Relion 650 series. Generator protection REG650 ANSI Product Guide

Transcription

1 Relion 650 series Generator protection REG650 ANSI Product Guide

2 Contents series overview Application Available functions Differential protection Impedance protection Current protection Voltage protection Frequency protection Secondary system supervision Control Logic Monitoring Metering Human Machine interface Basic IED functions Station communication Hardware description Connection diagrams Technical data Ordering...85 Disclaimer The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by ABB AB. ABB AB assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. Copyright 2011 ABB Inc.. All rights reserved. Trademarks ABB and Relion are registered trademarks of ABB Group. All other brand or product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. 2 ABB

3 Revision: series overview The 650 series IEDs provide optimum 'off-theshelf', ready-to-use solutions. It is configured with complete protection functionality and default parameters to meet the needs of a wide range of applications for generation transmission and sub-transmission grids. The 650 series IEDs include: Complete ready to use solutions optimized for a wide range of applications for generation, transmission and subtransmission grids. Support for user-defined names in the local language for signal and function engineering. Minimized parameter settings based on default values and ABB's new global base value concept. You only need to set those parameters specific to your own application, such as the line data. GOOSE messaging for horizontal communication. Extended HMI functionality with 15 dynamic three-color-indication LEDs per page, on up to three pages, and configurable push-button shortcuts for different actions. Programmable LED text-based labels. Settable 1A/5A -rated current inputs. 2. Application REG650 is used for the protection and monitoring of generating plants. The IED is especially suitable for applications in distributed control systems with high demands on reliability. It is intended mainly for small and medium size generation stations. REG670 may be used when more extensive protection systems are required or in combination with REG650 to provide redundant schemes. A wide range of protection functions is available to achieve full and reliable protection for different types of generating plants, for example hydro power plants and thermal power plants. This enables adaptation to the protection requirements of most generating plants. Protection functions are available for detecting and clearing internal faults, such as generator stator short circuits and ground faults, generator rotor ground faults, unit transformer short circuits and ground faults and faults in the external power system, fed from the generating plant. Two packages have been defined for the following applications: Generator protection IED including generator differential protection (B01A) Generator-transformer unit protection IED including transformer differential protection (B05A) In many generating plants, the protection system can be designed with a combination of the two packages, that is, two IEDs of either same type or different types, will give redundant protection for a generating unit (generator and unit transformer) depending on the requirements for the plant design. The packages are configured and ready for use. Analogue inputs and binary input/output circuits are pre-defined. The pre-configured IED can be changed and adapted with the graphical configuration tool. ABB 3

4 Field CB RXTTE4 Generator protection REG650 ANSI 1MRK BUS - 110kV HV Substation HV CB 200/1 A Unit Transformer 29MVA 121/11kV YNd5 200/1 J / / kv Y TRM module with 4I+1I*+5U AIM module with 6I+4U Auxiliary Transformer 2500/5 100/5 Y 1) 59N 3Uo> ROV2 PTOV Meter. C MSQI C 1.6MVA 11/0.4kV B A, B, C or D 51 3I> OC4 PTOC 49 Ith TR PTTR Meter. CV MMXN 25 SC SES RSYN Excitation Transformer 50/5 390kVA D 11/0.37kV Dyn /5 Generator CB / / kv Y Y 59N 3Uo> ROV2 PTOV 52PD PD CC RPLD 47 U2> V MSQI 51 3I> OC4 PTOC 32Q Q GOP PDOP 32 P GOP PDOP 37 P< GOP PDUP 81R df/dt SA PFRC 81O f> SA PTOF 81U f< SA PTUF 1600/5 ~ 29MVA 11kV 150rpm V I 3) 50BF 3I> BF 50AE U</I> Rotor EF protection 64R CC RBRF AEG GAPC 67N IN> 67N IN> 40 < SDE PSDE EF4 PTOC 87G 3Id/I LEX PDIS GEN PDIF 78 Ucos OOS PPAM 46 I2> 49 Ith 21 Z< NS2 PTOC TR PTTR ZG PDIS 27 3U< UV2 PTUV 59 3U> OV2 PTOV 24 U/f> OEX PVPH 51V I>/U< VR2 PVOC 60FL SDD RFUF 200/5 G /1 11 / 0.11 kv 3 H J, G or H 51N IN> EF4 PTOC ) 87N IdN HZ PDIF 59THD U3d/N STEF PHIZ 59N UN> REG650-B01A Note: 2) ) Requires dedicated CT cores, external resistor and metrosil for correct operation 1) Input for independent non-directional OC and overload functions. It can be used for different purposes (e.g. OC protection for either Auxiliary trafo or Excitation trafo or Step-up transformer HV side) 2) Input for independent non-directional EF function. It can be used for different purposes (e.g. as stator EF protection or turn-to-turn protection for generators with split winding or even HV side EF protection). Alternatively it can be used for High-Impedance REF protection. 3) Input for independent directional (sensitive) EF function. It can be used for different purposes (e.g. as rotor EF with RXTTE4 or stator EF for generators operating in parallel) Function Enabled in Settings ANSI IEC IEC61850 Function Disabled in Settings ANSI IEC ANSI IEC DNP IEC ANSI en.vsd ANSI V1 EN Figure 1. Generator protection IED including generator differential protection (B01A) 4 ABB

