Survey of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) With Security Requirements

Transcription

1 Survey of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) With Security Requirements A.Prabhaharan 1 M.Phil Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science NGM College Pollachi, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. prabhavsr@gmail.com K.Vijayakumar 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science NGM College, Pollachi, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India. vijayakumarngm@gmail.com Abstract: Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are the most prominent enabling network technology for Intelligent Transportation Systems. The aim of VANET ranges from improved road safety, time critical safety applications, and optimized traffic flow, delay tolerant, and infotainment and so on. High relative nodes pace and high active nodes mass has offered a typical challenges for connectivity within VANET.A lot of researches from the industry, academia, and standardized agencies to develop standards and prototypes for vehicular networks. This paper provides a summary of the recent state of the art of VANETs; it presents the communication architecture of VANETs and outlines the privacy and security challenges that need to be overcome to make such networks safety usable in practice. The challenges facing ad hoc networks are the topology of the network changes rapidly. Vehicles in VANET have high degree of mobility. The average length of time that two vehicles are in direct communication range with each other is approximately one minute. Keywords: VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc Network), OBU (On Board Unit), RSU (Road Side Unit), AU (Application Unit), WAVE (Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment). I. INTRODUCTION In Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication takes place between Vehicles/Rsu which meet by chance. (VANETs) are networks in which each node is a vehicle. Such systems aim to provide communications between individual vehicles and between vehicles and nearby fixed equipment, or road side units like routers. The goal of VANETs, and more broadly vehicular networks, is to improve traffic safety by providing real time information of driver, to drivers and concerned authorities. An important property is the absence of infrastructure VANET occurs as soon as two or more vehicles are within communication distance. Because no infrastructure is involved, VANET surely heavily on distributed measures to regulate access to the wireless channel. VANETs applications types are classified into safety and efficiency. There are many difficulties in VANET systems design and implementation, including: security, privacy, routing, connectivity, and quality of services. The term VANET was originally adopted to reflect the ad hoc nature of these highly dynamic networks. However, because the term ad hoc network was associated widely with unicast routing-related research, there is currently a debate among the pioneers of this field about redefining the acronym VANET to deemphasize ad hoc networking. Because this discussion has not yet reached consensus, we will continue to refer to vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication based on wireless local area networking technology as a VANET. VANETs can use any wireless networking technology as their basis. The most prominent are short range radio technologies like WLAN (either standard Wi-fi or ZigBee). In addition, cellular technologies can be used for VANETs [1]. In VANET, a node can be a vehicle with a radio system. The node can be also roadside equipment to communicate with mobile ad hoc vehicular nodes. Such roadside units serve as gateways to provide access to infrastructures for mobile nodes. We refer to the radio system on vehicular nodes On Board Unit (OBU) and the unit fixed to roadside as Road Side Unit (RSU).This paper offers an overview of the current status of security issues over VANETs. For this purpose, different communication models have been identified and analyzed from the security point of view. Moreover, security requirements and potential attacks will be studied. Finally, the security developments to achieve such requirements will be analyzed. II. ARCHITECTURE OF THE VECHICULAR AD HOC NETWORK (VANET) The communication between vehicles or between a vehicle and an RSU is achieved through a wireless medium called WAVE. This method of communication provides a wide range of information to drivers and travelers and enables safety applications to enhance road safety and provide a comfortable driving [1].The main system components are the application unit (AU), OBU and RSU. Typically the RSU hosts an application that provides services and the OBU is a peer device that uses the services provided. The application may reside in the RSU or in the OBU; the device that hosts the application is RES Publication 2012 Page 69

