COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

Transcription

1 COMPUTER AND COMMUNICATION NETWORKS Nader F. Mir. Upper Saddle River, NJ Boston.. Toronto Montreal London. Sydney Tokyo Singapore... Indianapolis... Munich Paris. Mexico City. San Francisco New York. Madrid Capetown

2 Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The publisher offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or special sales, which may include electronic versions and/or custom covers and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, and branding interests. For more information, please contact: U.S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside the United States, please contact: International Sales international@pearsoned.com This Book Is Safari Enabled The Safari Enabled icon on the cover of your favorite technology book means the book is available through Safari Bookshelf. When you buy this book, you get free access to the online edition for 45 days. Safari Bookshelf is an electronic reference library that lets you easily search thousands of technical books, find code samples, download chapters, and access technical information whenever and wherever you need it. To gain 45-day Safari Enabled access to this book:. Go to Complete the brief registration form. Enter the coupon code VZGY-SBEH-4Q1D-K8IN-BX58 If you have difficulty registering on Safari Bookshelf or accessing the online edition, please customerservice@safaribooksonline.com. Visit us on the Web: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mir, Nader F. Computer and communication networks / Nader F. Mir. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Computer networks. 2. Data transmission systems. I. Title. TK5105.5M dc Copyright 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permissions, write to: Pearson Education, Inc. Rights and Contracts Department One Lake Street Upper Saddle River, NJ Fax: (201) ISBN Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at R.R. Donnelley in Crawfordsville, Indiana. First printing, November 2006

3 Contents Preface xxi About the Author xxxi PART I: Fundamental Concepts 1 1 Packet-Switched Networks Basic Definitions in Data Networks Packet Switching versus Circuit Switching Messages, Packets, and Frames The Internet ISPs and Internetwork Components Types of Packet-Switched Networks Connectionless Networks Connection-Oriented Networks Packet Size and Optimizations Summary Exercises 17 2 Foundation of Networking Protocols Layer TCP/IP Model Layer OSI Model Internet Protocols and Addressing IP Packet IP Addressing Scheme Subnet Addressing and Masking 25

4 viii Contents Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) Packet Fragmentation and Reassembly Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) IP Version 6 (IPv6) Equal-Sized Packets Model: ATM ATM Protocol Structure ATM Cell Structure Summary Exercises 39 3 Networking Devices Multiplexers Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM) Time-Division Multiplexing Modems and Internet Access Devices Line Coding Methods Digital Modulation Techniques Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Modems Cable Modems Switching and Routing Devices Repeaters, Hubs, and Bridges Routers and Higher-Layer Switches Router Structure Input Port Processor (IPP) Switch Fabric Switch Controller Output Port Processors (OPP) Summary Exercises 67 4 Data Links and Transmission Data Links Wired Links and Transmission Twisted-Pair Links Coaxial Cable Optical Fiber Wireless Links and Transmission Choice of Antenna 75

5 Contents ix Wireless Channels Capacity Limits of Wireless Channels Channel Coding Flat-Fading Countermeasures Intersymbol Interference Countermeasures Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Methods of Channel Access on Links Frequency-Division Multiple Access Time-Division Multiple Access Code-Division Multiple Access Space-Division Multiple Access Hybrid Multiple-Access Techniques Error Detection and Correction Error Detection Methods Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Algorithm Link-Level Flow Control Stop-and-Wait Flow Control Sliding-Window Flow Control Summary Exercises 99 5 Local Area Networks and Networks of LANs LANs and Basic Topologies LAN Protocols Logical-Link Layer (LLC) Medium Access Control (MAC) MAC and IP Addresses Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) Classification of MAC Protocols Contention-Access MAC Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Ethernet LAN: IEEE Standard Round-Robin-Access MAC Token-Ring Access Protocol Token-Ring: IEEE Standard Network of LANs Using Repeaters, Hubs, and Bridges Layers 2 and 3 Switches 124

6 x Contents 5.8 Summary Exercises Wireless Networks and Mobile IP Infrastructure of Wireless Networks Wireless LAN Technologies Infrared LANs Spread-Spectrum LANs Narrowband RF LANs Home RF and Bluetooth IEEE Wireless Standard Physical Layer MAC Layer WiFi Technology and Cellular Networks Connectivity Frequency Reuse Local and Regional Handoffs Mobility Management Generations of Cellular Systems CDMA-Based Mobile Wireless Mobile IP Addresses and Agents Agent Discovery Phase Registration Mobile IP Routing Security Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) WiMAX Technology and IEEE Applications of Mesh Networks Physical and MAC Layers of WMNs Summary Exercises Routing and Internetworking Network-Layer Routing Assigning Addresses to Hosts and Routers, and DHCP Network Address Translation (NAT) Route Cost Classification of Routing Algorithms 176