5 Field CB RXTTE4 Generator protection REG650 ANSI 1MRK BUS - 110kV HV Substation 200/ / / kv Unit Transformer 29MVA 121/11kV YNd5 HV CB Y Y 200/1 J 52PD PD CC RPLD 51 3I> OC4 PTOC 50BF 3I> BF CC RBRF TRM module with 4I+1I*+5U AIM module with 6I+4U Meter. CV MMXN 25 SC SES RSYN Auxiliary Transformer 2500/5 100/5 Y Y 59N 3Uo> ROV2 PTOV Meter. C MSQI 87T 3Id/I T3D PDIF 3) E 1.6MVA 11/0.4kV D Excitation Transformer 50/5 390kVA 11/0.37kV C Dyn /5 200/5 1600/5 ~ Generator CB / / kv Y B A Y 29MVA 11kV 150rpm D or E 1) A or B V I 51 3I> 49 Ith OC4 PTOC TR PTTR 47 U2> V MSQI 59N 3Uo> ROV2 PTOV Rotor EF protection 64R 67N IN> 67N IN> SDE PSDE EF4 PTOC 46 I2> 49 Ith NS2 PTOC TR PTTR GT01 Meter. CV MMXN 32Q Q GOP PDOP 32 P GOP PDOP 37 P< GOP PDUP 50AE U</I> AEG GAPC 40 < LEX PDIS 78 Ucos OOS PPAM 21 Z< ZG PDIS 81R df/dt SA PFRC 81O f> SA PTOF 81U f< SA PTUF 27 3U< UV2 PTUV 59 3U> OV2 PTOV 24 U/f> OEX PVPH 51V I>/U< VR2 PVOC 60FL SDD RFUF G /1 Note: 11 / 0.11 kv 3 H J, G or H 2) 59THD U3d/N STEF PHIZ ) 59N UN> 51N IN> 87N IdN EF4 PTOC HZ PDIF REG650-B05A ) Requires dedicated CT cores, external resistor and metrosil for correct operation 1) Inputs for independent directional (sensitive) EF function. It can be used for different purposes (e.g. as rotor EF with RXTTE4 or stator EF for generators running in parallel) 2) Input for independent non-directional EF function. It can be used for different purposes (e.g. as stator EF protection or turn-to-turn protection for generators with split winding or even HV side EF protection). Alternatively it can be used for High-Impedance REF protection. 3) Alternatively step-up transformer HV side open delta VT can be connected here Function Enabled in Settings ANSI IEC IEC61850 Function Disabled in Settings ANSI IEC ANSI IEC DNP IEC ANSI _1_en.vsd ANSI V1 EN Figure 2. Generator-transformer unit protection IED including transformer differential protection (B05A) ABB 5

6 3. Available functions Main protection functions IEC 61850/ Function block name ANSI Function description Generator REG650 (B01A) Gen diff REG650 (B05A) Gen+Trafo diff Differential protection T3WPDIF 87T Transformer differential protection, three winding 1 HZPDIF 87 1Ph High impedance differential protection 1 1 GENPDIF 87G Generator differential protection 1 Impedance protection ZGPDIS 21G Underimpedance protection for generators and transformers 1 1 LEXPDIS 40 Loss of excitation 1 1 OOSPPAM 78 Out-of-step protection 1 1 LEPDIS Load encroachment ABB

7 Back-up protection functions IEC 61850/ Function block name ANSI Function description Generator REG650 (B01A) Gen diff REG650 (B05A) Gen+Trafo diff Current protection OC4PTOC 51/67 Four step directional phase overcurrent protection 2 2 EF4PTOC 51N/ 67N Four step directional residual overcurrent protection 2 2 SDEPSDE 67N Sensitive directional residual overcurrent and power protection 1 1 TRPTTR 49 Thermal overload protection, two time constants 2 2 CCRBRF 50BF Breaker failure protection 1 1 CCRPLD 52PD Pole discordance protection 1 1 GUPPDUP 37 Directional underpower protection 1 1 GOPPDOP 32 Directional overpower protection 2 2 AEGGAPC 50AE Accidental energizing protection for synchronous generator NS2PTOC 46I2 Negative-sequence time overcurrent protection for machines VR2PVOC 51V Voltage-restrained time overcurrent protection 1 1 Voltage protection UV2PTUV 27 Two step undervoltage protection 1 1 OV2PTOV 59 Two step overvoltage protection 1 1 ROV2PTOV 59N Two step residual overvoltage protection 2 2 OEXPVPH 24 Overexcitation protection 1 1 STEFPHIZ 59THD 100% Stator earth fault protection, 3rd harmonic based 1 1 ABB 7

8 IEC 61850/ Function block name ANSI Function description Generator REG650 (B01A) Gen diff REG650 (B05A) Gen+Trafo diff - 64R Rotor ground protection 1 1 Frequency protection SAPTUF 81 Underfrequency function 4 4 SAPTOF 81 Overfrequency function 4 4 SAPFRC 81 Rate-of-change frequency protection ABB

9 Control and monitoring functions IEC 61850/ Function block name ANSI Function description Generator REG650 (B01A) Gen diff REG650 (B05A) Gen+Trafo diff Control SESRSYN 25 Synchrocheck, energizing check, and synchronizing 1 1 QCBAY Bay control 1 1 LOCREM Handling of LR-switch positions 1 1 LOCREMCTRL LHMI control of Permitted Source To Operate (PSTO) SLGGIO Logic Rotating Switch for function selection and LHMI presentation VSGGIO Selector mini switch extension DPGGIO IEC generic communication I/O functions double point SPC8GGIO Single point generic control 8 signals 5 5 AUTOBITS AutomationBits, command function for DNP I103CMD Function commands for IEC I103IEDCMD IED commands for IEC I103USRCMD Function commands user defined for IEC I103GENCMD Function commands generic for IEC I103POSCMD IED commands with position and select for IEC Secondary system supervision SDDRFUF Fuse failure supervision 1 1 TCSSCBR Breaker close/trip circuit monitoring 3 3 ABB 9

10 IEC 61850/ Function block name ANSI Function description Generator REG650 (B01A) Gen diff REG650 (B05A) Gen+Trafo diff Logic SMPPTRC 94 Tripping logic 6 6 TMAGGIO Trip matrix logic OR Configurable logic blocks, OR gate INVERTER Configurable logic blocks, Inverter gate PULSETIMER Configurable logic blocks, Pulse timer GATE Configurable logic blocks, Controllable gate XOR Configurable logic blocks, exclusive OR gate LOOPDELAY Configurable logic blocks, loop delay TIMERSET Configurable logic blocks, timer function block AND Configurable logic blocks, AND gate SRMEMORY Configurable logic blocks, set-reset memory flipflop gate RSMEMORY Configurable logic blocks, reset-set memory flipflop gate FXDSIGN Fixed signal function block 1 1 B16I Boolean 16 to Integer conversion B16IFCVI Boolean 16 to Integer conversion with logic node representation IB16A Integer to Boolean 16 conversion IB16FCVB Integer to Boolean 16 conversion with logic node representation Monitoring CVMMXN Measurements ABB