2 called the provider and the device using the application is described as the user. Each vehicle is equipped with an OBU and a set of sensors to collect and process the information then send it on as a message to other vehicles or RSUs through the wireless medium; it also carries a single or multiple AU that use the applications provided by the provider using OBU connection capabilities[2]. The RSU can also connect to the Internet or to another server which allows AU's from multiple vehicles to connect to the Internet. Each vehicle has OBU (on board unit), this unit connects the vehicle with RSU via DSRC radios, and another device is TPD (Tamper Proof Device), this device holding the vehicle secrets, all the information about the vehicle like keys, drivers identity, trip details, speed, rout etc. The RSU works as a router between the vehicles on the road and connected to other network devices. B. Application unit (AU) The AU is the device equipped within the vehicle that uses the applications provided by the provider using the communication capabilities of the OBU. The AU can be a dedicated device for safety applications or a normal device such as a personal digital assistant (PDA) to run the Internet, the AU can be connected to the OBU through a wired or wireless connection and may reside with the OBU in a single physical unit; the distinction between the AU and the OBU is logical [4]. The AU communicates with the network solely via the OBU which takes responsibility for all mobility and networking functions. C. Roadside unit (RSU) The RSU is a wave device usually fixed along the road side or in dedicated locations such as at junctions or near parking spaces. The RSU is equipped with one network device for a dedicated short range communication based on IEEE p radio technology, and can also be equipped with other network devices so as to be used for the purpose of communication within the infrastructural network. A. On board unit (OBU) An OBU is a wave device usually mounted on-board a vehicle used for exchanging information with RSUs or with other OBUs. It consists of a resource command processor (RCP), and resources include a read/write memory used to store and retrieve information, a user interface, a specialized interface to connect to other OBUs and a network device for short range wireless communication based on IEEE p radio technology [3]. It may additionally include another network device for non-safety applications based on other radio technologies such as IEEE a/b/g/n. The OBU connects to the RSU or to other OBUs through a wireless link based on the IEEE p radio frequency channel, and is responsible for the communications with other OBUs or with RSUs; it also provides a communication services to the AU and forwards data on behalf of other OBUs on the network. The main functions of the OBU are wireless radio access, ad hoc and geographical routing, network congestion control, reliable message transfer, data security and IP mobility. D. Characteristics of the Vanet Extremely active topology: The super swiftness of the vehicles in VANET leads to constant change in the topology and the availability of multiple paths makes VANET an extremely active topology Predictable [4]. Motion Patterns: In spite of fast motion of vehicle it is difficult to predict the position and movement of vehicle, but in VANET environment most of the vehicles move on pre-defined roads and highways. This allows the use of predictable motion patterns in network design Interaction with onboard sensors. Sensors are the means of communications in VANET. Sensors can communicate to the main data center by reading data associated to velocity and direction of the vehicle [8]. III. COMMUNICATIONS TYPES IN VANET A. Vehicle to Vehicle communication V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle) is designed to allow automobile to talk to each other. The system will use a region of 5.9GHz band using wireless protocol standard p for various public safety services. This technology is for safety and is dynamic wireless exchange of data between nearby vehicles that offers the opportunity for significant safety improvements. Data RES Publication 2012 Page 70

3 exchanged may include a vehicle s position, speed, steering angle, brake status, turn signal status, number of people in vehicle etc [3]. V2V communications enables a vehicle to sense threats and hazards with an awareness of position of other vehicles and the threat or hazard they present. Message can be derived using non vehicle based technology such as GPS V2V communication technology uses Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC). B. Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication In vehicle to infrastructure allows a vehicle to communicate with the roadside infrastructure mainly for information and data gathering applications. It is also called as Ad Hoc domain on VANET. Vehicle communicates with RSU in order to increase the range of communication by sending, receiving and forwarding data from one node to RSU to process special application forming vehicle to infrastructure. The information transferred between vehicle and RSU is more secure, because the RSU provides unique key for each and every user connected to it. V2I provides long range of communication. V2I system should contain the following part a. Vehicle On - Board Unit or Equipment (OBU/OBE) b. Road Side Unit or Equipment (RSU/RSE). IV. WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES IN VANET There are numerous wireless access technologies available today, which can be used to provide the radio interface required by the vehicles in order to communicate with each other, V2V communication, or to communicate with the RSUs, V2I communication. A. Cellular systems(2/2.5/2.75/3g) Global system for mobile (GSM) communication considered to be one of the cellular system standards that provides a data rate of a maximum of 9.6 Kbps and is characterized as a second generation (2G).GSM uses both frequency division multiple GSM uses both frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) schemes. Two frequency bands area availableforgsm MHz for uplink and MHz for downlink; these frequency bands are divided into channels and the capacity of each channel is 200 khz. B. General packet radio service (GPRS) It known as 2.5 G is an evolved version of GSM; GPRS is standardized by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to accommodate data transmissions at high bandwidth efficiency, so as to enable a data rate of up to 170 Kbps.It can work at MHz for uplink and MHz for downlink, further to MHz and MHz bands for down-linking and up linking respectively. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE); also known as 2.75G are an evolution of GPRS which provide a peak date rate of 384 Kbps To transmit a multimedia data a high data rate is required; this led to the development of the 3G. The universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) and it is evolved version the high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), providing a data rate of up to 2 Mbps. Another comparable cellular system is the CDMA2000 which provides 3 Mbps for downlink and 1.8 Mbps for uplink respectively. C. WLAN/Wi-Fi: Wireless local area network (WLAN) or wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) It can provide wireless access to enable V2V communication or V2I communication. IEEE standards can be applied to provide wireless connectivity; IEEE a works at 5 GHz and provides a data rate of 54 Mbps with a communication range of at least 38 m indoor and a 140 m range for outdoor use. Another standard for IEEE is IEEE g, which provides the same data rate and covers the same range as IEEE a but working at 2.4 GHz. IEEE b works at 2.4 GHz and provides data rate of up to 11 Mbps. D. WiMAX: Mobile WiMAX or IEEE e It is an amendment to the original worldwide inter operability for microwave access (WiMAX), or IEEE , adopted by IEEE in the year IEEE e provides a high data rate and covers a wide transmission range with reliable communications and high quality of service (QoS), which makes it suitable for those applications requiring these features such as multimedia, video and voice over internet protocol (VoIP) applications. WiMAX achieves a high data rate of up to 35 Mbps using multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), with an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and covers a transmission ranges of 15 Kms. E. Combined wireless access technologies Continuous air interface for long and medium range (CALM M5) incorporating a set of wireless technologies including RES Publication 2012 Page 71

