Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings

Transcription

1 Wireless Sensor Networks for Energy Efficient Buildings 18 October 2010

2 My research activity is performed in the framework of ediana Project within WiLab at DEIS, University of Bologna under the supervision of Prof. Roberto Verdone Dott. Ing. Chiara Buratti Dott. Ing. Alberto Zanella

3 Outline 1 Introduction 2 ediana Project Application 3 IEEE IEEE PHY Layer IEEE MAC Layer 4 Capture Effect Measurements 5 ZigBee Network Layer Application Layer 6 ediana Test Bed Two-Hop Measurements Mesh Measurements 7 Conclusion

4 Motivation Buildings in Europe consume 40% of the total energy which is more than the energy demand of industry or transportation. Simple affordable sensors can be used to monitor the energy consumed by each appliance in the buildings in order to turn them on/off when it is efficient in the use of energy. The ediana (Embedded Systems for Energy Efficient Buildings) project, funded by the European Commission through the ARTEMISIA framework, addresses the need of energy efficiency in buildings through innovative solutions based on networked embedded systems.

5 ediana Project ediana Scenario Cell CDC Cell CDC MCC Internet Cell CDC Cell CDC ediana Definitions Cell can be a single house, apartment or working unit Macro-Cell is a group of Cells. CDC: Cell Device Concentrator. MCC: Macro-Cell Concentrator.

6 Application Classification of Applications and Requirements Monitoring: The CDC gathers the data related to the power consumption or the information about the ambient conditions from nodes. (e.g., temperature). Requirements: PER: less than 10% Delays: up to 60 seconds Controlling: The CDC gathers the data coming from/going to the controllable devices (e.g., intelligent plugs or domestic appliances). Requirements: PER: less than 1% Delays: up to 5 seconds

7 Application Methodologies in Order to Implement Applications Event-Driven (ED): An external event or an internal clock generates the data transmission. Query-Based (QB): A query sent by the CDC generates the data transmissions. If queries are transmitted periodically, the traffic generated by nodes is periodic and synchronous. Command: The CDC sends the commands to specific devices.

8 IEEE /Zigbee Layers

9 IEEE PHY Layer Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (O-QPSK) BER Simulation SER Simulation BER Theoretical SER Theoretical 10 2 Error Rate Eb/No

10 IEEE MAC Layer Operational Modes Beacon-enabled Mode Non Beacon-enabled Mode

11 IEEE MAC Layer Channel Access - CSMA/CA Beacon Interval (BI) 00:00-00:00-00:00 00:00-00:00 BEACON backoff stage 00:00-00:00-00:00 00:00-00:00-00:00 00:00-00:00 BEACON BEACON BEACON BEACON BEACON CW slots of sensing before transmission Beacon Backoff Backoff Backoff Sensing Backoff Backoff Backoff Backoff Sensing Sensing Transmit Transmit Idle Beacon T T D.T Random number of backoff slots delay [ 0-2 BE ] Random number of backoff slots delay [ 0-2 BE+1 ] MAC default values BE min 3 BE BEmax NB 5 CW 2 T 320 sec 5

12 Capture Effect Useful Tx C Rx C I > C I min Interferer Tx 1 C: Carrier signal strength I = I i Interferer Tx 2

13 Measurements Hardware Setup

14 Measurements Timing Diagram 00:00-00:00 BEACON SO=BO=2 09:52-09:52 Transmission atthesametime BE max=3,be min=0 04:14-04:14 Packet I 1 16:56-16:56 Packet C 12:42-12:42 Packet I 2 04:14-00:00 BEACON SO=BO= µs 3840 µs CSMA-CA BEmax=3, BEmin=3 8 backoff slots 2560 µs

15 Measurements Protection Ratio Conditional Packet Capture Probability 1 0,9 0,7 0,5 0,3 0,1 1 Interferers 2 Interferers 3 Interferers 4 Interferers Average Step Function , C/I [db]

16 Zigbee Layers

17 Network Layer Zigbee Mesh Topology

18 Application Layer Zigbee Devices and Attributes A ZigBee Node ZigBee Devices Endpoint 1 : Device 1 Endpoint 2 : Device 2 Simple Decriptors Simple Decriptor 1 Simple Decriptor 2 Input (Server) Cluster List Clusters Output (Client) Cluster List Attribute Command Attribute Command Endpoint 240 : Device 240 Simple Decriptor 240 Attribute Command

19 Application Layer Zigbee Profiles ZigBee Cluster Library (ZCL) General Closures HVAC Home Automation ZigBee Application Profiles Smart Energy... Lighting Measurements...