11 IEC 61850/ Function block name ANSI Function description Generator REG650 (B01A) Gen diff REG650 (B05A) Gen+Trafo diff CMMXU Phase current measurement VMMXU Phase-phase voltage measurement 6 6 CMSQI Current sequence component measurement 6 6 VMSQI Voltage sequence measurement 6 6 VNMMXU Phase-neutral voltage measurement 6 6 CNTGGIO Event counter 5 5 DRPRDRE Disturbance report 1 1 AxRADR Analog input signals 4 4 BxRBDR Binary input signals 6 6 SPGGIO IEC generic communication I/O functions SP16GGIO IEC generic communication I/O functions 16 inputs MVGGIO IEC generic communication I/O functions MVEXP Measured value expander block SPVNZBAT Station battery supervision 1 1 SSIMG 63 Insulation gas monitoring function 2 2 SSIML 71 Insulation liquid monitoring function 2 2 SSCBR Circuit breaker condition monitoring 1 1 I103MEAS Measurands for IEC I103MEASUSR Measurands user defined signals for IEC I103AR Function status auto-recloser for IEC I103EF Function status ground-fault for IEC ABB 11

12 IEC 61850/ Function block name ANSI Function description Generator REG650 (B01A) Gen diff REG650 (B05A) Gen+Trafo diff I103FLTPROT Function status fault protection for IEC I103IED IED status for IEC I103SUPERV Supervison status for IEC I103USRDEF Status for user defined signals for IEC Metering PCGGIO Pulse counter logic ETPMMTR Function for energy calculation and demand handling ABB

13 Designed to communicate IEC 61850/ Function block name ANSI Function description Generator REG650 (B01A) Gen diff REG650 (B05A) Gen+Trafo diff Station communication IEC communication protocol, LAN1 1 1 DNP3.0 for TCP/IP communication protocol, LAN1 1 1 IEC IEC serial communication via ST 1 1 GOOSEINTLKRCV Horizontal communication via GOOSE for interlocking GOOSEBINRCV GOOSE binary receive 4 4 GOOSEDPRCV GOOSE function block to receive a double point value GOOSEINTRCV GOOSE function block to receive an integer value GOOSEMVRCV GOOSE function block to receive a mesurand value GOOSESPRCV GOOSE function block to receive a single point value ABB 13

14 Basic IED functions IEC 61850/ Function block name Function description Basic functions included in all products INTERRSIG Self supervision with internal event list 1 SELFSUPEVLST Self supervision with internal event list 1 SNTP Time synchronization 1 TIMESYNCHGEN Time synchronization 1 DTSBEGIN, DTSEND, TIMEZONE Time synchronization, daylight saving 1 IRIG-B Time synchronization 1 SETGRPS Setting group handling 1 ACTVGRP Parameter setting groups 1 TESTMODE Test mode functionality 1 CHNGLCK Change lock function 1 TERMINALID IED identifiers 1 PRODINF Product information 1 PRIMVAL Primary system values 1 SMAI_20_1-12 Signal matrix for analog inputs 2 3PHSUM Summation block 3 phase 12 GBASVAL Global base values for settings 6 ATHSTAT Authority status 1 ATHCHCK Authority check 1 FTPACCS FTP access with password 1 DOSFRNT Denial of service, frame rate control for front port 1 DOSLAN1 Denial of service, frame rate control for LAN1 1 DOSSCKT Denial of service, socket flow control 1 14 ABB

15 4. Differential protection Transformer differential protection T2WPDIF/T3WPDIF (87T) The Transformer differential protection, twowinding (T2WPDIF, 87T) and Transformer differential protection, three-winding (T3WPDIF, 87T) are provided with internal CT ratio matching and phase shift compensation. In addition, zero sequence elimination is also provided. The function can be provided with two or three three-phase sets of current inputs. All current inputs are provided with percentage bias restraint features, making the IED suitable for two- or three-winding transformer arrangements. Two-winding applications ANSI V1 EN xx _ansi.vsd Three-winding applications xx _ansi.vsd ANSI V1 EN xx _ansi.vsd ANSI V1 EN Figure 3. CT group arrangement for differential protection and other protections The available settings of this function allow the REG650 to cover various differential protection applications such as power transformers and auto-transformers with or without load tap changer as well as for shunt reactors including local feeders within the station. An adaptive stabilizing feature is included to avoid misoperations during for heavy through-faults. Harmonic restraint is included for inrush currents as well as for overexcitation conditions. Adaptive harmonic restraint is also ABB 15