7 Contents xi 7.2 Least-Cost-Path Algorithms Dijkstra s Algorithm Bellman-Ford Algorithm Non-Least-Cost-Path Routing Flood Routing Deflection Routing Intradomain Routing Protocols Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Interdomain Routing Protocols Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Congestion Control at Network Layer Unidirectional Congestion Control Bidirectional Congestion Control Random Early Detection (RED) A Quick Estimation of Link Blocking Summary Exercises Transport and End-to-End Protocols Transport Layer Interaction of Transport and Network Layers Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) TCP Segment Connection Setup User Datagram Protocol (UDP) UDP Segment Applications of TCP and UDP Mobile Transport Protocols TCP for Mobility UDP for Mobility TCP Congestion Control Additive Increase, Multiplicative Decrease Control Slow Start Method Fast Retransmit Method TCP Congestion Avoidance Methods Summary Exercises 223

8 xii Contents 9 Applications and Network Management Application-Layer Overview Client and Server Model Domain Name System (DNS) Domain Name Space Name/Address Mapping DNS Message Format Remote Login Protocols TELNET Protocol Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Electronic Mail ( ) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) and File Transfer and FTP File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Secure Copy Protocol (SCP) World Wide Web (WWW) and HTTP Web Caching (Proxy Server) Network Management Elements of Network Management Structure of Management Information (SMI) Management Information Base (MIB) Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Summary Exercises Network Security Overview of Network Security Elements of Network Security Threats to Network Security Overview of Security Methods Cryptographic Techniques Authentication Techniques Secret-Key Encryption Protocols Data Encryption Standard (DES) Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Public-Key Encryption Protocols RSA Algorithm Diffie-Hillman Key-Exchange Protocol 262

9 Contents xiii 10.5 Authentication Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) Authentication and Digital Signature Security of IP and Wireless Networks IP Security and IPsec Security of Wireless Networks and IEEE Firewalls Summary Exercises 271 PART II: Advanced Concepts Packet Queues and Delay Analysis Little s Theorem Birth-and-Death Process Queueing Disciplines Markovian FIFO Queueing Systems M/M/1 Queueing Systems Systems with Limited Queueing Space: M/M/1/b M/M/a Queueing Systems Models for Delay-Sensitive Traffic: M/M/a/a M/M/ Queueing Systems Non-Markovian and Self-Similar Models Pollaczek-Khinchin Formula and M/G/ M/D/1 Models Self-Similarity and Batch-Arrival Models Networks of Queues Burke s Theorem Jackson s Theorem Summary Exercises Quality of Service and Resource Allocation Overview of QoS Integrated Services QoS Traffic Shaping Admission Control Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) 324

10 xiv Contents Packet Scheduling Differentiated Services QoS Per-Hop Behavior (PHB) Resource Allocation Management of Resources Classification of Resource-Allocation Schemes Fairness in Resource Allocation ATM Resource Allocation Cell Scheduling and QoS Summary Exercises Networks in Switch Fabrics Characteristics and Features of Switch Fabrics Blocking and Nonblocking Networks Features of Switch Fabrics Complexity of Switching Networks Definitions and Symbols Crossbar Switch Fabrics Blocking Switch Fabrics Omega Network Banyan Network Delta Networks Beneš Networks Nonblocking Switch Fabrics: Clos Networks Estimation of Blocking Probabilities Five-Stage Clos Networks Concentration and Expansion Switches Knockout Switching Network Expansion Network Shared-Memory Switch Fabrics Techniques for Improving Performance Parallel-Plane Switching Networks Case Study: Multipath Buffered Crossbar Queueing Model Markov Chain Model Throughput and Delay 374

