Outline. E-business infrastructure. E-business infrastructure. Outline. E-Business Lecture 3: Chapter 3
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1 Slide 3.1 Slide 3.2 Outline E-Business Lecture 3: Chapter 3 E-business infrastructure E-business infrastructure Internet and Web technology Internet standards Software as a service Slide 3.3 Slide 3.4 E-business infrastructure E-business infrastructure: Hardware Software Content to deliver E-business services to Employees Customers Partners Outline E-business infrastructure Internet and Web technology Internet standards Software as a service
2 Slide 3.5 Internet and Web technology QUESTION: What is the difference between the Internet and the Web? Slide 3.6 History of the internet 1 Innovation phase ( ) 1961: Paper on packet switching (Kleinrock) 1972: Invention of (Ray Tomlinson) 1973: Invention of Ethernet and LAN (Metcalfe) 1974: Open Architecture networking and TCP/IP protocols (Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn) Slide 3.7 History of the internet 2 Institutional phase ( ) 1980: TCP/IP official standard protocol DoD 1980: Invention of the PC 1984: Introduction of Hyperlinks (Apple Hypercard) 1984: Introduction of Domain Name System (DNS) 1989: Introduction of HTML (Berners-Lee) 1990: NSFnet civilian Internet 1993: First graphical Web browser Mosaic 1994: First banner advertisement on hotwired.com Slide 3.8 History of the internet 3 Commercialisation phase (1995-present) 1995: Commercial Internet backbone 1995: Start of Amazon and ebay 1998: Start of Google 2004: Start of Facebook 2008: Internet Cloud Computing takes off 2009: Internet-enabled smartphones.
3 Slide 3.9 Slide 3.10 The size of the Internet Outline E-business infrastructure Internet and Web technology Internet standards Software as a service (Source: Netcraft) Slide 3.11 Slide 3.12 Protocol stack: ISO OSI Model Layer 1: Physical layer ISO: International Standards Organisation OSI: Open Systems Interconnect Reference Model (1984) Physical' Responsibilities Specify details of interacting with network hardware Transmission of raw bitstream Forms the physical interface between devices
4 Slide 3.13 Slide 3.14 Layer 2: Data Link Layer Layer 3: Network layer Data'link' Responsibilities: Specify how to organize data into frames and how to transmit frames over a network Provides reliable transfer of information between two adjacent nodes Network' Responsibilities: Path selection between end-systems (routing) Dynamic routing Fixed routing Fragmentation & Reassembly Translation between different network types Slide 3.15 Slide 3.16 Layer 4: Transport Layer Layer 5: Session Layer Transport' Responsibility: Provide reliable data transfer for different applications Provide virtual end-to-end links between peer processes End-to-end flow control Session' Responsibilities: Established, manages, and terminates a communication session with remote systems Groups several user-level connections into a single session
5 Slide 3.17 Slide 3.18 Layer 6: Presentation Layer Layer 7: Application Layer Presenta6on' Responsibilities: Represents data properly Data encryption Data compression Data conversion Applica6on' Responsibilities: Anything not provided by any of the other layers Implements communication (protocol) between two applications of the same type, e.g.: FTP HTTP SMTP/POP3/IMAP ( ) Slide 3.19 Slide 3.20 TCP/IP TCP/IP Layering Model Developed 1960 s by Robert Kahn, Vint Cerf: Three basic ideas: 1. Simplicity 2. Speed 3. Independence Four rules: 1. Networks communicate with other networks 2. Communication on best-effort basis 3. Black boxes to connect networks 4. No global control of transmissions OSI'Model' Datalink* TCP/IP'Model' * * * Host*to** Layer*
6 Slide 3.21 Slide 3.22 TCP/IP Network Layer TCP/IP Transport Layer TCP/IP'Model' * * * Network' Host*to** Layer* Protocol:IP, ICMP, IGMP Assign addresses to hosts on the Internet Determine how to forward messages over the Internet TCP/IP'Model' * * * Transport' Host*to** Layer* Protocol: TCP, UDP TCP provides a reliable flow of data between two hosts; including mechanism of connection setup, congestion control, and retransmission UDP provides a simpler service which is unreliable Slide 3.23 Slide 3.24 Internet Address Domain Name System (DNS) Every interface on the Internet has a unique address In IPv4 every address is 32-bit, in IPv6 every address is 128-bit Usually specified with dotted-decimal notation: written as 4 decimal numbers, one for each byte Dotted-decimal addresses are both hard to remember and meaningless Use a structured name for each host For example, DNS is a distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet. It is implemented as a distributed database providing mapping between IP addresses and hostnames
