Contents i-net+ Certification Study Guide Introduction... xxv

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1 Contents i-net+ Certification Study Guide Introduction... xxv Who Should Study this Course... xxv Prerequisites... xxv Important Notes About Certification... xxv Exam Objectives...xxvi How to Study...xxvi Features...xl Learning Objectives, Unit Summaries, Discussion Questions, and Activities/Exercises...xl Key Terms...xl Resources Available in Instructor-led Settings...xl Why Choose WestNet?...xli CompTIA Authorized Quality Curriculum (CAQC)...xli What's the best way to study for CompTIA certifications?...xli What types of programs does CompTIA evaluate?...xlii How can I tell if a training material is CompTIA Authorized Quality Curriculum?...xlii How does CompTIA authorize these programs?...xlii Why did CompTIA develop the Authorization program?...xlii What if the CompTIA logo is used? Does the CompTIA logo signify CAQC?...xlii How can I learn more about CompTIA CAQC program?...xliii CAQC...xliii How to Become CompTIA Certified...xliii i

2 i-net+ Certification Study Guide ii Unit 1 Review of Network Fundamentals...1 Lesson 1 Internal Computer Components: CPU, I/O, Memory, and NICs...9 CPU...9 I/O...10 Video Display...12 Memory...12 NICs...13 Different Networks, Different NICs...13 Each NIC is Unique NIC Connectivity in a PC Summary of NIC Characteristics Activities Lesson 2 Software...18 Programs and Processes...18 Master/Slave...19 Peer-to-Peer Client/Server...19 Client/Server Advantages Independent Computing Architecture...20 Hosts...20 Application Software...21 Operating Systems...21 Device Drivers...22 Network Management Software Activities Lesson 3 Network Topologies...25 Types of Networks...25 Bus Topology...26 Star Topology Ring Topologies...28 Ring Star Ring...30 Wide Area Topologies...31 Mesh...32 Network Cloud...33 Advantages of Cloud Networks...34 Hybrid Topologies...34 Logical and Physical Topologies...34 Physical Star, Logical Bus...34 Physical Star, Logical Ring...35 Activities... 36

3 Contents Lesson 4 Network Performance Concepts...39 Response Time, Delay, and Latency...39 Response Time in a Master/Slave Configuration Polling Delay Link Delay Component Latency CPU Delay Response Time in a Client/Server Configuration...41 NIC Delay...42 Physical Media Delay...42 Server Delay Public Network Delay...42 CPU Utilization Link Utilization...44 Capacity Bandwidth Throughput Activities Lesson 5 Review of the OSI Model...48 Programs, Processes, and Protocols...48 Protocols...49 Layers of Protocols and Services...49 Benefits of Layering Peer Protocols Basic Protocol Operations Primary Functions of OSI Model Layers...51 Physical Layer...52 Data Link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Upper Layers: Session, Presentation, and Application Logical and Physical Addresses Physical Addresses Logical Addresses Activities Lesson 6 Review of Internetworking Devices...59 Repeaters...59 Repeater Advantages Repeater Disadvantages When to Use Repeaters Hubs Hub Advantages...61 Hub Disadvantages...63 When to Use Hubs...63 Table of Contents iii

4 i-net+ Certification Study Guide Bridges...63 Bridge Advantages Bridge Disadvantages...65 When to Use Bridges Switches...66 Switch Advantages...68 Switch Disadvantages...68 When to Use Switches Routers...69 Routers Rebuild Frames Internet Routers...71 Router Advantages...71 Router Disadvantages...72 When to Use Routers...72 Brouters...73 Gateways...73 Gateway Advantages Gateway Disadvantages When to Use Gateways Activities Summary...77 Quiz...80 Unit 2 E-Commerce...87 Lesson 1 E-Commerce Business Considerations...93 Types of E-Commerce...93 B2C...94 Growing Share of the Retail Market B2B...94 C2C or Marketplace...95 C2B...95 B2E B2G...96 Aggregator Model...97 Portal Model...97 Directories...97 Search Engines...98 Necessary Features of E-Commerce Sites Is E-Commerce Worthwhile for Every Business? Barriers to Entering the E-Commerce Arena Incompatible Business Models Lack of Leadership and Experience Cost of Entry Activities iv