11 Contents xv 13.9 Summary Exercises Optical Networks and WDM Systems Overview of Optical Networks Protocol Models and Standards Basic Optical Networking Devices Tunable Lasers Optical Buffers or Delay Elements Optical Amplifiers Optical Filters Wavelength-Division Multiplexer (WDM) Optical Switches Large-Scale Optical Switches Crossbar Switching Network Spanke-Beneš Switching Network Optical Routers Structure of Wavelength Routing Nodes Wavelength Allocation in Networks Classification of Optical Networks Wavelength Allocation Case Study: An All-Optical Switch Self-Routing in SSN Transmission in SSN Summary Exercises Multicasting Techniques and Protocols Basic Definitions and Techniques IP Multicast Address Basic Multicast Tree Algorithms Classification of Multicast Protocols Intradomain Multicast Protocols Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP) Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) Multicast OSPF (MOSPF) Protocol Protocol-Independent Multicast (PIM) Core-Based Trees (CBT) Protocol 413

12 xvi Contents Multicast Backbone (MBone) Interdomain Multicast Protocols Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP) Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP) Border Gateway Multicast Protocol (BGMP) Node-Level Multicast Algorithms Tree-Based Multicast Algorithm Boolean Splitting Multicast Algorithm Packet Recirculation Multicast Algorithm Multicasting in Three-Dimensional Switches Summary Exercises VPNs, Tunneling, and Overlay Networks Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) Remote-Access VPN Site-to-Site VPN Tunneling and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Security in VPNs Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) MPLS Operation Routing in MPLS Domains Tunneling and Use of FEC Traffic Engineering MPLS-Based VPNs Overlay Networks Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Connection Summary Exercises Compression of Digital Voice and Video Overview of Data Compression Digital Voice and Compression Signal Sampling Quantization and Distortion Still Images and JPEG Compression Raw-Image Sampling and DCT Quantization Encoding 460

13 Contents xvii 17.4 Moving Images and MPEG Compression MP3 and Streaming Audio Limits of Compression with Loss Basics of Information Theory Entropy of Information Shannon s Coding Theorem Compression Ratio and Code Efficiency Compression Methods Without Loss Run-Length Encoding Huffman Encoding Lempel-Ziv Encoding Case Study: FAX Compression for Transmission Summary Exercises VoIP and Multimedia Networking Overview of IP Telephony VoIP Quality-of-Service VoIP Signaling Protocols Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) H.323 Protocols Real-Time Media Transport Protocols Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Real-Time Control Protocol (RTCP) Estimation of Jitter in Real-Time Traffic Distributed Multimedia Networking Content Distribution Networks (CDNs) CDN Interactions with DNS Providing QoS to Streaming Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) SCTP Packet Structure Self-Similarity and Non-Markovian Streaming Analysis Self-Similarity with Batch Arrival Models Summary Exercises Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Overview of Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks 512

14 xviii Contents 19.2 Routing in Ad-Hoc Networks Classification of Routing Protocols Routing Protocols for Ad-Hoc Networks Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) Protocol Cluster-Head Gateway Switch Routing Protocol Wireless Routing Protocol (WRP) Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Protocol Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) Associative-Based Routing (ABR) Protocol Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Protocol Security of Ad-Hoc Networks Types of Attacks Criteria for a Secure Routing Protocol Summary Exercises Wireless Sensor Networks Sensor Networks and Protocol Structures Clustering in Sensor Networks Protocol Stack Sensor Node Structure Communication Energy Model Clustering Protocols Classification of Clustering Protocols LEACH Clustering Protocol DEEP Clustering Protocol Reclustering Routing Protocols Intracluster Routing Protocols Intercluster Routing Protocols Case Study: Simulation of a Sensor Network Cluster-Head Constellation and Distribution of Load Optimum Percentage of Cluster Heads Other Related Technologies Zigbee Technology and IEEE Summary Exercises 561

15 Contents xix Appendix A: Glossary of Acronyms 563 Appendix B: RFCs 569 Appendix C: Probabilities and Stochastic Processes 573 C.1 Probability Theory 573 C.1.1 Bernulli and Binomial Sequential Laws 574 C.1.2 Counting and Sampling Methods 574 C.2 Random Variables 574 C.2.1 Basic Functions 575 C.2.2 Conditional Functions 575 C.2.3 Popular Random Variables 576 C.2.4 Expected Value and Variance 577 C.2.5 A Function of Random Variable 578 C.3 Multiple Random Variables 578 C.3.1 Basic Functions of Two Random Variables 578 C.3.2 Two Independent Random Variables 579 C.4 Stochastic (Random) Processes 579 C.4.1 IID Random Process 580 C.4.2 Brownian Motion Random Process 580 C.5 Theory of Markov Chains 580 C.5.1 Continuous-Time Markov Chains 581 Index 583