16 included for system recovery inrush and CT saturation during external faults. A high set unrestrained differential current protection element is included for a very high speed tripping at a high internal fault currents. An innovative sensitive differential protection feature, based on the theory of symmetrical components, offers the best possible coverage for power transformer winding turn-to-turn faults. 1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF (87) The 1Ph High impedance differential protection (HZPDIF, 87) function can be used when the involved CTs have the same turns ratio and similar magnetizing characteristics. It utilizes an external summation of the currents in the interconnected CTs, a series resistor, and a voltage dependent resistor which are mounted externally connected to the IED. HZPDIF (87) can be used as high impedance REF protection. Generator differential protection GENPDIF (87G) Short circuit between the phases of the stator windings causes normally very large fault currents. The short circuit gives risk of damages on insulation, windings and stator iron core. The large short circuit currents cause large forces, which can cause damage even to other components in the power plant, such as turbine and generator-turbine shaft. The task of Generator differential protection GENPDIF (87G) is to determine whether a fault is within the protected zone, or outside the protected zone. If the fault is internal, the faulty generator must be quickly tripped, that is, disconnected from the network, the field breaker tripped and the power to the prime mover interrupted. To limit the damage due to stator winding short circuits, the fault clearance must be as fast as possible (instantaneous). If the generator block is connected to the power system close to other generating blocks, the fast fault clearance is essential to maintain the transient stability of the non-faulted generators. Normally, the short circuit fault current is very large, that is, significantly larger than the generator rated current. There is a risk that a short circuit can occur between phases close to the neutral point of the generator, thus causing a relatively small fault current. The fault current can also be limited due to low excitation of the generator. Therefore, it is desired that the detection of generator phase-to-phase short circuits shall be relatively sensitive, detecting small fault currents. It is also of great importance that the generator differential protection does not trip for external faults, with large fault currents flowing from the generator. To combine fast fault clearance, as well as sensitivity and selectivity, the generator differential protection is normally the best choice for phase-to-phase generator short circuits. A negative-sequence-current-based internal-external fault discriminator can also be used to determine whether a fault is internal or external. The internal-external fault discriminator not only positively discriminates between internal and external faults, but can independently detect minor faults which may not be felt (until they develop into more serious faults) by the "usual" differential protection based on operate-restrain characteristic. An open CT circuit condition creates unexpected operations for Generator differential protection under the normal load conditions. It is also possible to damage secondary equipment due to high voltage produced from open CT circuit outputs. Therefore, it may be a requirement from security and reliability points of view to have open CT detection function to block Generator 16 ABB

17 differential protection function in case of open CT conditions and at the same time produce the alarm signal to the operational personal to make quick remedy actions to correct the open CT condition. Generator differential protection GENPDIF (87G) is also well suited to generate fast, sensitive and selective fault clearance, if used to protect shunt reactors or small busbars 5. Impedance protection Underimpedance protection for generators and transformers ZGPDIS (21) The underimpedance protection for generators and transformers ZGPDIS(21G), has the offset mho characteristic as a three zone back-up protection for detection of short circuits in transformers and generators. The three zones have independent measuring and settings that gives high flexibility for all types of applications. A load encroachment characteristic is available for the third zone as shown in figure 4. jx Operation area No operation area Operation area Operation area No operation area R en vsd Loss of excitation LEXPDIS (40) There are limits for the low excitation of a synchronous machine. A reduction of the excitation current weakens the coupling between the rotor and the stator. The machine may lose the synchronism and start to operate like an induction machine. Then, the reactive power consumption will increase. Even if the machine does not loose synchronism it may not be acceptable to operate in this state for a long time. Reduction of excitation increases the generation of heat in the end region of the synchronous machine. The local heating may damage the insulation of the stator winding and the iron core. To prevent damages to the generator it should be tripped when excitation becomes too low. Out-of-step protection OOSPPAM (78) Out-of-step protection (OOSPPAM, 78) function in the IED can be used both for generator protection application as well as, line protection applications. The main purpose of the OOSPPAM, 78 function is to detect, evaluate, and take the required action during pole slipping occurrences in the power system. The OOSPPAM, 78 function detects pole slip conditions and trips the generator as fast as possible, after the first pole-slip if the center of oscillation is found to be in zone 1, which normally includes the generator and its step-up power transformer. If the center of oscillation is found to be further out in the power system, in zone 2, more than one pole-slip is usually allowed before the generator-transformer unit is disconnected. If there are several out-of-step relays in the power system, then the one which finds the center of oscillation in its zone 1 should operate first. IEC V1 EN Figure 4. Load encroachment influence on the offset mho characteristic ABB 17

18 Load encroachment LEPDIS Heavy load transfer is common in many power networks and may make fault resistance coverage difficult to achieve. In such a case, Load encroachment (LEPDIS) function can be used to prevent operation of the of the underimpedance measuring zones during heavy loads. 6. Current protection Four step phase overcurrent protection OC4PTOC (51/67) The four step phase overcurrent protection function OC4PTOC (51/67) has independent inverse time delay settings for step 1 and 4. Step 2 and 3 are always definite time delayed. All IEC and ANSI inverse time characteristics are available. The directional function is voltage polarized with memory. The function can be set to be directional or non-directional independently for each of the steps. Four step residual overcurrent protection EF4PTOC (51N_67N) The four step residual overcurrent protection (EF4PTOC, 51N/67N) has independent inverse time delay settings for step 1 and 4. Step 2 and 3 are always definite time delayed. All IEC and ANSI inverse time characteristics are available. The directional function includes 3 options voltage polarized current polarized dual polarized EF4PTOC (51N/67N) can be set directional or non-directional independently for each of the steps. Second harmonic blocking can be set individually for each step. Sensitive directional residual overcurrent and power protection SDEPSDE (67N) In isolated networks or in networks with high impedance grounding, the ground fault current is significantly smaller than the short circuit currents. In addition to this, the magnitude of the fault current is almost independent on the fault location in the network. The protection can be selected to use either the residual current or residual power component 3V 0 3I 0 cos j, for operating quantity. There is also available one non-directional 3I 0 step and one non-directional 3V 0 overvoltage tripping step. Thermal overload protection, two time constant TRPTTR (49) If a power transformer or generator reaches very high temperatures the equipment might be damaged. The insulation within the transformer/ generator will have forced ageing. As a consequence of this the risk of internal phase-tophase or phase-to-ground faults will increase. High temperature will degrade the quality of the transformer/generator insulation. The thermal overload protection estimates the internal heat content of the transformer/ generator (temperature) continuously. This estimation is made by using a thermal model of the transformer/generator with two time constants, which is based on current measurement. Two warning pickup levels are available. This enables actions in the power system to be done before dangerous temperatures are reached. If the temperature continues to increase to the 18 ABB