5 Contents Lesson 2 Globalization and Localization Speaking the Language Localized Content The High-End Approach: Region-Specific Sites The Low-End Approach: Translation Links Search Engine Hooks Laws and Regulations Your Products United States Law Your Expression Your Business Methods Privacy Practical Concerns Currency Time Zones and Calendars Social Values and Customs Activities Lesson 3 Cash Flow on the Internet Online Credit Card Transactions Players in an E-Commerce Transaction Step-by-Step Online Credit Card Transaction E-Commerce Transaction Flow Electronic Cash ecash CyberCash Mondex First Virtual PIN Electronic Wallets Smart Cards Activity Lesson 4 E-Commerce Development Options Technical Considerations for E-Commerce Applications Web Server and Database Issues Application Business Logic Buy, Build, or Outsource? Buy a Turn-Key Development Package Build with a Template-Based Development Package Build with a Fully Custom Application Toolkit Outsource to an Application Service Provider Activities Table of Contents v

6 i-net+ Certification Study Guide Lesson 5 Intellectual Property Four Types of Intellectual Property Copyright What Is Protected? What is Not Protected? How a Work Gains Protection Copyright Notice Registration Infringement Fair Use Trademarks What is Protected? Limits to Trademark Protection How a Trademark is Claimed and Protected Infringement Domain Names and Trademarks Patents Patents and the Web Trade Secrets Activity Lesson 6 Crime, Privacy, and Other Legal Issues Crime and the Internet New Frontier, Old Crimes New Laws, New Crimes Computer Fraud and Abuse Act CDA COPA COPPA CPPA CIPA State Computer Crime Laws Geography, Crime, and the Web Obscenity and Community Standards Contracts and Civil Law Lawsuits and Jurisdiction Framing and Deep Linking DMCA Limitation of Liability for Online Service Providers Trafficking in Copy- and Access-Control Devices Under Construction Activities Summary Quiz vi

7 Contents Unit 3 Internet Connectivity Technologies Lesson 1 Overview of the Internet Early History of the Internet Enter the World Wide Web Who Owns the Internet? Internet Standards Standards-Making Organizations The Standards Process RFC Internet Drafts Equipment The Internet Hierarchy Tier Tier Autonomous Systems NAPs ISPs How the Hierarchy Works Internet, intranet, and Extranet Activities Lesson 2 Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint Services Common Point-to-Point Services POTS Analog Connections Modems Dial-Up Lines Leased Lines T-Carriers and E-Carriers T1 Bandwidth DS Hierarchy FT Customer Premise Equipment for T-Carriers ISDN How ISDN Works BRI PRI Channel Bonding SONET SONET Rings Common Point-to-Multipoint Services DSL Types of DSL Service DSL Bandwidth DSL Physical Requirements Table of Contents vii

8 i-net+ Certification Study Guide viii DSL Network Configuration DSL Access Device DSLAM DSL Protocol Architecture Always On? DSL Security Concerns Routers for Improved Security Cable Modems Cable Modem Configuration Cable Modem MAC Shared Bandwidth Security Activities Lesson 3 Switched WAN Services Types of Switched Services X Frame Relay Frame Relay Characteristics Frame Relay Implementation ATM Transfer Modes ATM Characteristics Activities Lesson 4 Options for Internet Connectivity and Remote User Access Home Dial-Up Internet Access Data Link Protocols for Dial-Up Access SLIP PPP Microsoft ICS Setting Up the ICS Gateway Setting Up ICS Clients ICS Security Precautions DSL for Home Internet Connectivity Sharing a DSL Connection Pay for Fixed IP Addresses Internet Connection Sharing PPPoE Connecting a Business to an ISP Nondedicated Access Dedicated Access Components of a Dedicated Connection Common Carrier Connection DSU/CSU Router

9 Contents Internet Domain Name Remote Access Services RAS Installation and Configuration Analog Dial-Up Modem Access ISDN Access Virtual Private Networks Tunneling Protocols PPTP How a PPTP Session Works L2F Protocol L2TP IPSec ICA Terminal Services Activities Summary Quiz Table of Contents Unit 4 TCP/IP Protocols Lesson 1 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite TCP/IP Protocol Layers and the OSI Model Network Interface Layer Protocols Internetwork Layer Protocols Transport Layer Protocols Application Layer Protocols Communication Using TCP/IP Application Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Network Interface Layer Destination Station Activities Lesson 2 IP Overview of IP Best-Effort Service Multiplexing Protocols IP Packet Encapsulation IP Version IPv6 Address Format IPv4 Compatibility ICMP ICMP s Purpose and Limits Encapsulation Message Types ix