4 GSM-2G/GPRS-2.5G, UMTS-3G, Infrared communication and wireless systems in the 60 GHz band, adapted to IEEE p by the addition of new interface protocols. Peoples using smart phones that can connect to the internet can communicate with each other via the internet forming people to people (P2P) network and vehicles can communicate with each other via the internet. A. Sybil Attacks V. POSSIBLE ATTACKS IN VANET Sybil attack is the creation of multiple fake nodes broadcasting false information. In this, On Board Unit (OBU) installed in vehicle sends multiple copies of messages to other nodes and each message contains a different fabricated identity. The problem arises when attacker is able to pretend as multiple vehicles and reinforce false data. B. Node Impersonation It is an attempt by an attacker to send modified version of message and claims that the message comes from original node for the unknown purpose. C. Masquerade attack A subscriber which is unauthorized may overhear the authentication messages on the air and try to have it authenticated to the access point by replaying them. The attacker can replay the car s authentication request by getting the car s public key and certificate. D. ID Disclosure Attackers sometimes disclose the identity of nodes in the network and track the location of the target nodes. Then it monitors the target nodes and sends a virus to the neighbors of the target nodes. When the virus attacks the neighbors of the attacker, then they take the ID of the target nodes as well as current location of target node. Various techniques have been proposed to deal with privacy one of them is identity disclosure which is used to prevent vehicle from being tracked by identifying keys that are used [7]. A. Confidentiality VI. SECURITY REQUIRMENTS OF VANET In VANETs, the definition of confidentiality refers to confidential communication. In a group, none except group members are able to decrypt the messages that are broadcasted to every member of group; and none (even other members) except a dedicated receiver member is capable to decrypt the message devoted to it. B. Integrity This concept in VANETs often combines with the concept authentication to guarantee that: A node should be able to verify that a message is indeed sent and signed by another node without being modified by anyone. [5] In order to gain this property, Data Verification is also required: Once the sender vehicle is authenticated, the receiving vehicle performs data verifications to check whether the message contains the correct or corrupted data. C. Availability The network should be available even if it is under an attack without affecting its performance. This concept of VANETs is not different from itself in other kinds of networks but not easy to ensure because of the mobility in high speed of vehicles. D. Privacy The profile or a driver s personal information must be maintained against unauthorized access. We consider the following two cases: Communications between vehicles and RSUs: Privacy means that an eavesdropper is impossible to decide whether two different messages come from the same vehicle. Communications between vehicles: Privacy means that determining whether two different valid messages coming from the same vehicle is intensely burdensome for everyone except a legitimate component (e.g., tracing manager [10]). E. Traceability and revocability Although a vehicles real identity should be hidden from other vehicles, there should be still a component (e.g., Trace Manager) that has the ability to obtain vehicles' real identities and to revoke them from future usage. RES Publication 2012 Page 72