19 trip value, the protection initiates a trip of the protected transformer/generator. Breaker failure protection CCRBRF (50BF) Breaker failure protection (CCRBRF, 50BF) ensures fast back-up tripping of surrounding breakers in case the protected breaker fails to open. CCRBRF (50BF) can be current based, contact based, or an adaptive combination of these two conditions. Current check with extremely short reset time is used as check criterion to achieve high security against unnecessary operation. Contact check criteria can be used where the fault current through the breaker is small. Breaker failure protection (CCRBRF, 50BF) current criteria can be fulfilled by one or two phase currents, or one phase current plus residual current. When those currents exceed the user defined settings, the function is activated. These conditions increase the security of the back-up trip command. CCRBRF (50BF) function can be programmed to give a three-phase re-trip of the protected breaker to avoid unnecessary tripping of surrounding breakers. Pole discordance protection CCRPLD (52PD) Circuit breakers and disconnectors can end up with their phase poles in different positions (close-open), due to electrical or mechanical failures.an open phase can cause negative and zero sequence currents which cause thermal stress on rotating machines and can cause unwanted operation of zero sequence or negative sequence current functions. Normally the affected breaker is tripped to correct such a situation. If the situation warrants the surrounding breakers should be tripped to clear the unsymmetrical load situation. The pole discrepancy function operates based on information from the circuit breaker logic with additional criteria from unsymmetrical phase currents when required. Directional over/underpower protection GOPPDOP/GUPPDUP (32/37) The directional over-/under-power protection GOPPDOP (32)/GUPPDUP (37) can be used wherever a high/low active, reactive or apparent power protection or alarming is required. The functions can alternatively be used to check the direction of active or reactive power flow in the power system. There are a number of applications where such functionality is needed. Some of them are: detection of reversed active power flow detection of high reactive power flow Each function has two steps with definite time delay. Reset times for both steps can be set as well. Accidental energizing protection for synchronous generator AEGGAPC (50AE) Inadvertent or accidental energizing of off-line generators has occurred often enough due to operating errors, breaker head flashovers, control circuit malfunctions, or a combination of these causes. Inadvertently energized generator operates as induction motor drawing a large current from the system. The voltage supervised overcurrent protection is used to protect the inadvertently energized generator. Accidental energizing protection for synchronous generator (AEGGAPC, 50AE) takes the maximum phase current input from the generator terminal side or from generator neutral side and maximum phase to phase voltage inputs from the terminal side. AEGGAPC (50AE) is enabled when the terminal voltage drops below the specified voltage level for the preset time. ABB 19

20 Negative sequence time overcurrent protection for machines NS2PTOC (46I2) Negative-sequence time overcurrent protection for machines NS2PTOC (46I2) is intended primarily for the protection of generators against possible overheating of the rotor caused by negative sequence component in the stator current. The negative sequence currents in a generator may, among others, be caused by: Unbalanced loads Line to line faults Line to ground faults Broken conductors Malfunction of one or more poles of a circuit breaker or a disconnector NS2PTOC (46I2) can also be used as a backup protection, that is, to protect the generator in case line protections or circuit breakers fail to clear unbalanced system faults. To provide an effective protection for the generator for external unbalanced conditions, NS2PTOC (46I2) is able to directly measure the negative sequence current. NS2PTOC (46I2) also has a time delay characteristic which matches the heating characteristic of the generator C where: I 2 t K 2 I2 t = K as defined in standard IEEE is negative sequence current expressed in per unit of the rated generator current is operating time in seconds is a constant which depends of the generators size and design NS2PTOC (46I2) has a wide range of K settings and the sensitivity and capability of detecting and tripping for negative sequence currents down to the continuous capability of a generator. A separate output is available as an alarm feature to warn the operator of a potentially dangerous situation. Voltage-restrained time overcurrent protection VR2PVOC (51V) Voltage-restrained time overcurrent protection (VR2PVOC, 51V) function is recommended as a backup protection for generators. The overcurrent protection feature has a settable current level that can be used either with definite time or inverse time characteristic. Additionally, it can be voltage controlled/ restrained. One undervoltage step with definite time characteristic is also available with the function in order to provide funcionality for overcurrent protection with undervoltage seal-in. 7. Voltage protection Two step undervoltage protection UV2PTUV (27) Undervoltages can occur in the power system during faults or abnormal conditions. Two step undervoltage protection (UV2PTUV, 27) function can be used to open circuit breakers to prepare for system restoration at power outages or as long-time delayed back-up to primary protection. UV2PTUV (27) has two voltage steps, where step 1 is settable as inverse or definite time delayed. Step 2 is always definite time delayed. Two step overvoltage protection OV2PTOV (59) Overvoltages may occur in the power system during abnormal conditions such as sudden power loss, tap changer regulating failures, open line ends on long lines etc. 20 ABB

21 OV2PTOV (59) has two voltage steps, where step 1 can be set as inverse or definite time delayed. Step 2 is always definite time delayed. OV2PTOV (59) has an extremely high reset ratio to allow settings close to system service voltage. Two step residual overvoltage protection ROV2PTOV (59N) Residual voltages may occur in the power system during ground faults. Two step residual overvoltage protection ROV2PTOV (59N) function calculates the residual voltage from the three-phase voltage input transformers or measures it from a single voltage input transformer fed from a broken delta or neutral point voltage transformer. ROV2PTOV (59N) has two voltage steps, where step 1 can be set as inverse or definite time delayed. Step 2 is always definite time delayed. Overexcitation protection OEXPVPH (24) When the laminated core of a power transformer or generator is subjected to a magnetic flux density beyond its design limits, stray flux will flow into non-laminated components not designed to carry flux and cause eddy currents to flow. The eddy currents can cause excessive heating and severe damage to insulation and adjacent parts in a relatively short time. The function has settable inverse operating curves and independent alarm stages. 95% and 100% Stator earth fault protection based on 3rd harmonic STEFPHIZ (59TD) Stator ground fault is a fault type having relatively high fault rate. The generator systems normally have high impedance grounding, that is, grounding via a neutral point resistor. This resistor is normally dimensioned to give an ground fault current in the range 3 15 A at a solid ground-fault directly at the generator high voltage terminal. The relatively small ground fault currents give much less thermal and mechanical stress on the generator, compared to the short circuit case, which is between conductors of two phases. Anyhow, the ground faults in the generator have to be detected and the generator has to be tripped, even if longer fault time compared to internal short circuits, can be allowed. In normal non-faulted operation of the generating unit the neutral point voltage is close to zero, and there is no zero sequence current flow in the generator. When a phase-toground fault occurs the neutral point voltage will increase and there will be a current flow through the neutral point resistor. To detect a ground fault on the windings of a generating unit one may use a neutral point overvoltage protection, a neutral point overcurrent protection, a zero sequence overvoltage protection or a residual differential protection. These protections are simple and have served well during many years. However, at best these simple schemes protect only 95% of the stator winding. They leave 5% close to the neutral end unprotected. Under unfavorable conditions the blind zone may extend up to 20% from the neutral. The 95% stator ground fault protection measures the fundamental frequency voltage component in the generator star point and it operates when it exceeds the preset value. By applying this principle approximately 95% of the stator winding can be protected. In order to protect the last 5% of the stator winding close to the neutral end the 3rd harmonic voltage measurement can be performed. In 100% Stator E/F 3rd harmonic protection either the 3rd harmonic voltage differential principle, the neutral point 3rd harmonic undervoltage principle or the terminal side 3rd harmonic overvoltage principle can be applied. However, differential principle is strongly recommended. Combination of these two measuring principles ABB 21