10 i-net+ Certification Study Guide Destination Unreachable (3) Time Exceeded (11) Parameter Problem (12) Source Quench (4) Redirect (5) Echo Request (8) and Echo Reply (0) Timestamp Request (13) and Timestamp Reply (14) Information Request (15) and Information Reply (16) Address Mask Request (17) and Address Mask Reply (18) Activities Lesson 3 UDP and TCP Features Common to Both UDP and TCP Demultiplexing Based on Port Number Ports and Addressing Well-Known Port Numbers UDP TCP Basic Data Transfer Reliable and Sequenced Packet Delivery Flow Control Multiplexing and Demultiplexing Connection Establishment Sockets Activities Lesson 4 Internet Addressing IP Addresses Class A Address Class B Address Class C Address Class D Address Class E Address Dotted Decimal Notation Addressing Rules Sample Network Using Class A Address Format Getting an IP Network Address Public Networks Private Networks Activities x

11 Contents Lesson 5 Subnetting Fundamentals The Value of Subnetting The IP Address Crisis Why Multiple Network Segments? Interconnection of TCP/IP Networks The Network Mask Creating Subnets IP Prefixes IP Broadcast Addresses Limited Broadcast Directed Broadcast CIDR How CIDR Works Activities Lesson 6 IP Routing Overview of Internet Architecture Router Characteristics Direct Routing Indirect Routing Static Routing Default Routing Dynamic Routing Building the Routing Table Sample Network Routing Table How Routers Move Packets Between Networks Host A Packet on Network Packet on Network Packet on Network Packet on Network Host B Activity Summary Quiz Table of Contents Unit 5 TCP/IP Applications and Services Lesson 1 HTTP HTTP Communications Overview of HTTP Protocol Definition xi

12 i-net+ Certification Study Guide xii Request Messages HTTP Methods Uniform Resource Identifiers HTTP-Version Response Messages HTTP Headers General Headers Request Headers Response Headers Entity Headers Sample Request Messages Additional Services Activities Lesson 2 Telnet Common Telnet Uses Telnet Server Software Using Telnet by Means of a Command Line Using Telnet With Windows Basic Telnet Commands Using Telnet by Means of a Web Browser Activities Lesson 3 File Transfer: FTP Why Use FTP? FTP Server Software Anonymous FTP Is Anonymous FTP Really Anonymous? Using FTP Clients Using Command Line FTP Basic FTP Commands Using FTP With a Browser Same Application, Different Interfaces Activities Lesson 4 Messaging: and News Reading an Address Protocols SMTP Uuencode MIME S/MIME POP IMAP Mail Server Configuration Store-and-Forward Mail Systems

13 Contents NNTP Activities Lesson 5 IP Address Management: BOOTP, DHCP, and NAT BOOTP BOOTP Operation Client BOOTREQUEST Message Server BOOTREPLY Message BOOTP Relay Agents TFTP DHCP DHCP Address Allocation Mechanisms DHCP Operation DHCP Services How DHCP Clients Obtain Configuration Information. 389 DHCP Client Lease Renewal DHCP Relay Agents IP Address Conflicts NAT NAT Address Spaces IP Address Translation Static Address Translation Dynamic Address Translation Enhanced Network Security Masquerading/NAPT How NAPT Works NAPT for More Security Activities Lesson 6 IP Name Resolution: HOSTS, DNS, and WINS HOSTS File DNS Hierarchical Structure TLDs Distributed Authority Second-Level Subdomains Zones Domain Names Types of Domain Names Domain Name Syntax DNS Client/Server Operation Name Servers Resolvers Querying the Name Database NetBIOS Name Resolution Broadcasts LMHOSTS file Table of Contents xiii

14 i-net+ Certification Study Guide WINS Name Resolution Challenges Incompatible Systems Static vs. Dynamic Activities Summary Quiz Unit 6 Internet Clients and Servers Lesson 1 Client Applications Web Browsers Viewing Pages Using Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator Customizing Browsers Internet Explorer Netscape Navigator Clients Configuring Outlook Express Configuring Netscape Messenger Inboxes and Address Books Changing Applications Upgrading the Same Application Privacy Signature Files Configuring Outlook Configuring Netscape Messenger News Accounts Configuring Outlook Configuring Netscape Messenger Universal Clients Upgrading and Maintaining Client Applications Activities Lesson 2 Server Platforms Server Components Hardware Considerations Processor Random Access Memory Disk Drives Network Connectivity Additional Hardware Web Server Operating System Considerations Desktop Operating Systems NOSs xiv