5 F. Non-repudiation Drivers must be reliably identified in case of accidents. A sender should have mandatory Responsibility in transmitting the messages for the investigation that will determine the correct sequence and content of messages exchanged before the accident. G. Real-time constraints Since vehicles are able to randomly move in and quickly move out to a group of a VANET for a short duration, real-time constraints should be maintained. H. Low Overhead All messages in VANETs are time critical. Thus, low overhead is essential to retain the usefulness and validity of messages. VII. CONCLUSION This paper has briefly introduced Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks and challenges associated with security attacks and Security Requirements. I have presented communications security, as well as a revolution for vehicular safety, comfort and efficiency in road transport. Any design for VANETs should be wide applicability, node privacy, efficient group management, strong authentication, and data verification. In order to reach them, any solution has to combine well-known building blocks according to a modular design that includes several components specifically devoted to authentication, encryption, group management, data aggregation, simulation, safety-related/value-added applications, etc. The goal of VANET is to provide security while communicating, and also safety to drivers and other road users. REFERENCES [1] M. Raya, and J.-P. Hubaux, The security of vehicular ad hoc networks, in Proc. 3rd ACM workshop on Security of ad hoc and sensor networks, Alexandria, VA, USA, 2005, pp [2] Bhuvaneshwari.S1, Divya.G2, Kirithika.K.B3 and Nithya.S4 A SURVEY ON VEHICULAR AD-HOCNETWORK International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 10, October 2013 [3] L. Zhang, Q. Wu, A. Solanas, and D.-F. Josep, A Scalable Robust Authentication Protocol for Secure Vehicular Communications, Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 59, no. 4, pp , [4] Yanmin Zhu1, Chao Chen1 and Min Gao An evaluation of vehicular networks with real vehicular GPS traces EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2013,pp.190, 13 July [5] Tanuja K, Sushma T M, Bharathi M, Arun K H A Survey On VANET Technologies International Journal of Computer Applications ( ) Volume 121 No.18, July 2015 [6] A. Dhamgaye and N. Chavhan, Survey on security challenges in VANET, Int. J. Comput. Sci., vol. 2, no. 1, pp , [7] Irshad Ahmed Sumra, Iftikhar Ahmad, Halabi Hasbullah, Jamalul-lail bin Ab Manan, Classes of attacks in VANET, in Tenth International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks (WOCN), pp 1-5, 2013 [8] I.Ahmed Soomro, H.B.Hasbullah,J.lb.Ab Manan, User requirements model for vehicular ad hoc network applications, in International Symposium on Information Technology 2010 (ITSim 2010), [9] M.Raya, P. Papadimitratos, and JP. Hubaux, Securing Vehicular Communications, in IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine, Special Issue on Inter-Vehicular Communications, 2006, pp. 8 [10] M. Raya, A. Aziz, and J.-P. Hubaux, Efficient secure aggregation in VANETs, in Proc. 3rd Int. Workshop VANET, 2006, pp AUTHOR S BIOGRAPHIES A.Prabhaharan has obtained his M.sc Computer Science in Bharathiar Universityaty Coimbatore on Now he is doing M.Phil. in Computer Scienceat NGM College, Pollachi, under Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. He attended International Seminar on Research Performance Analysis and Strategy, and "One Day National level Research Workshop on Recent Trends in Computer Science (NRWRTCS'16)", At Bharathiar University,Coimbatore. He presented a paper about Network security in Third international conference on the Advances in Information Technology and Networking (ICATN 16) in G.R.D COLLEGE FOR SCIENCE, and presented paper on the National conference on Data Science (NCDS 16), in Sri Krishna arts and science college, Coimbatore. His research interests include Network Security. Mr. K. Vijayakumar received his MCA Degree from Bharathiar University in 1999 and completed his M.Phil. Degree in Computer Science from Bharathiar University in He is currently pursuing his Ph.D. (Ind. Mode). at the Research Department of Computer Science, NGM College, Pollachi, under Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. His research interests include Computer Simulation and Networks Security. He has 15 years of teaching experience. He is presently RES Publication 2012 Page 73

6 working as an Assistant Professor and Head, Department of InformationTechnology, NGM College, Pollachi RES Publication 2012 Page 74