22 provides coverage for entire stator winding against ground faults. stator winding CB 1 may not exist N x E3 (1-x) E3 T CB 1 CB 2 RN Rf Transformer un Samples of the neutral voltage from which the fundamental and 3rd harmonic voltages are filtered out x Neutral point fundamental frequency over-voltage protection 5% - 100% over- voltage protection 10% 100% 3rd Differential harmonic differential 0% 30% 0% - 30% 1 or 100 % 1 - x ut Samples of the terminal voltage from which the 3rd harmonic voltage is filtered out ANSI en.vsd ANSI V1 EN Figure 5. Protection principles for STEFPHIZ (59TD) function Rotor ground fault protection (64R) Generator rotor winding and its associated dc supply electric circuit is typically fully insulated from the ground. Therefore single connection of this circuit to ground will not cause flow of any substantial current. However, if second ground-fault appears in this circuit circumstances can be quit serious. Depending on the location of these two faults such operating condition may cause: Partial or total generator loss of field Large dc current flow through rotor magnetic circuit Rotor vibration Rotor displacement sufficient to cause stator mechanical damage Therefore practically all bigger generators have some dedicated protection which is capable to detect the first ground-fault in the rotor circuit and then, depending on the fault resistance, either just to give an alarm to the operating personnel or actually to give stop command to the machine. An injection unit is required for rotor ground fault protection (RXTTE4) and a protective resistor on plate for correct operation. 22 ABB

23 8. Frequency protection Underfrequency protection SAPTUF (81) Underfrequency occurs as a result of lack of generation in the network. Underfrequency protection SAPTUF (81) is used for load shedding systems, remedial action schemes, gas turbine startup and so on. SAPTUF (81) is provided with an undervoltage blocking. Overfrequency protection SAPTOF (81) Overfrequency protection function SAPTOF (81) is applicable in all situations, where reliable detection of high fundamental power system frequency is needed. Overfrequency occurs at sudden load drops or shunt faults in the power network. Close to the generating plant, generator governor problems can also cause over frequency. SAPTOF (81) is used mainly for generation shedding and remedial action schemes. It is also used as a frequency stage initiating load restoring. SAPTOF (81) is provided with an undervoltage blocking. Rate-of-change frequency protection SAPFRC (81) Rate-of-change frequency protection function (SAPFRC,81) gives an early indication of a main disturbance in the system. SAPFRC (81) can be used for generation shedding, load shedding and remedial action schemes. SAPFRC (81) can discriminate between positive or negative change of frequency. SAPFRC (81) is provided with an undervoltage blocking. 9. Secondary system supervision Fuse failure supervision SDDRFUF The aim of the fuse failure supervision function (SDDRFUF) is to block voltage measuring functions at failures in the secondary circuits between the voltage transformer and the IED in order to avoid unwanted operations that otherwise might occur. The fuse failure supervision function basically has three different algorithms, negative sequence and zero sequence based algorithms and an additional delta voltage and delta current algorithm. The negative sequence detection algorithm is recommended for IEDs used in isolated or highimpedance grounded networks. It is based on the negative-sequence measuring quantities, a high value of voltage without the presence of the negative-sequence current 3I 2. The zero sequence detection algorithm is recommended for IEDs used in directly or low impedance grounded networks. It is based on the zero sequence measuring quantities, a high value of voltage 3V 0 without the presence of the residual current 3I 0. A criterion based on delta current and delta voltage measurements can be added to the fuse failure supervision function in order to detect a three phase fuse failure, which in practice is more associated with voltage transformer switching during station operations. For better adaptation to system requirements, an operation mode setting has been introduced which makes it possible to select the operating conditions for negative sequence and zero sequence based function. The selection of different operation modes makes it possible to choose different interaction possibilities ABB 23