15 Contents Apple Macintosh (Mac OS) Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows NT OS/2 Warp Server Commercial UNIX Linux Novell NetWare UNIX vs. Windows Administration Stability Security Product Availability Activities Lesson 3 Server Applications Daemons and Services Web Server Software Apache HTTP Server Microsoft IIS Netscape/Sun iplanet Web Server Other Web Server Choices Zeus Web Server Macromedia ColdFusion IBM WebSphere Application Server Oracle Application Server Web Server Software Considerations Administration Scalability Server Management Security Multiple URL Hosting Product Integration Server Tools Development Tools Web Browsers Vendor-Specific Features and Service Contracts Other Internet Servers Servers FTP Servers News Servers Media Servers DNS Servers Certificate Servers Directory (LDAP) Servers Activities Summary Quiz Table of Contents xv

16 i-net+ Certification Study Guide xvi Unit 7 Building Web Pages Lesson 1 Creating Basic Web Pages HTML Overview Basic HTML Elements Basic Tag Types Container Tags Empty Tags Tag Names Browser Versions and Tags Main Page Sections Page Structure Attributes Create a Simple Web Page Heading Tags Are End Tags Really Necessary? Plain Text Experiment With Heading Levels, Line Breaks, and Lists Testing the Heading Levels Inserting Line and Paragraph Breaks Creating Ordered and Unordered Lists Unordered Lists Ordered Lists Organizing Your HTML Code <META> Tags Basic Metadata Simulating HTTP Response Headers Activities Lesson 2 Adding Graphics Inserting Horizontal Rules Inserting Graphic Files Experiment With Inserting Graphic Files Adding a Background Solid Color Backgrounds Repeating Graphic Backgrounds A Word of Caution About Backgrounds Activities Lesson 3 Adding Hyperlinks Creating a Text Hyperlink Creating a Relative Hyperlink Creating a Link From a Graphic Creating Links to Other Parts of the Current Page Activities

17 Contents Lesson 4 Formatting Text Setting Default Text Attributes Text Color Link Text Color Default Text Font Default Text Size Setting Multiple Default Attributes Setting Individual Text Attributes Activities Lesson 5 Incorporating Tables The Parts of a Table Create a Table Add Formatting to Your Table Add Cells to the Table Row More Table and Cell Formatting Activities Lesson 6 Working With Frames Creating Frames Frame Target Names Activities Lesson 7 Using Forms Overall Form Attributes Form Fields and Controls Hidden Form Fields Drop-Down List Boxes Freeform Text Boxes Manipulating the Form s Data Creating a Test Form Activities Lesson 8 Graphic Formats Challenges for the Multimedia Web Designer Computer Hardware Limitations Internet Connection Bandwidth Color Inconsistencies Graphic File Formats GIF Files File Compression GIF87a and GIF89a Custom Palettes and Palette Reduction Table of Contents xvii

18 i-net+ Certification Study Guide JPEG Files PNG Files PDF Files Choosing a File Format Scalable Vector Graphics Activities Lesson 9 Multimedia Formats How Streaming Works Plug-In Technology Streaming Audio Formats RMF MPEG, MP RealAudio Animation Techniques Animated GIF Files Flash Streaming and Playback Performance Virtual Reality Modeling Language Streaming Video Formats RealVideo Windows Media Player Complex Multimedia QuickTime QuickTime Virtual Reality Shockwave Activities Summary Quiz Unit 8 Dynamic Site Technologies Lesson 1 Dynamic Sites and Databases The Need for Live Sites Types of Dynamic Techniques Gathering Data From Outside Sources Time-Sensitive Pages User-Supplied Data Database-Driven Sites Database Concepts Database Management Systems SQL UDA Specification Activities xviii

19 Contents Lesson 2 Common Gateway Interface Overview A Typical CGI Process Exchanging Data With CGI Standard Input/Output (I/O) Environment Variables Difference Between GET and POST GET Uses Environment Space POST Uses Standard Input/Output (I/O) Placing CGI Programs on a Web Server Activities Lesson 3 Overview of Web Programming Technologies Client-Side vs. Server-Side Scripting When to Run on the Client When to Run on the Server Programming Languages and Tools Client-Side Technologies ActiveX Java Applets JavaScript Jscript Server-Side Technologies Server-Side Includes ASP ColdFusion PHP Java Server Pages Java Servlets VBScript Python ADO C/C Web Services Activities Lesson 4 Structured Content The Need to Separate Content From Appearance Cascading Style Sheets Structured Data SGML XML Structured Data Means Independence The XML Architecture Elements Attributes DTD Table of Contents xix

