A New CDMA Encoding/Decoding Method for on- Chip Communication Network

Transcription

1 A New CDMA Encoding/Decoding Method for on- Chip Communication Network Abstract: As a high performance on-chip communication method, the code division multiple access (CDMA) technique has recently been applied to networks on chip (NoCs). We propose a new standard-basisbased encoding/decoding method to leverage the performance and cost of CDMA NoCs in area, power assumption, and network throughput. In the transmitter module, source data from different senders are separately encoded with an orthogonal code of a standard basis and these coded data are mixed together by an XOR operation. Then, the sums of data can be transmitted to their destinations through the onchip communication infrastructure. In the receiver module, a sequence of chips is retrieved by taking an AND operation between the sums of data and the corresponding orthogonal code. After a simple accumulation of these chips, original data can be reconstructed. We implement our encoding/decoding method and apply it to a CDMA NoC with a star topology. Compared with the state-of-the-art Walsh-code-based (WB) encoding/decoding technique, our method achieves up to 67.46% power saving and 81.24% area saving together with decrease of 30% 50% encoding/decoding latency. Moreover, the CDMA NoC with different sizes applying our encoding/decoding method gains power saving, area saving, and maximal throughput improvement up to 20.25%, 22.91%, and %, respectively, than the WB CDMA NoC. The proposed architecture of this paper analysis the logic size, area and power consumption using Xilinx Enhancement of the project: Existing System: The previously proposed CDMA NoCs are based on a digital encoding and decoding method requiring that the spreading codes have both the orthogonal and balance properties. To this end, the Walsh code is typically used. However, the Walsh-code-based (WB) encoding and decoding method has inherent shortcomings, which are given as follows.

2 1) Design Complexity: In the encoding method, an arithmetic addition logic unit, whose logic overhead increases with the number of senders, is used to mix coded data together. In the decoding method, a key demux-accumulation-compare unit is used to retrieve the source data from mixed data chips (in this brief, each bit of a spreading code is called a chip, and thus the encoded data is called data chips). This unit is, however, area-consuming. 2) Low Code Utilization: In an S-chip Walsh code set, S must be equal to 2N, where N is a natural number, and at most S 1 sequences can be used to encode the original data. This results in a waste of sequences in the code set. For example, a 16-node network needs a 32-chip Walsh code set, because a 16-chip Walsh code set can only provide 15 sequences for data encoding and it thus cannot satisfy the requirement of 16 sequences, one for each node. Disadvantages: high area high power Proposed System: The basic structure of applying CDMA technique to NoC with a star topology is shown in Fig. 1. In this figure, a PE executes tasks of the application and network interface (NI) divides data flows from PE into packets and reconstruct data flows by using packets from NoC. In the sender, packet flits from NI are transformed to a sequential bit stream via a parallel-toserial (P2S) module. This bit stream is encoded with an orthogonal code in the Encoding module (E in Fig. 1). The coded data from different encoding modules are added together in the Addition module (A in Fig. 1). Then, the sums of data chips are transmitted to receivers. In the receiver, Decoding modules (D in Fig. 1) reconstruct original data bits from the sums of data chips. Then these sequential bit streams are transformed to packet flits by serial-to-parallel (S2P) modules. Finally, these packet flits are transferred to NI.

3 Fig. 1. Structure of CDMA NoC. CDMA Encoder Two different encoding methods, WB encoder and SB encoder, are compared in Fig. 2. Fig. 2(a) shows the WB encoder architecture. An original data bit is first encoded with a Walsh code by taking an XOR operation. Then, these encoded data are added up to a multibit sum signal by taking arithmetical additions. Each sender needs an XOR gate, and multiple wires are used to express the sum signal if we have two or more senders. Moreover, the number of wires increases as the number of senders increases.

4 Fig. 2. Block diagram of encoding scheme. (a) WB encoder. (b) SB encoder. Fig. 2(b) shows our SB encoding scheme. An original data bit from a sender is fed into an AND gate in a chip-by-chip manner, and it will be spread to n-chip encoded data with an orthogonal code of a standard basis. The relationship between a bit and a chip is shown in Fig. 3. Then, the encoded data from different senders are mixed together through an XOR operation, and a binary sum signal is generated. Therefore, the output signal is always a sequence of binary signal transferred to destination using one single wire. The progressions of both the encoding schemes are depicted in Fig. 3. Fig. 3. Data encoding example. (a) WB encoding. (b) SB encoding. Fig. 3(a) and (b) illustrates the WB encoding process with four-chip Walsh codes and the SB encoding process with four-chip standard orthogonal codes, respectively. CDMA Decoder The WB decoding scheme is presented in Fig. 4(a). According to the chip value of Walsh code, the received multibit sums are accumulated into positive part (if the chip value is 0) or negative part (if the chip value is 1). Therefore, the two accumulators in the WB decoder separately

5 contain a multibit adder to accumulate the coming chips and a group of registers to hold the accumulated value. Through the comparison module after the two accumulators, the original data is reconstructed. If the value of positive part is large, the original data is 1. Otherwise, the original data is 0. Fig. 4. Block diagram of decoding scheme. (a) WB encoder. (b) SB encoder The SB decoding scheme is shown in Fig. 4(b). When the binary sum signal arrives at receivers, an AND operation is taken between the binary sum and the corresponding orthogonal code in chip-bychip manner. Advantages: Less area Less power Software implementation: Modelsim Xilinx ISE