWB Technology", HealthInf2010, Valencia, January
25 Credits L Ingegnere delle Telecomunicazioni in azienda M, Academic Course, UNIBO (30) Trends in Communications M, Academic Course, UNIBO (30) English course, level C1, CILTA (30) B-Aware Summer School, EPFL Lausanne (27) Short-Range Positioning Systems: Fundamentals and Advanced Research Results with Case Studies, PhD short course, UNIBO (8) 25
26 Thank you for your attention Questions?
27 Simulation settings Parameter Value WBAN transmit power 0 dbm Receiver sensitivity (PHY1) - 96 dbm Receiver sensitivity (PHY2) - 87 dbm Receiver sensitivity (PHY3) - 90 dbm Noise power dbm Antenna gain, RC - 3 db Antenna gain, node - 15 db transmit power 0 dbm transmit power 20 dbm 27
28 Sensing Sensing Sensing Sensing Sensing Sensing Sensing Sensing Sensing Sensing Sensing Sensing IEEE CSMA/CA Algorithm Channel Idle Busy Idle Busy Idle Busy Idle Busy t BC decrements Tx Tx Tx psifs 50 µs Data arrives CSMA Slot 125 µs CW = CW min = 8 BC = random(cw) = 2 BC = 1 BC = 1 BC = 1 BC = 0 psifs BC = 1 Tx fails CW = 8 (s.a.b.) BC = random(cw) = 1 BC = 0 psifs Tx fails CW = 16 (doubled) BC = random(cw) = 4 BC = 4 BC = 3 BC = 2 BC = 1 BC = 0 Tx succeeds CW = CW min t 28
29 Backoff Backoff Backoff Sensing Backoff Backoff Backoff Sensing Backoff Backoff Sensing Sensing IEEE CSMA/CA Algorithm Channel Idle Busy Idle Busy t Tx t Slot 320 µs Data arrives CW = 2 NB = 0 Slot BE = BE 320 µs min = 3 x = random(2 BE - 1) = 3 CW = 2 NB = 1 BE = 4 x = random(2 BE - 1) = 5 CW = 1 CW = 0 Tx succeeds 29
30 Packet capture model 1. C/I (Signal-to-Interference Ratio) values computed according to current transmission and interference variations 2. BER (Bit Error Rate) for every packet portion i 3. Overall PER (Packet Error Rate) 4. Considering X as a uniformly distributed random variable in [0 1] drawn for each packet: if (X PER) packet correctly received else packet lost BER i e 2 PER 1 N i 1 C 1 I i (1 BER ) i N bit i N : number of packet portions N bit : number of bits in the i portion i
31 Delay [ms] Delay 20 MSK with spreading (15.4-like) PHY kbit/s CSMA/CA CSMA/CA Interference - case Interference - case 1 No interference MAC payload [byte] 31
32 Channel gain [db] WBAN Channel model: off-body G off d = 4π λ Right Ear 2 d G off Ear LOS Heart LOS Hip LOS Ear NLOS Heart NLOS Hip NLOS Heart Right Hip d [m] 32
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