24 between the negative sequence and zero sequence based algorithm. Breaker close/trip circuit monitoring TCSSCBR The trip circuit monitoring function TCSSCBR is designed for supervision of control circuits. A fault in a control circuit is detected by using a dedicated output contact that contains the monitoring functionality. The function picks up and trips when TCSSCBR detects a trip circuit failure. The trip time characteristic for the function is of definite time (DT) type. The function trips after a predefined operating time and resets when the fault disappears. 10. Control Synchrocheck, energizing check, and synchronizing SESRSYN (25) The Synchronizing function allows closing of asynchronous networks at the correct moment including the breaker closing time, which improves the network stability. Synchrocheck, energizing check, and synchronizing (SESRSYN, 25) function checks that the voltages on both sides of the circuit breaker are in synchronism, or with at least one side dead to ensure that closing can be done safely. SESRSYN (25) function includes a built-in voltage selection scheme for double bus arrangements. Manual closing as well as automatic reclosing can be checked by the function and can have different settings. For systems which are running asynchronous a synchronizing function is provided. The main purpose of the synchronizing function is to provide controlled closing of circuit breakers when two asynchronous systems are going to be connected. It is used for slip frequencies that are larger than those for synchronism check and lower than a set maximum level for the synchronizing function. Bay control QCBAY The Bay control QCBAY function is used together with Local remote and local remote control functions to handle the selection of the operator place per bay. QCBAY also provides blocking functions that can be distributed to different apparatuses within the bay. Local remote LOCREM /Local remote control LOCREMCTRL The signals from the local HMI or from an external local/remote switch are applied via the function blocks LOCREM and LOCREMCTRL to the Bay control (QCBAY) function block. A parameter in function block LOCREM is set to choose if the switch signals are coming from the local HMI or from an external hardware switch connected via binary inputs. Logic rotating switch for function selection and LHMI presentation SLGGIO The logic rotating switch for function selection and LHMI presentation function (SLGGIO) (or the selector switch function block) is used to get a selector switch functionality similar to the one provided by a hardware selector switch. Hardware selector switches are used extensively by utilities, in order to have different functions operating on pre-set values. Hardware switches are however sources for maintenance issues, lower system reliability and an extended purchase portfolio. The logic selector switches eliminate all these problems. Selector mini switch VSGGIO The Selector mini switch VSGGIO function block is a multipurpose function used for a 24 ABB

25 variety of applications, as a general purpose switch. VSGGIO can be controlled from the menu or from a symbol on the single line diagram (SLD) on the local HMI. IEC generic communication I/ O functions DPGGIO The IEC generic communication I/O functions (DPGGIO) function block is used to send double indications to other systems or equipment in the substation. It is especially used in the interlocking and reservation stationwide logics. Single point generic control 8 signals SPC8GGIO The Single point generic control 8 signals (SPC8GGIO) function block is a collection of 8 single point commands, designed to bring in commands from REMOTE (SCADA) to those parts of the logic configuration that do not need extensive command receiving functionality (for example, SCSWI). In this way, simple commands can be sent directly to the IED outputs, without confirmation. Confirmation (status) of the result of the commands is supposed to be achieved by other means, such as binary inputs and SPGGIO function blocks. The commands can be pulsed or steady. AutomationBits AUTOBITS The Automation bits function (AUTOBITS) is used to configure the DNP3 protocol command handling. 11. Logic Tripping logic SMPPTRC (94) A function block for protection tripping is provided for each circuit breaker involved in the tripping of the fault. It provides pulse prolongation to ensure a trip pulse of sufficient length, as well as all functionality necessary for correct co-operation with autoreclosing functions. The trip function block includes functionality for breaker lock-out. Trip matrix logic TMAGGIO Trip matrix logic TMAGGIO function is used to route trip signals and other logical output signals to different output contacts on the IED. TMAGGIO output signals and the physical outputs allows the user to adapt the signals to the physical tripping outputs according to the specific application needs. Configurable logic blocks A number of logic blocks and timers are available for the user to adapt the configuration to the specific application needs. OR function block. INVERTER function blocks that inverts the input signal. PULSETIMER function block can be used, for example, for pulse extensions or limiting of operation of outputs. GATE function block is used for whether or not a signal should be able to pass from the input to the output. XOR function block. LOOPDELAY function block used to delay the output signal one execution cycle. TIMERSET function has pick-up and dropout delayed outputs related to the input signal. The timer has a settable time delay. AND function block. ABB 25

26 SRMEMORY function block is a flip-flop that can set or reset an output from two inputs respectively. Each block has two outputs where one is inverted. The memory setting controls if the block's output should reset or return to the state it was, after a power interruption. RSMEMORY function block is a flip-flop that can reset or set an output from two inputs respectively. Each block has two outputs where one is inverted. The memory setting controls if the block's output should reset or return to the state it was, after a power interruption. Reset input has priority. Boolean 16 to Integer conversion B16I Boolean 16 to integer conversion function (B16I) is used to transform a set of 16 binary (logical) signals into an integer. Boolean 16 to Integer conversion with logic node representation B16IFCVI Boolean 16 to integer conversion with logic node representation function (B16IFCVI) is used to transform a set of 16 binary (logical) signals into an integer. Integer to Boolean 16 conversion IB16A Integer to boolean 16 conversion function (IB16A) is used to transform an integer into a set of 16 binary (logical) signals. Integer to Boolean 16 conversion with logic node representation IB16FCVB Integer to boolean conversion with logic node representation function (IB16FCVB) is used to transform an integer to 16 binary (logic) signals. IB16FCVB function can receive remote values over IEC61850 depending on the operator position input (PSTO). 12. Monitoring Measurements CVMMXN, CMMXU, VNMMXU, VMMXU, CMSQI, VMSQI The measurement functions are used to get online information from the IED. These service values make it possible to display on-line information on the local HMI and on the Substation automation system about: measured voltages, currents, frequency, active, reactive and apparent power and power factor primary and secondary phasors current sequence components voltage sequence components Event counter CNTGGIO Event counter (CNTGGIO) has six counters which are used for storing the number of times each counter input has been activated. Disturbance report DRPRDRE Complete and reliable information about disturbances in the primary and/or in the secondary system together with continuous event-logging is accomplished by the disturbance report functionality. Disturbance report DRPRDRE, always included in the IED, acquires sampled data of all selected analog input and binary signals connected to the function block with a, maximum of 40 analog and 96 binary signals. The Disturbance report functionality is a common name for several functions: Sequential of events Indications Event recorder Trip value recorder Disturbance recorder The Disturbance report function is characterized by great flexibility regarding 26 ABB