20 Message Price Demand / Load Time Simple Metering Price Simple Metering Message Price Demand / Load Time Price Demand / Load Time Message Price Demand / Load Time Simple Metering Message Price Demand / Load Time Simple Metering Binding Clients: MCC Load Control Device (Non metering Servers: no display appliances) Servers: Clients: CDC Energy Service Portal Clients: Servers: Metering Device & Smart Appliance (Washing Machine, Dishwasher, TV,...) Servers: Clients: Programmable Communication Thermostat Clients: Servers: In- Premise Display (Display Capable non metering appliances)

21 Two-Hop Measurements Topology CDC ZED1 ST SPEAr600 UART0 ZC UART1 ZR ZED2 ZED0 Wireless Link ZED7

22 Two-Hop Measurements Query-Based Monitoring Latency(ms) Read Attributes Command (Query) PER PER(%) Number of ZEDs 0 Latency(ms) Read Attributes Response PER PER(%) Number of ZEDs 0

23 Two-Hop Measurements Event-Driven Monitoring (T=200ms) Latency(ms) Latency(ms) Read Attributes Command (Query) PER Number of Reporting ZEDs Read Attributes Response PER Number of Reporting ZEDs PER(%) PER(%)

24 Mesh Measurements An Instance of Topology

25 Mesh Measurements Results Latency(ms) Query in Periodic Reporting (3s.) Read Attributes Command (Query) Group Query 40 PER PER(%) Latency(ms) Query in Periodic Reporting (3s.) Read Attributes Response Group Query 40 PER 20 0 PER(%)

26 Mesh Measurements Web Interface

27 Future Work Finalizing the test bed for down-scaled demonstration of the ediana scenario in WiLab through integration, testing and verification phases. Theoretical and experimental activity about performance and interference in 2.4 GHz ISM band.

28 Collected Credits Short-Range Positioning Systems: Fundamentals and Advanced Research Results with Case Studies, Bologna (6 credits) International Summer School on Software Engineering, Salerno (21 Credits) Resource Optimization LS Course, Bologna (60 credits) Italian Language Course (80 Credits) In Total: 167 Credits

29 Technical Documents 1/2 D1.4-B Reference Scenarios, deliverable for ediana Project, edited by Bas van den Heuvel, Jul. 31, 2010 D2.3-B Communication Protocol Specification, deliverable for ediana Project, edited by C. Buratti, Jul. 31, D2.2-E Adapted Sensor Collaboration Middleware deliverable for ediana Project, edited by M. J. Martinez, Jul. 31, D3.2-A Intelligent Embedded Interface (iei) - Concept Release, deliverable for ediana Project, edited by J.U. Garcia, Apr. 1, 2010

30 Technical Documents 2/2 D2.3-A Network Topology and Communications Architecture Definition, deliverable for ediana Project, edited by C. Buratti, Jan. 31, D2.2-B Software Tools for Run-Time Discovery of Services and Devices deliverable for ediana Project, edited by M. J. Martinez, Jan. 31, D2.1-B ediana Reference Architecture deliverable for ediana Project, edited by R. Ukmar, Jan. 31, 2010

31 Conference Papers and Demos 1/2 C. Gezer, M. Niccolini, and C. Buratti, An IEEE/ZigBee Based Wireless Sensor Network for Energy Efficient Buildings, International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications, WiMob, 2010, Oct , 2010, Niagara Falls, Canada. C. Gezer, C. Buratti, and R. Verdone, Capture Effect in IEEE Networks: Modelling and Experimentation,International Symposium on Wireless Pervasive Computing, ISWPC 2010, May. 5-7, 2010, Modena, Italy.

32 Conference Papers and Demos 2/2 F. Fabbri, C. Gezer, and R. Verdone, The Impact of Realistic Footprint Shapes on the Connectivity of Wireless Sensor Networks, in Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Performance Methodologies and Tools for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNPerf), Oct. 23, 2009, Pisa, Italy. Flavio Fabbri, Chiara Buratti,, Paolo Toppan, Andrea Toppan, Roberto Verdone, Enhancing Wi-Fi Coverage Through ZigBee Mesh Network of Energy Scan Devices, 8th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, SenSys 2010, Nov , Zurich, Switzerland. C. Gezer; C. Buratti; A. Visconti; R. Ukmar; and R. Verdone, Zigbee-Based Platform for Energy Efficient Buildings, 7th European Conference on Wireless Sensor Network, EWSN 2010, Feb , Coimbra, Portugal.

33 Thanks Thank you very much for your attention!