7 Slide 3.25 Slide 3.26 DNS Hierarchy root* com* org* net* edu* gov* nl* be* uu* vu* science* Library* www* csstaff* The TCP/IP protocol Slide 3.27 Slide 3.28 Packet Switching Physical and network infrastructure components of the Internet
8 Slide 3.29 Slide 3.30 AMS-IX Slide 3.31 Slide 3.32 Strengths and limitations Advantages: Efficient use of the network - no tied-up lines. Easily get around broken bits of the network. As customers increase, the network only has to expand slowly compared to circuit switching. Disadvantages: QoS: Re-assembly time of packages ('latency ). Inefficient for small data packages Multicast options limited E-business related protocols Applications: Secure communications (Protocol: SSL) World Wide Web (Protocol: HTTP) (Protocol: SMTP, POP3, IMAP) File transfer (Protocol: FTP) Terminal (Protocol: Telnet)
9 Slide 3.33 Slide 3.34 World Wide Web Protocol: HTTP Client: Web browser (Mosaic, Navigator, Explorer ) Server: Web server Static webpages Dynamic webpages Logs, web analytics Identifiers: URI, URL, URN Example URL: E-business related standards Presentation and data exchange: HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): Unstructured text content: Presentation XML (extensible Markup Language): Structured text document: Presentation and data exchange EDI (Electronic Data Interchange): Standardized and structured trading data Data exchange Slide 3.35 Slide 3.36 EDI First idea 1948 (Berlin Airlift) UN/EDIFACT standard: Electronic Data Interchange For Administration Commerce and Transport Proprietary communications: VAN, secure WAN, VPN over Internet Firm base in some industries and countries EDIFACT example N1*SH*ACE MANUFACTURING*1* * N2*RECEIVING*N3*234 MAR*N4* SAN FRANCISCO*CA*94103*U
10 Slide 3.37 Slide 3.38 XML Example <Companies> <Company> <name>ace MANUFACTURING</name> <address> <street>234 MARKET STREET</street> <city>san FRANCISCO</city> <country>us</country> </address> </Company> <name>acme TOOLS</name> </Company> </Companies> XML vs. EDIFACT EDIFACT: Very expensive technology Requires special networks Intended for machines only Large installed base (Europe) XML: Explicit structure Easier validation Can easily use the Internet Cheaper to implement Slide 3.39 Slide 3.40 XML/EDIFACT Semantic Web Allows EDIFACT message types to be used by XML EDIFACT Example: NAD+BY+CST9955::91++Candy Inc+Sirup street 15+Sugar Town XML/EDIFACT: <S_NAD> <D_3035>BY</D_3035> <C_C082><D_3039>CST9955</D_3039><D_3055>91</D_3055></C_C082> <C_C080><D_3036>Candy Inc</D_3036></C_C080> <C_C059><D_3042>Sirup street 15</D_3042></C_C059> <D_3164>Sugar Town</D_3164><D_3251>55555</D_3251> </S_NAD> More structure: Enables users to find, share, and combine information more easily Based on: XML Resource description Knowledge representation
11 Slide 3.41 Slide 3.42 Outline E-business infrastructure Internet and Web technology Internet standards Software as a service Just who runs the internet? Net neutrality: equal access for everyone Organizations: IAB: Internet Architecture Board ICANN: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ISOC: Internet Society IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force W3C: World Wide Web Consortium Slide 3.43 Slide 3.44 Outline E-business infrastructure Internet and Web technology Internet standards Software as a service SaaS Software as a Service (SaaS): Advantage: Cost reduction Accessibility Disadvantage: Downtime, poor availability Lower performance than local applications Reduced data security (backups) Data protection Privacy
12 Slide 3.45 Slide 3.46 Keywords Service Oriented Architecture: Platform independent service interface Dynamic allocation and invocation Self-contained services Virtualization: Thin layer of software creates virtual machines on the same hardware Allocates hardware resources dynamically Examples Google Drive/Apps The Cloud Salesforce.com Slide 3.47 Slide 3.48 Google apps ( Salesforce.com (
13 Slide 3.49 Slide 3.50 Recap E-business infrastructure Internet and Web technology Internet standards Software as a service Next lecture: E-business environment
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