27 configuration, initiating conditions, recording times, and large storage capacity. A disturbance is defined as an activation of an input to the AxRADR or BxRBDR function blocks, which are set to trigger the disturbance recorder. All signals from start of pre-fault time to the end of post-fault time will be included in the recording. Every disturbance report recording is saved in the IED in the standard Comtrade format. The same applies to all events, which are continuously saved in a FIFO-buffer. The local HMI is used to get information about the recordings. The disturbance report files may be uploaded to PCM600 for further analysis using the disturbance handling tool. Sequential of events DRPRDRE Continuous event-logging is useful for monitoring the system from an overview perspective and is a complement to specific disturbance recorder functions. The sequential of events logs all binary input signals connected to the Disturbance report function. The list may contain up to 1000 timetagged events stored in a FIFO-buffer. Indications DRPRDRE To get fast, condensed and reliable information about disturbances in the primary and/or in the secondary system it is important to know, for example binary signals that have changed status during a disturbance. This information is used in the short perspective to get information via the local HMI in a straightforward way. There are three LEDs on the local HMI (green, yellow and red), which will display status information about the IED and the Disturbance report function (trigged). The Indication list function shows all selected binary input signals connected to the Disturbance report function that have changed status during a disturbance. Event recorder DRPRDRE Quick, complete and reliable information about disturbances in the primary and/or in the secondary system is vital, for example, timetagged events logged during disturbances. This information is used for different purposes in the short term (for example corrective actions) and in the long term (for example functional analysis). The event recorder logs all selected binary input signals connected to the Disturbance report function. Each recording can contain up to 150 time-tagged events. The event recorder information is available for the disturbances locally in the IED. The event recording information is an integrated part of the disturbance record (Comtrade file). Trip value recorder DRPRDRE Information about the pre-fault and fault values for currents and voltages are vital for the disturbance evaluation. The Trip value recorder calculates the values of all selected analog input signals connected to the Disturbance report function. The result is magnitude and phase angle before and during the fault for each analog input signal. The trip value recorder information is available for the disturbances locally in the IED. The trip value recorder information is an integrated part of the disturbance record (Comtrade file). Disturbance recorder DRPRDRE The Disturbance recorder function supplies fast, complete and reliable information about disturbances in the power system. It facilitates understanding system behavior and related primary and secondary equipment during and after a disturbance. Recorded information is used for different purposes in the short ABB 27

28 perspective (for example corrective actions) and long perspective (for example functional analysis). The Disturbance recorder acquires sampled data from selected analog- and binary signals connected to the Disturbance report function (maximum 40 analog and 96 binary signals). The binary signals available are the same as for the event recorder function. The function is characterized by great flexibility and is not dependent on the operation of protection functions. It can record disturbances not detected by protection functions. Up to three seconds of data before the trigger instant can be saved in the disturbance file. The disturbance recorder information for up to 100 disturbances are saved in the IED and the local HMI is used to view the list of recordings. Measured value expander block MVEXP The current and voltage measurements functions (CVMMXN, CMMXU, VMMXU and VNMMXU), current and voltage sequence measurement functions (CMSQI and VMSQI) and IEC generic communication I/O functions (MVGGIO) are provided with measurement supervision functionality. All measured values can be supervised with four settable limits: low-low limit, low limit, high limit and high-high limit. The measure value expander block has been introduced to enable translating the integer output signal from the measuring functions to 5 binary signals: below low-low limit, below low limit, normal, above high-high limit or above high limit. The output signals can be used as conditions in the configurable logic or for alarming purpose. Station battery supervision SPVNZBAT The station battery supervision function SPVNZBAT is used for monitoring battery terminal voltage. SPVNZBAT activates the start and alarm outputs when the battery terminal voltage exceeds the set upper limit or drops below the set lower limit. A time delay for the overvoltage and undervoltage alarms can be set according to definite time characteristics. In the definite time (DT) mode, SPVNZBAT operates after a predefined operate time and resets when the battery undervoltage or overvoltage condition disappears. Insulation gas monitoring function SSIMG Insulation gas monitoring function SSIMG (63) is used for monitoring the circuit breaker condition. Binary information based on the gas pressure in the circuit breaker is used as input signals to the function. In addition, the function generates alarms based on received information. Insulation liquid monitoring function SSIML Insulation liquid monitoring function SSIML (71) is used for monitoring the circuit breaker condition. Binary information based on the oil level in the circuit breaker is used as input signals to the function. In addition, the function generates alarms based on received information. Circuit breaker monitoring SSCBR The circuit breaker condition monitoring function SSCBR is used to monitor different parameters of the circuit breaker. The breaker requires maintenance when the number of operations has reached a predefined value. For proper functioning of the circuit breaker, it is essential to monitor the circuit breaker operation, spring charge indication, breaker wear, travel time, number of operation cycles 28 ABB

29 and accumulated energy. The energy is calculated from the measured input currents as a sum of I^2 t values. Alarms are generated when the calculated values exceed the threshold settings. The function contains a blocking functionality. It is possible to block the function outputs, if desired. 14. Human Machine interface Local HMI 13. Metering Pulse counter logic PCGGIO Pulse counter (PCGGIO) function counts externally generated binary pulses, for instance pulses coming from an external energy meter, for calculation of energy consumption values. The pulses are captured by the BIO (binary input/output) module and then read by the PCGGIO function. A scaled service value is available over the station bus. Function for energy calculation and demand handling ETPMMTR Outputs from the Measurements (CVMMXN) function can be used to calculate energy consumption. Active as well as reactive values are calculated in import and export direction. Values can be read or generated as pulses. Maximum demand power values are also calculated by the function. GUID-DA949D6F-070D-4D84-82AC-6791EF64F84F V1 EN Figure 6. Local human-machine interface The LHMI of the IED contains the following elements: Display (LCD) Buttons LED indicators Communication port The LHMI is used for setting, monitoring and controlling. The Local human machine interface, LHMI includes a graphical monochrome LCD with a resolution of 320x240 pixels. The character size may vary depending on selected language. The amount of characters and rows fitting the view depends on the character size and the view that is shown. The LHMI can be detached from the main unit. The detached LHMI can be wall mounted up to a distance of five meters from the main unit. The units are connected with the Ethernet cable included in the delivery. ABB 29