20 i-net+ Certification Study Guide Applications of XML Complementary Standards XSL XLink XHTML WML Activities Summary Quiz Unit 9 Troubleshooting Lesson 1 Testing a Web Site and Web Server Overview of Systems Development Life Cycles Waterfall Cycle Spiral Cycle Web Cycle? Typical Levels of Testing Testing Principles Follow the User Testing Basic Site Functionality Stress Testing A Few Testing Guidelines Activities Lesson 2 Common Network Testing Tools Winipcfg, IPconfig, and IFconfig Winipcfg Operation IPconfig Operation IFconfig Operation Ping Command-Line Switches Tracert or Traceroute Command-Line Switches Netstat Command-Line Switches Repeating a Netstat Command ARP How ARP Works ARP for Troubleshooting Command-Line Switches Changing the ARP Cache NSlookup Protocol Analyzers (Sniffers) Components of a LAN Protocol Analyzer xx

21 Contents Protocol Analyzer Traces Activities Lesson 3 Troubleshooting an Unreachable FTP Site The Problem Establish the Symptoms Identify the Affected Area Establish What Has Changed Select the Most Probable Cause Implement a Solution Test the Result Recognize the Potential Effects of the Solution Document the Solution Activities Lesson 4 Troubleshooting an Unreachable Web Site The Problem Establish the Symptoms Identify the Affected Area Establish What Has Changed Select the Most Probable Cause Testing Internal Communications Testing ISP Communications Testing Web Host Firm Communications Tallying the Test Results Isolating the Cause Implement a Solution Test the Result Recognize the Potential Effects of the Solution Document the Solution Activities Lesson 5 Troubleshooting a Firewall Problem The Environment The Problem Establish the Symptoms Identify the Affected Area Establish What Has Changed Select the Most Probable Cause Pause to Administer First Aid Continue to Isolate the Problem Implement a Solution Test the Result Recognize the Potential Effects of the Solution Document the Solution Activities Table of Contents xxi

22 i-net+ Certification Study Guide Lesson 6 Troubleshooting a Home Office DSL Problem The Environment The Problem Establish the Symptoms Identify the Affected Area Establish What Has Changed Select the Most Probable Cause Implement a Solution Test the Result Recognize the Potential Effects of the Solution Document the Solution Activities Summary Quiz Unit 10 Security Lesson 1 A Layered Approach to Security Security Threats Intentional Attacks Network Vulnerabilities Layers of Security Security Policy User Awareness Training Acceptable Use Agreement Monitoring Enforcement Physical Security Encryption Key Size and Encryption Strength Legal Issues in Cryptography Commonly Used Encryption Systems Access Control User Authentication Passwords Smart Cards Digital Certificates Biometric Authentication Message Digests and Digital Signatures Firewalls IPSec Virus Prevention and Detection Security Management Activities xxii

23 Contents Lesson 2 Security Management Types of Attacks Multiple Login Failures Denial of Service Attacks Ping Flood Attacks Mail Flooding Syn Floods IP Spoofing General Web Security Precautions Private Web Site Design HTTP Server Access Control JavaScript Java Applets (Active Content) Stand-Alone Java Applications Perl Operating System Precautions Internet Services Precautions (SMTP Sendmail) HTTP Server (Web Server) TCP/IP Utilities User Browser Setup: ActiveX Controls Cookies Responding to a Security Incident Detection Documentation Communication Activities Lesson 3 Internet Firewalls Types of Firewalls Network Layer Firewalls Transport Layer Firewalls Application Firewalls Hybrid Firewalls Stance of a Firewall Everything is Denied Unless Specifically Permitted Everything is Permitted Unless Specifically Denied Cost of a Firewall Components of a Firewall System Building Block: Packet-Filtering Router Service-Dependent (Port) Filtering Service-Independent Filtering Benefits of Packet-Filtering Routers Limitations of Packet-Filtering Routers Example 1: Packet-Filtering Router Table of Contents xxiii

24 i-net+ Certification Study Guide Building Block: Application-Level Gateway (Proxy Server) Bastion Host Example 2: Telnet Proxy Advantages of Proxy Servers Disadvantages of Proxy Servers Building Block: Circuit-Level Gateway SOCKS Web Caching Faster or Fresher Example 3: Screened Host Firewall Example 4: Dual-Homed Bastion Host Example 5: Demilitarized Zone or Screened-Subnet Firewall Living With a Firewall Activities Summary Quiz Course Quiz Glossary Index xxiv